Uyini Uhulumeni?

Uhulumeni uyisisekelo sawo, isimiso noma iqembu labantu elibusa umphakathi ohleliwe, ngokuvamile umbuso. Ukhona ukwenza nokumisa imithetho, ukulawula imithombo yomphakathi, ukunikeza izinkonzo (njengemfundo, izakhiwo, nokulondeka), futhi umelela ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhamuzi zayo. Ngaphandle kukahulumeni osebenzayo, izinhlangano zisengozini yokungena esidlekeni noma ukuxhashazwa, nakuba uhlobo lukahulumeni oluthathayo lungahluka kakhulu. Indlela uhulumeni owenziwe ngayo inqubo yokunquma ukuthi amandla ahlukaniswa kanjani, indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, futhi ekugcineni indlela amalungelo nenkululeko yabantu evikeleka ngayo noma ilinganiselwe. Ukuqonda lezizakhiwo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yezemfundo; usiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izimiso zazo zezombangazwe futhi ziqaphele amandla nobuthakathaka obukhona emhlabeni wonke.

Ososayensi bezombangazwe nezazimlando sekuyisikhathi eside behlukanisa ohulumeni abasekelwe ekulawuleni kwegunya naleyondlela elisetshenziswa ngayo. Lokhu kuhlelwa kusuka ezimisweni lapho abantu ngokwabo benquma khona ngokuqondile izimiso, ezimisweni lapho umbusi oyedwa noma isigaba esincane silawula khona zonke izici zokuphila. Empeleni, ohulumeni abaningi bahlanganisa izici zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, badala izimiso ezixubile ezingathandeki. Noma kunjalo, ukuqonda ngokucacile izakhiwo ezinkulu zakudala kunikeza ibala lesisekelo lokuguqula izwe lezombangazwe lanamuhla.

Ihlazo Lezinhlobo Zikahulumeni

Ohulumeni bangabekwa ndawonye kusukela ekufuneni izigaba eziphambili kuya ekubuseni ngempoqo, kodwa azikho izimiso ezimbili ezifanayo. Ngezansi, sihlola izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu nezinethonya, sicwaninga ngezici zabo, izibonelo zangempela zezwe, kanye nokuqonda okungokoqobo ezikunikezayo kwefilosofi noma okuwusizo.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi: Ukubusa Abantu

I-Democracy isuka emagameni esiGreki idemos (abantu) kanye kratos[[[FLT:]] [umthetho], ngokwezwi nezwi osho ukuthi "kubusa] abantu. Emsebenzini wentando yeningi, amandla obukhosi abekwa esakhamuzini, osebenzisa lawo mandla ngokuqondile noma ngabameleli abakhethiwe. Umqondo wanamuhla wentando yeningi wakhiwa ezinsikeni: ngokukhululekile nezindawo zokuhlela okuhle, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukulinganisela amalungelo abantu, inkululeko yokukhuluma nenhlangano, inkululeko yokuhlangana, kanye nenkululeko yokuzibusa.

Ukuvinjwa okuqondile kwentando yeningi. Ummeleli wentando yeningi

Ku idemokrasi engaqondile, izakhamuzi zivota ngokuqondile ezinyanzelweni ezingokomthetho, imithetho, nakumthetho-sisekelo. I-Athene yasendulo ivame ukucashunwa njengesibonelo sokuqala, nakuba isusa abesifazane nezigqila. Namuhla, ama-micton asebenzisa izimpawu zentando yeningi ukuze anqume izimpikiswano zendawo. Nokho, amazwe amaningi amakhulu asebenza njenge idemocracy futhi (ebizwa futhi ngokuthi amaRepublic Republicscism [indeclationss]]), lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha khona izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo ezizo. Lesimiso, esibonwa eUnited States, eJalimane, naseminyeni, amaningi, asebenza ngokomphakathi omkhulu nangokwezincuphe, kodwa angenza ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezindawo zomphakathi nomphakathi.

Amandla Nobuthakathaka

Amandla entando yeningi anamandla amakhulu kakhulu ukusabela kwawo emphakathini kanye nelungiselelo lawo lokushintsha amandla ngokuthula. Ivame futhi ukunikeza isivikelo esiqinile kakhulu kumalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu. Nokho, idemokratialism ingathatha isinyathelo, ilulamele ukutshelwa kabi ne-populism, futhi ithambekele ekuthatheni i-group. Idinga ukufundiswa nokuthengiselwa isakhamuzi ukuba sisebenze kahle. Ngokwe- I-Economist Intelligence’s Democracy Index [[, izizwe eziningi zibhekene nokuncipha kwezinga lentando yeningi, nokukhuphuka kobuswa kwe-Driscove, kanye nokukhushuka kwe-RGream.

IRepublic: Ukubusa Ngomthetho Nomfanekiso

I-public ivame ukuhlanganiswa nentando yeningi, kodwa igcizelela isimiso esihlukile somthetho. E-rpabuliki, izwe libhekwa njenge "indaba yomphakathi" (kusukela kwesiLatini []] ithena ithenarnapablica [), hhayi ukukhathazeka okuyimfihlo kombusi. Isici esichazayo siwukuthi izakhamuzi zikhetha abameleli ukuba zibuse ngokuvumelana nomthetho wemithetho ephakeme elinganisela imibuso kahulumeni. AmaRepublic Republic avame abonisa ukwahlukana kweziphathimandla phakathi kwezikhulu, i-gconst, i-gconst, negatsha enkantolo, kanye nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Nakuba amarepublic amaningi eyidemokrasi, akuwona wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USR) izibiza ngokuthi irepublic kodwa iyisigaba esisodwa esinesigaba sombuso wempoqo. Umehluko oyinhloko uwukuthi irepublic yangempela idinga ukubusa komthetho, okusho ukuthi ngisho nohulumeni kumelwe uvumelane nezinqubo ezimisiwe zomthetho. IUnited States, iFrance, neBrazil ziyizibonelo zamanje zerepublic yentando yeningi. Ngokuphambene, iRiphabliki yasendulo yamaRoma yayiwumthetho ohlangene nesigaba esiphezulu (Sanate), i-assemblies (as), nesikhulu esiphethe (izikhulu).

Le nqubo yerepublic inikeza ukuzinza nokubikezela ngoba izinguquko kumelwe zenzeke ngaphakathi komthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, zingagxekwa futhi ngokuba nemibono eqinile nokuvumela izithakazelo eziphambili ukuba zilawule izinqubo zomthetho, njengoba kubonakala ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nezimali zomkhankaso nokusekela amarepublic anamuhla.

Inkosi: Umqhele njengoMbusi

inguMonarchy eyodwa yezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu zikahulumeni, lapho umuntu oyedwa (inkosi, indlovukazi, umbusi) ) [1] isebenza njengenhloko yezwe. Ngokomlando, amakhosi ayezibiza ngegunya eliphelele, ngokuvamile ngelungelo laphezulu. Namuhla, iningi lamamonarchy liwumthetho , lishiya inkosi njengesithombe senkonzo lapho izikhulu zikhethwa zibusa. Nokho, amaMonarch ambalwa aphelele ahlala enamandla.

Inkosi ephelele

Kumbuso wamakhosi owenziwe ngamabhungane , inkosi inegunya elinganqandekiyo lokulawula, ukwenza umthetho, nakwezempi. Izibonelo zesigaba zihlanganisa uLouis XIV waseFrance (iNkosi enguSun") futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla, iSaudi Arabia ne-Oman. Ezimisweni ezinjalo, azikho izishaya-mthetho ezikhethiwe noma izimemezelo ezizimele zokulinganisela izinqumo zombusi. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kungavumela ukwenza kwesinqumo ngokushesha nobunye besizwe, kodwa kuvame ukuholela ekucindezelweni kokuphikisa nokungabi nasibopho somthwalo wemfanelo.

Inkosi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Kumbuso wenkosi omiswe ngokwezombangazwe , amandla enkosi achazwa futhi alinganiselwe ngumthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho engokomthetho. Inkosi ivame ukusebenza njengomholi ongokomfanekiso nomholi wezwe, kuyilapho ipalamende ekhethwe ngedemokrasi iphethe amandla angempela ezombangazwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iUnited Kingdom, iJapane (enombusi wayo uyisibonakaliso sombuso), iSweden, neSpain. Imithetho-Monarchism ingalondoloza isiko ne-omdabuzwe kuyilapho ivumela ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi. Abagxeki baveza ukuthi ukulandela ifa ngokuyisisekelo akunambutho yentando yeningi nokuthi i-democratic , ngisho noma indima yezombangazwe yezombangazwe ingokwesiko ingokomthetho.

Ukukhuthazela kwabo ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekhonweni labo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kunikeze ukuzinza nokuqhubeka ngisho nalapho izinhlangano zentando yeningi ziguquka zizungeze amazwe angu - 40.

I - authoritarianism: Iphakathi Futhi Ayiphenyelwanga

I-Authoritarial[ iyisimiso esiphawulwa ngamandla amakhulu nenkululeko elinganiselwe yezombangazwe. Ngokungafani nombuso wobushiqela (ongahloniphiwe ngokulandelayo), imibuso yobushiqela ivame ukuvumela izinga elithile lenkululeko yezenhlalo nezomnotho, kodwa ilawula ngokuqinile ukuphila kwezombangazwe. Umbuso ugxile kumholi oyedwa noma eqenjini elincane, futhi ukuphikiswa kucindezelwa ngokucusumbula, ukuhlola, nokuphoqelela.

Izici eziyinhloko zobubuphoqelelo zihlanganisa ukungabikho kokhetho olukhululekile nolulungile (noma okhetho olugunyaziwe), ukuntuleka komphakathi ozimele, nokusetshenziswa kombuso ngokungenangqondo. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa ubuFascist Italy ngaphansi kukaBenito Mussolini, kanye namabutho amaningi e-juntas e-Latin America, njenge-Pinochet methority eChile (1973-190). Izifunda zika-Atheriathoric zihlanganisa i-Belarus ngaphansi kuka-Aleksandrum Lukashenko kanye neRussia ngaphansi kuka Vladimir Putin, lapho kuvidio ukhetho kodwa lapho kukhona khona ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe okunelisayo.

Umthetho wobumbhali ngokuvamile uthethelelwa ababusi njengokudingekile ekuzinzeni, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho. Nakuba amanye amazwe abusa ngempoqo eye afinyelela ukukhula okusheshayo kwezomnotho (jengesibonelo, iSingapore ngaphansi kwe-Lee Kuan Yew, nakuba ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengesimiso esixubile), isibonelo siwa ngokuhlelekile siphika amalungelo abantu ngabanye futhi sishiya imiphakathi esengozini yokuwa lapho umbusi efa noma elahlekelwa amandla. Inkululeko embikweni wezwe lonke [FLT] ilandela ukuncipha kwamalungelo ezombangazwe nenkululeko yomphakathi, hhayi ukuthi ubuphostolice beyenyuka eminyakeni yamuva.

Ubushiqela: Umbuso Onamandla

UbuTotaliarianism bumelela uhlobo oludlulele lobushiqela. Esizweni sobushiqela, uhulumeni ufuna ukulawula zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi nokungabodwa. Umbuso uphoqelelwa ngenkulumo - ze egcwele yonke, amaphoyisa ayimfihlo, nokususwa okuphelele kokungavumelani. Ukuzichaza komuntu ngamunye kungaphansi kwemigomo kahulumeni, futhi ubuningi banoma yiluphi uhlobo bubhekwa njengosongo.

Izici eziyisihluthulelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuba uhulumeni noma ukulawula umnotho ngokungaguquki.
  • Ukulawula uhulumeni wemfundo, imithombo yezindaba nobuciko ukuze kuthonye umbono womphakathi.
  • Iqembu noma umholi ongashadile ofuna ukuba umuntu abe qotho ngokuphelele.
  • Ukuqapha nokusebenzisa ubudlova ukuze kuphoqelelwe ukuba abantu balandele.
  • Amakamu okusebenza kanzima aphoqelelwa noma ukubulawa kwezitha zezombangazwe.

Izibonelo ezidumile zomlando zihlanganisa iJalimane lamaNazi ngaphansi kuka-Adolf Hitler, iSoviet Union ngaphansi kukaJoseph Stalin, noKim Il-sung's North Korea (esalokhu iyizwe lobushiqela namuhla). Umbuso wobushiqela uguquguquka ngokwemvelo esikhathini eside ngoba uncike ekucinezeleni okukhulu okugcina kubangele ukumelana nohulumeni noma ukuhluleka kwezomnotho. Imelela uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu lukahulumeni, ngoba awushiyi ndawo yamalungelo abantu noma imicabango yokuzimela.

I - oligarchy: Ukubusa kwabambalwa

isho ukuthi "inkosi ngedlanzana" "igunya elibekwa yiqembu elincane, elingase lihlukaniswe ngengcebo, izibopho zomkhaya, izithakazelo zodumo, izinhlangano zenkampani, noma ukulawulwa kwempi. Ngokungafani nombusi, i-oligarchy ayisekelwe engohlwini olulodwa lwefa; kunalokho, iqembu elibusayo lingaba yisigaba, i-conotion, i-codium, noma i-clique.

I-Oligarchy ingasebenza ngezinhlangano ezisemthethweni noma ngokwethukela. Ezinhlanganweni zezebhizinisi ezinkulu, i-oligarchy ithonya uhulumeni ukuba uzizuzise. Esontweni, ojenene bakha ikomiti yokubusa. I-Sparta yasendulo yayinombuso ohlangene kanye nomkhandlu wabadala (i-Gerousia), ngokuyinhloko owawuyindikimba ye-oligarchy. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, iRussia ivame ukuvezwa njengesibonelo lapho isimiso se-oligarchs 22:", abantu abacebile abasondelene nohulumeni.

Iphuzu eliyinhloko kwezezombangazwe i-"iwumthetho we-oligarchy," ohlongozwa uRobert Michels, osikisela ukuthi ngisho nezinhlangano zentando yeningi zithambekele ekubeni yizigebengu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngoba abaholi baqinisa amandla nobuchwepheshe. Abagxeki abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi imibuso ebusa ngemibuso ezimele yanamuhla inezici ezinamandla ze-oligarchy, njengoba iminikelo yomkhankaso nokugqugquzela inikeza izikhuthazo ezicebile ithonya elingalinganiyo. Ngokwe-[FLT: 0] ifuna ingcebo engalinganiyo[[, ukugcwala kwengcebo emazweni entando yeningi kuveza inseleleka ngokuqondile.

UMbuso Ongokwasezulwini: Igunya Laphezulu Ekubuseni

I-Ocracy iyisimiso sikahulumeni lapho abapristi noma abaholi benkolo bebusa khona egameni likankulunkulu (noma onkulunkulu). Izimiso zoMbuso, imithetho, nokuphatha kususelwa ngokomthetho wezincwadi zenkolo namasiko. Kumbuso ongokwasezulwini omsulwa, akukho ukwahlukana phakathi kwesonto nombuso; umthetho wenkolo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe.

Izibonelo zihlanganisa iVatican City (umbuso omiswe ngokungakhethi lapho uPapa enegunya eliphakeme khona), i - Iran (elihlanganisa umongameli okhethiwe noMholi Ophakeme ongumfundisi ophethe ngokuphelele, osebenza ngaphansi komthetho wamaSulumane), nokubusa kukaTaliban e - Afghanistan (ukugcinwa komthetho oqinile weSharia).

Izici zombuso ongokwasezulwini:

  • Abaholi benkolo banezikhundla zikahulumeni eziyinhloko.
  • Izimiso ezingokomthetho zisekelwe embhalweni ongokwenkolo.
  • Ngokuvamile izimfundiso zenkolo zilinganisela amalungelo nenkululeko.
  • Izinkolelo noma izinkolo ezingavumelani nazo zingase zicindezeleke noma zivinjelwe.

Ohulumeni abangokwasezulwini bathambekele ekusebenziseni isimilo esingokwenhlalo futhi abakwazi ukuguquka. Banganikeza uhlelo oluhlanganisayo lokuziphatha kodwa ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa inkululeko yomuntu siqu, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane, amaqembu amancane enkolo, nezakhamuzi zezwe. Izinkolo zanamuhla ngokuvamile zibhekene nokuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho nezokuxhumana, njengoba izimiso zazo zingqubuzana nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke.

Izimiso Ezihlanzekile Nesimo Sangempela Semibuso Yanamuhla

Ngokwenqubo, bambalwa ohulumeni abawela kahle ohlelweni olulodwa. Izimiso eziningi ezixuba izakhi zezinhlobo eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, iSingapore iyiphalamende elinezigaba ze-demokrati kodwa elibuswa yiqembu elilodwa (PAP) kusukela ekuzilawuleni, ezinemithetho ephawulekayo yokukhuluma kwezombangazwe nomhlangano − ezichazwa njenge "i-mi-authoritarian" noma "intando yeningi yentando yeningi""." Ngokufanayo, i-Iran yanamuhla ixuba izakhi ezingokwasezulwini nezakhiwo ze-Republicbacyan (iphalamenti nomongameli okhethiwe).

Lezizinhlobo ezixubile zivame kakhulu, ikakhulukazi njengoba imibuso yentando yeningi iboleka izinqubo zentando yeningi (izinqubo zomthetho-mthetho, umthetho-sisekelo) ukuze izuze ngokomthetho kuyilapho ivimbela ukuphatha amandla angempela. Ososayensi bezombangazwe bazibiza ngokuthi "ukulawula ngempoqo" noma "umthetho wobushiqela wobushiqela"" ukuqonda lezizici ezimpunga zibalulekile ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwangempela kohulumeni, kunokuba bathembele kuphela ezimpawini zabo ezisemthethweni.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Zikahulumeni Kubaluleke

Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni kungaphezu nje kokuhlela. Kuhlomisa izakhamuzi ngamathuluzi ukuba:

  • iqaphele isimiso sabo siqu: Ukuqaphela izici zentando yeningi, i-oligarchy, noma ubuphoqelelo bombuso buvumela abantu ukuba bazi uma uhulumeni wabo uqala ukuphelelwa isibopho sokulandisa noma ukucindezela okwengeziwe.
  • Ngaphansi kwezenzakalo zomhlaba: Izindaba ezimayelana nezinxushunxushu zezombangazwe, ukhetho, noma amalungelo abantu ziba nengqondo uma wazi isimo esiyisisekelo sokubusa kwezwe okukhulunywa ngalo.
  • Participete enkulumweni yezombangazwe:[ Izimpikiswano ezisunguliwe mayelana nesimiso ```Inguquko yezezimali'''izezezimali''.' Okufana nokuhlukanisa kwemibuso, noma ukuchaza komthetho-sisekelo/ukuthola ulwazi ngezakhiwo zezombangazwe.
  • Isivikelo ekuxhashazweni kwempatho: Ohulumeni abagunyazi no-oligarchus bavame ukusebenzisa ulimi "umbuso ophansi" ukuze bafihle isimo sabo sangempela. Izakhamuzi eziqonda izici ze republic yangempela zingamelana kangcono nenkulumo - ze enjalo.

Ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni oqhathanisa kusemqoka ekuqondeni izindaba zezenhlalo ezibanzi, kuhlanganise nokungalingani kwengcebo, ukubusa komthetho, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe anezinhlangano ezinamandla zentando yeningi athambekele ekubeni namazinga aphakeme okuthuthuka kwabantu, kuyilapho amazwe abusa ngempoqo ngokuvamile ecindezela acindezela amaqembu amancane futhi abhekene nezingozi eziphakeme zempi.

Isiphetho: Ukuphakama Okuqhubekayo Kukahulumeni Oqhathaniswayo

Uhlelo olulula lwesimiso sentando yeningi, irepublic, imibuso ebusayo, ubushiqela, ubushiqela, ubupoligarchy, nombuso ongokwasezulwini lunikeza isiqalo esiwusizo sokuchaza izwe eliyinkimbinkimbi lezombangazwe. Nokho, lezizigaba aziwona amabhokisi aqinile − angamathuluzi okuhlaziya. Impilo yanoma isiphi isimiso sezombangazwe ayixhomekile nje kuphela esimisweni sayo esingokomthetho kodwa futhi nasendleleni leso sakhiwo esisetshenziswa ngayo, izinga lokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi, namandla okuhlola kwazo amandla embusweni.

Njengoba ikhulu lama-21 liqala, sibona izinguquko ezinamandla: ukuvela kwezinhlangano ze-populists ezibusweni bentando yeningi obusebunini besikhathi eside bumisiwe, ukuhlanganiswa kokulawula kwempoqo yempoqo emazweni anjengeChina neRussia, nokuphikelela kwamasiko angokwasezulwini ne-monarch. Umsebenzi wokuqonda lezi zimiso uphuthuma kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ngokufunda ukuqaphela izimpawu ezicashile (kungabi zezikhali) zezibonelo ezibusayo ezihlukene, izakhamuzi kuyo yonke indawo zingasekela kangcono izimiso ezisebenzela ngempela umphakathi ezisekela isithunzi somphakathi, ziqinise imithetho elungile, futhi zihlale zinomthwalo kubantu ababusayo.