Ukuqonda Imingcele Kahulumeni Ngokukhuluma Ngenkululeko: Isiqondiso Esinesisekelo Solimi Olungenangqondo

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingenye yamalungelo athandwa kakhulu nayisisekelo emiphakathini yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, lelilungelo aliphelele. Ohulumeni bavame ukumisa imingcele kulokho abantu abakwazi ukukusho, ukukubhala, noma ukukuveza obala. Lemingcele isesilinganisweni esincane phakathi kokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuvikela izithakazelo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda ukuthi lemingcele ikhona kuphi, kungani ikhona, futhi indlela esetshenziswa ngayo ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqondisa inkululeko eyinkimbinkimbi ezweni lanamuhla. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola imingcele ehlukahlukene kahulumeni ekhululekile, sihlola izithakazelo zefilosofi, izintambo ezingokomthetho, izinsizansiza ezisebenzayo, futhi izingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezilawula lesici esibucayi sokubusa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Kuyini Ukukhuluma Ngenkululeko?

Inkululeko ihlanganisa ilungelo eliyisisekelo labantu lokudlulisela imicabango yabo, imibono, imibono, nezinkolelo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kukahulumeni, ukucubungula, noma ukugunyaza okungokomthetho. Lelilungelo lidlulela ngalé kwamazwi akhulunywayo nje kuphela ukuba lihlanganise ukukhulumisana okubhaliwe, amazwi obuciko, inkulumo engokomfanekiso, ngisho nezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha ezidlulisela isigijimi. Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, ukukhulumela ngokukhululekile kusebenza njengesisekelo sokuziphindisela, okwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulumweni yasobala, zigcine abaholi bazo benecala, futhi zinikele ezigcawini zemibono ekhuthaza intuthuko yezenhlalo.

Umqondo wenkululeko usekelwe ezinhlamvwini eziningi zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nasebushineni bobuzwe. ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samaLungu, esamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948, siqaphela inkululeko yombono nenkulumo njengelungelo eliyisisekelo lomuntu. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, iphephandaba, ingqungquthela, nesicelo. Ngokufanayo, i-European Convention on Human Rights iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, ngaphansi kwemingcele ethile emiswe umthetho. Lezi ziveza ukuvumelana okukhulu okuthi ikhono lokuziveza ngokwalo libalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni kwabantu nentando yeningi.

Inkululeko ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emphakathini. Isiza ukutholwa kweqiniso ngengxoxo esobala, ivumela imibono emihle ukuba inqobe abantu ababi ngenkulumo enengqondo kunokuba ikhiphe umthetho kahulumeni. Ivumela ukukhomba kwentando yeningi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukufinyelela imibono ehlukene nolwazi oludingekayo ukuze zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nabaholi bazo nezimiso. Izikhulumela ezikhululekile zikhuthaza ukuzibusa nokuzijabulisa komuntu, ziqaphela ukuthi ikhono lokuveza imicabango yakhe nemininingwane yakhe libalulekile ekuchumeni kwabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lisebenza njengokuhlola amandla kahulumeni, livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigxeke izikhulu futhi zidalule ububi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela.

Isisekelo Esiwubuciko Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Ukuthethelela kwefilosofi kokuvikela inkulumo ekhululekile kuye kwavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, kuthathwe emibhalweni yabaqondisi abanethonya abaqaphela ukubaluleka kwenkulumo evulekile enqubweni yomuntu nenkululeko. Encwadini yakhe yekhulu leminyaka uJohn Stuart Mill, encwadini yakhe ye-"On Liberty," waphikisa ngokuthi ukuvala noma imuphi umbono kuyingozi ngoba uphuca isintu ithuba lokuthola iqiniso. U-Mill waphikisa ngokuthi ngisho nemibono engamanga inenzuzo ngoba ibekela izinkolelo zeqiniso inselele futhi izivimbele ekubeni zibe yizimfundiso ezifile eziphethwe ngaphandle kokuqonda noma ukuqiniseka.

Imakethe yemibono, ehlobene kakhulu nefilosofi kaMill, amapulani athi iqiniso livela ekuncintisaneni kwemibono enkulu enkulumweni esobala yeningi. Ngokwalombono, ukuvivinywa kweqiniso okungcono kakhulu amandla okucabanga ukuyekwa ekuncintisaneni kwezentengiselwano. Lenkolelo icabanga ukuthi abantu ngabanye abanengqondo bayakwazi ukuhlukanisa iqiniso namanga uma benikezwa imibono engafani, futhi leyondlela kahulumeni kulendawo yezentengiselwano ilimaza kakhulu kunokuphazamisa inqubo yemvelo yokufuna iqiniso.

Esinye isisekelo sefilosofi esiveza inkululeko isimiso sokuzibusa, esithi abantu banelungelo elizuzwe njengefa lokuzinqumela nokuthi lelilungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokuveza imicabango nezinkolelo zomuntu. Lombono ugcizelela isithunzi somuntu nokubaluleka kokuvumela abantu ukuba bahlakulele isithunzi sabo siqu kanye nemibono yezwe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa uhulumeni. Ukubeka isithunzi somuntu ngokwalo, kuhlanganisa nalo mbono, kululaza isithunzi somuntu ngoba uphatha abantu njengabangenakukwazi ukwenza izahlulelo zabo siqu ngalokho abangase bakucabange noma bakusho.

Inkolelo-lwazi yokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi inikeza esinye futhi isiqinisekiso sokuvikela okuqinile kokukhuluma ngenkululeko. Lenkolelo-lwazi igcizelela ukuthi ukuzilawula okunenjongo kudinga izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa nemibono ehlukahlukene, zikwazi ukugxeka uhulumeni wazo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokukhululekile empikiswaneni yomphakathi ephathelene nezinto ezikhathazayo. Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuba yize, njengoba izakhamuzi zintula amathuluzi adingekayo okugcina abaholi bazo benomlando noma ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekwenzeni izinqumo ezihlanganyene.

Kungani Ohulumeni Belinganisela Ukukhuluma?

Naphezu kokubaluleka okuyisisekelo kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, awukho umphakathi wentando yeningi ophatha lelilungelo njengeliphelele. Ohulumeni babeka imingcele ekubonakalisweni ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene, zonke ezihilela ukulinganisela ukubaluleka kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kwezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile zomphakathi namalungelo. Ukuqonda lokhu kulunga kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi imingcele ethile ingokomthetho yini noma imelela ukuphamba kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni.

Isizathu esivame ukushiwo sokulinganisela ukukhululeka ukuvikela ukulondeka komphakathi nokuhleleka. Ohulumeni baphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izinhlobo zokukhuluma ziletha usongo oluqondile nolusheshayo ekulondekeni okungokomzimba kwabantu noma ukuzinza komphakathi. Lokhu kusekela imingcele ekhuthaza ubudlova obusondelayo, ibangela ukwesaba ezimweni eziyingozi, noma isongela ngokuqondile abantu abathile. Isibonelo esivelele, ngokuvamile okuthiwa nguMahluleli u-Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., siwukuthi inkululeko yokukhuluma ayivikeli othile ngokuqamba amanga "emlobalazweni" ogcwele eshashala, njengoba inkulumo enjalo ibangela ingozi esheshayo ekuphepheni komphakathi.

Izindaba zenhlalayenza zinikeza esinye isisekelo esisetshenziswa njalo sokubekwa kwemikhankaso. Ohulumeni baphikisa ngokuthi ukwaziswa okuthile, uma kuvezwe obala, kungaphazamisa imisebenzi yezempi, ukuqoqa ukuhlakanipha, ukuhlangana kwezizwe, noma ezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile zesizwe. Lokhu kulunga kusekela imithetho evimbela ukuvezwa kokwaziswa okuhlukanisayo, imingcele yokunyathelisa imininingwane ephathelene nemisebenzi yezempi eqhubekayo, nokulinganiselwa kokukhuluma okungasiza amabutho empi noma amaphekula. Nokho, ukuqamba kwesizwe kuvame ukuphikisana, njengoba ohulumeni bengase banxuse lokhu kulinganisa ukugxekwa okungokomthetho noma ukufihla ukwaziswa okuhlazisayo okungekho usongo lwenhlala - ngokomthetho.

Isivikelo samalungelo omuntu nesithunzi simelela isigaba sesithathu esikhulu sokuzithethelela ekubekeni izinkulumo. Ohulumeni bangavimbela inkulumo ephula amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ehlazisa abantu ngabanye, ephazamisa izinto ezingokwengqondo, noma ebangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu ngokomzwelo. Lemingcele ibonisa isimiso sokuthi ilungelo lomuntu lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kumelwe lilinganiswe mayelana namalungelo omunye umuntu edumeleni, esesenzweni esiyimfihlo, nasenhlalakahleni engokomzwelo. Inselele ikhona ekunqumeni ukuthi ungawubeka kuphi umugqa phakathi kokuvikela abantu enkulumweni elimazayo futhi ulondoloze izinkulumo zasobala eziqinile.

Ukuvimbela ubandlululo nokuvikela amaqembu angenazisulu kunikeza esinye isizathu sokuveza imingcele. Amazwe amaningi anqabela inkulumo yenzondo ehlasela abantu noma amaqembu asekelwe ezicini ezinjengesizwe, inkolo, ubuzwe, ubulili, noma indlela yobulili. Abasekeli bemithetho enjalo baphikisa ukuthi inzondo ibangela ukulimala okusobala emaqenjini ahloselwe, inezela ekucwaseni ubudlova, futhi ilulaza isithunzi esilinganayo sazo zonke izakhamuzi. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi imithetho yenzondo ngokuvamile ayicacile, ivame ukuxhashazwa, futhi ikhambi elingcono kakhulu lokukhuluma ngenzondo liyinkulumo eyisikhangiso, hhayi ukucunulwa.

Ukulondoloza ubuqotho bezinqubo zentando yeningi nezinhlangano nakho kuthethelela imingcele ethile. Ohulumeni bangavimbela izinkulumo ezingamanga ngezinqubo zokhetho, benqabela izindlela ezithile zokukhangisa ngomkhankaso, noma balinganisele inkulumo ephazamisa ukuqulwa komthetho. Lemingcele ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zentando yeningi zingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo nokuthi izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekubuseni ngokusekelwe ekwazisweni okuqondile kunokuqanjiwe ngamabomu.

Izindlela Ezivamile Zokulinganisela Ekukhulumeni Ngenkululeko

Zonda Imingcele Yokukhuluma

Imingcele yokukhuluma yenzondo imelela enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho wokulawula, ehluka kakhulu ekufinyeleleni amazwe ahlukene nezimiso zomthetho. ibhekisela ekukhulumeni okuthi ukudelela, ukusongela, noma ukukhuthaza ubudlova noma ukucwasa abantu noma amaqembu asekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe njengohlanga, ubuzwe, ubuzwe, ubulili, indlela yobulili, noma ukukhubazeka. Incazelo evimbela inkulumo yenzondo isho ukuthi leyo nto ibangela ukulimaza amaqembu abhekene nobandlululo, futhi inciphisa isithunzi esilingana naleso isithembiso sezentando yeningi kuzo zonke izakhamuzi.

Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anemithetho yokuzonda kakhulu ehlanganisa ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe nezinye izinhlobo zobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, iJalimane, inqabela ukuzondwa kwezindawo zomphakathi nezinsongo noma ukuthukwa okuqondiswe emaqenjini asekelwe ekwakhekeni kwawo kwesizwe, kwesizwe, kwenkolo, noma kwesizwe. Lemithetho ibonakalisa okuhlangenwe nakho komlando kweYurophu ngokuQothulwa Kwesizwe kanye nezinye izenzo zonya, eholela ekuvumeni ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zenkulumo yenzondo kumelwe zenqatshelwe ukuvimbela ukubuya kwalezo zigebengu. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu yamaLungelo ivame ukuzonda imingcele yokukhuluma evumelana nenkululeko eqinisekiswe yi-European Convention on Human Rights, inikezwa imingcele enjalo imiswe umthetho, ilandela izinhloso ezingokomthetho, futhi idingeka emphakathini wentando yentando yeningi.

Ngokuphambene, i-United States ithatha indlela yokuyekelela kakhulu yokuzonda inkulumo, ivame ukuyiphatha njengendlela evikelekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala ngaphandle kokuba ingene ezinhlotsheni ezimncinyane zenkulumo engavikelekile njengokusongela kweqiniso noma ukugqugquzela isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo. Izinkantolo zaseMelika ziye zaphikelela ukuthi uhulumeni akakwazi ukunqanda ukusho okuthiwa ngenxa nje yokuthi kucasula, kunenzondo, noma kukhuthaza imibono yokungahloniphi. Lokhu kubonisa isibopho esinamandla esisendabeni semibono kanye nokungaqiniseki ngekhono likahulumeni lokulawula inkulumo esekelwe ekuthonyweni yilelo gunya. Nokho, i-United States iyakuvimbela ukuziphatha okuhlobene nenzondo, njengobugebengu obuhilela kokubili ukuziphatha kobugebengu kanye nesisusa sokungalawule.

Impikiswano ngemingcele yenzondo ihilela imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokulinganisela okufanelekile phakathi kokuveza inkululeko nokulingana. Abasekeli bemithetho yenzondo baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele enjalo idingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe amaqembu angenalusizo ekulimaleni okungokwengqondo, ukuvimbela ukubekwa kwesimo sengqondo sokungahloniphi, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokulinganayo enkulumweni yasobala ngaphandle kokuthuthwa ukuhlasela okunenzondo. Baphikisa ngokuthi inkulumo yenzondo ayifaki qhaza ensini yomphakathi futhi ukuthi ukuvimbela kwayo akuyikhuthazi kakhulu intengo yemibono. Abagxeki basabela ngokuthi imithetho yenzondo ngokuvamile ayicacile futhi iyayekelela, ihlazisa amazwi afanelekile futhi inikeza ohulumeni amandla okuvimbela imibono engathandeki. Baphikisa ukuthi ukusabela okunenzondo akudaluli kahle emazwini kanye nokugwetshwa ngokugweba okunga okuthiwayo okungakho okuvimbelayo ngokomthetho.

Ukungalawuleki Nemithetho Engalawuleki

Ohulumeni sekuyisikhathi eside befuna ukulawula okusobala ngokobulili nokucasulayo ngenhlamba nemithetho engekho emthethweni. ibhekisela ezintweni ezibhekwa njengezicasulayo nezingenanzuzo emphakathini kangangokuba zingaphandle kwesivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Incazelo nemithetho yokuhlambalaza kuyahlukahluka kakhulu, kuveza izindinganiso ezingokwesiko nezimo zengqondo ezihlukile ngokuphathelene nezenzo zocansi nokuziphatha.

E-United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasungula ukuhlolwa kwanamuhla kwenhlamba kuMiller v. California. Ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kweMiller, izinto zingcolile uma: (1) umuntu ovamile, osebenzisa izindinganiso zomphakathi wamanje, angathola ukuthi umsebenzi, othathwa njengowodwa, onxusa isithakazelo esiphezulu; (2) umsebenzi uveza noma uchaza, ngendlela ephambene, ukuziphatha kobulili okuchazwa ngokuqondile ngomthetho osebenzayo; futhi (3) umsebenzi, othathwa njengowodwa, ongenawo umbhalo ongathi sína, owezombangazwe, noma inani elingokwesayensi. Izinto ezihlangabezana naloluvivinyo oluthathu oluwujuqu zingavinjelwa ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nokho, uMiller usekelo lugxekwe ngokwendlela engekhona okungaqondakaliyo futhi ukuvumela ukuba kunqume lokho okungase kuvikelwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezihlukene.

Izimiso zokungalinganisi, ezisebenza kulokhu okuqukethe okucasulayo kodwa okungangcolisi, zivame kakhulu emithonjeni yezokusakaza. I-Federal Communications Commission e-United States ilawula okunengcaca ngokungafanele ekusakazeni ithelevishini nomsakazo, inqabela izinto ezinjalo phakathi namahora lapho abantwana bengase babe phakathi kwezilaleli. Isu lokusakaza lezimiso ukuthi imithombo yezindaba inobukhona obuhlukile emakhaya abantu futhi itholakala ngokuyingqayizivele ezingabekeki ezinganeni, ithethelela ukwengamela okukhulu kukahulumeni kunezindlela ezithile zezokusakaza. Nokho, ukuvela kwethelevishini, umsakazo wesasasa, ne-Internet , njengoba lemidiya entsha ingabhekiswe ekuvinyweni okuko okuko ezindaweni ezisezingenisiweyo nakuba izingane ezitholakalayo.

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zimelela isigaba sezithombe zobulili zobulili zenqatshelwe emhlabeni wonke futhi azitholi sivikelo ngaphansi kwezimiso ezicacile. Ukukhiqizwa, ukusakazwa, nokuba nezithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana kuyicala lobugebengu cishe kuwo wonke amazwe, okubonisa ukuvumelana kokuthi izinto ezinjalo zihilela ukuxhashazwa nokuxhashazwa kwezingane nokuthi ukwenqatshelwa kwazo kuyadingeka ukuze kuvikelwe izingane ekulimaleni. Izinkantolo ziye zasekela ngokungaguquki lemithetho njengemithetho engokomthetho evimbelayo enikeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuvikeleni izingane.

Umthetho wokuhlambalaza nokungalungi uphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngendima kahulumeni yokuphoqelela izindinganiso zokuziphatha nokuvikela abantu ekuthokweni okucasulayo. Abasekeli bemithetho enjalo baphikisa ngokuthi imiphakathi inesithakazelo esingokomthetho ekulondolozeni izindinganiso ezithile zobunene, ukuvikela izingane ezintweni ezilimazayo, nokuvimbela ukuwohloka kwenkulumo yomphakathi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho engcolile ibonisa izahlulelo zokuziphatha eziphelelwe yisikhathi, ukuthi abantu abadala kufanele bakhululeke ukufinyelela noma yini abayikhethayo, nokuthi amathuluzi esayensi anjengamandla abazali anikeza izindlela ezingezinkulu zokuvikela izingane ezintweni ezingafanele kunomthetho ohlaziya izinto.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokwaziswa Okuyizinhlobo

Izindaba zokulondeka kwesizwe ziye zathethelela isikhathi eside imingcele ephawulekayo ekwambulweni kwenkululeko, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuthola ukwaziswa okungahlukaniswa nokukhulunywa okungasiza izitha noma ukuhlehliswa kwemisebenzi yezempi. Ohulumeni balondoloza izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhlukanisa ukwaziswa okubhekwa njengokuzwelayo ekulondekeni kwesizwe, futhi ukudalulwa okungagunyaziwe kokwaziswa okunjalo kungaphumela ezigwebweni ezinzima zobugebengu. Lemigoqo ibonisa isimiso sokuthi ukuvikela isizwe ezinsongweni zangaphandle ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukulinganisela kwangaphandle, ngisho nasemiphakathini yentando yeningi efuna ukubaluleka kokugqashuka kolwazi nokungafihliwe.

Umbango phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe nokuziveza ngokukhululekile uba mubi kakhulu uma izintatheli noma abafuthi bembula ukwaziswa okuhlukanisayo okuveza ububi bukahulumeni noma izindaba ezithakazelisayo emphakathini. Izenzakalo eziphezulu njenge-Pentagon Papers ngawo 1970, iWikiLeaks edaluliwe ngawonyaka ka-2010, futhi izambulo zika-Edward Snowden ngezinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola izikhali ziye zabangela ukuphikisana okukhulu mayelana nokuthi ungawubeka kuphi umugqa phakathi kokuvikela inzuzo esemthethweni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi unecala likahulumeni. Enkantolo ephakeme yalahla amaphephandaba kahulumeni ukuze avimbele ukukhishwa kwezincwadi eziphathelene nempi yeVietnam, yamisa ukukhishwa kwemithetho eqinile ngisho nalapho ukuvinjelwa kwesizwe kusungulwa. Nokho, iNkanto engekho ngokomthetho eyenzeka ngemva kwezincwadi zecala.

Imithetho yezezimali nemisebenzi yezimfihlo ezingokomthetho inikeza uhlelo olungokomthetho lokuqupha ukwaziswa okungagunyaziwe. E-United States, i-Espionage Act ka-1917 inqabela ukuvunywa okungagunyaziwe kokwaziswa kwesizwe okusemthethweni, futhi iye yasetshenziselwa ukumangalela izisebenzi zikahulumeni nabaphathi abavuza izinto ezihlelwayo. Imithetho ye-United Kingdom's Secrects Act ngokufanayo ikwenza kube ubugebengu obungagunyaziwe ngokungagunyaziswe yizisebenzi zamanje nohulumeni ababesebenza ngaphambili. Lemithetho iye yagxekwa ngobubanzi bayo nangokudalula impoqo okungala intengo engokomthetho kahulumeni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imithetho enjalo kufanele ihlanganise izivimbele isithakazelo somphakathi esivikela ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni noma okungafanele, kuyilapho abasekeli begcina ukuthi ukukhishwa kokungagunyazwa kokwaziswa okusemthethweni komphakathi kuyingozi kungakhathaliseki izisusa izisusa ezisusa ezisusa izisusa ze-mfaza.

Isimiso sokuhlela ngokwaso siye sahlolwa, lapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi njalo ohulumeni bahlela ukwaziswa ngokweqile ukuze bagweme ukuphoxeka noma ukulandisa kunokuba bavikele izithakazelo zokuphepha kwangempela. Ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi inqwaba yokwaziswa okuhlelwayo akulona usongo lwangempela ekulondekeni kwesizwe nokuthi isimiso sokuhlela ngokuvamile sisetshenziselwa ukufihla indle, ukukhohlisa, nokuxhaphaza. Lokhu kuhlelwa ngokweqile kululaza ukwethenjwa komphakathi futhi kwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemibono elimaza ngempela ukulondeka kwesizwe kanye naleyo emane nje ebangela ukudumazeka kwezikhulu noma embula ukuhluleka kwezimiso.

Imingcele ehlobene nokubekwa kwemigomo ehlobene nobuphekula kanye nokugadla kobuphekula imelela esinye isici esisekelwe ekuvinjelweni kwenhlalayenza. Amazwe amaningi amise imithetho enqabela ukubizwa kwenkulumo edumisa ubuphekula, ekhuthaza izenzo zobuphekula, noma enikeza ukusekela ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo eziqoqiwe zezinhlangano zamaphekula. Lemithetho ihlose ukuvimbela ukuphehla imingcele yamaphekula ngokususa ikhono lawo lokusakaza inkulumo exoxiweyo nokuthola amalungu amasha. Nokho, imithetho enjalo iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokungaqondakali nangokungaqondakali, njengamagama anjenge "ukwakhelwa" ne "ukukhuthaza" kungachazwa kabanzi ukuze kuhlanganiswe inkulumo esemthethweni yezombangazwe noma ingxoxo engokwemfundo yezindaba eziphikisanayo.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nemingcele Ephuthumayo

Ohulumeni bangabeka imingcele ekubonakalisweni ngokukhululekile phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo noma lapho inkulumo isongela umphakathi ngokushesha. Lemingcele ivame ukugunyazwa njengokudingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala, kugcinwe ukuhleleka, futhi ikwazi ukunikeza ukusabela okuphuthumayo okuphumelelayo. Nokho, amandla aphuthumayo angasetshenziswa kabi ukuze acindezele ukungavumelani okungokomthetho, okwenza kube okubalulekile ukuba imingcele enjalo ilungiswe ngokulinganiselwe, ilinganiswe isikhathi, futhi ihlolwe ngokubukezwa kokwahlulela.

Imfundiso yokugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo, eyasungulwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. eBrandenburg v. Ohio, inikeza uhlelo lokuvimbela inkulumo esongela umphakathi ngokushesha. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, inkulumo ingavinjelwa kuphela uma iqondiswa ekuvuseleleni noma ekuthatheni isinyathelo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi ingenza isenzo esinjalo esiwujuqu. Lokhu kuhlola kumisa isithimba esiphezulu sokuvimbela ukukhuluma okusekelwe ekubangeleni kwakho ukulimaza, kudinga kokubili ukuhlongoza nokulawula. Inkulumo emane isekela ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni, noma engaholela ekuthatheni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esikhathini esithile esizayo, ihlala ivikelekile. Lokhu kubonisa isahlulelo sokuthi izingozi zokuvumela inkulumo esekelwe ekulimaleni okungaqondakaliyo zidlula izingozi ezingenzeka.

Ukusongela kweqiniso kumelela olunye uhlobo lwenkulumo engavikelekile ehlobene nokuphepha komphakathi. Ukusongela kwangempela kuyisisho esikhuluma kuso isisho esikhulu sokuveza inhloso engathi sína yokuthatha isenzo sobudlova obungekho emthethweni kumuntu othile noma iqembu elithile. Ngokungafani nokukhuthaza okuphoqelelwayo, okugxila ekubangeleni abanye ukuba bahileleke ekuziphatheni okungekho emthethweni, ukusongela kweqiniso kuhilela ukwesatshiswa okuqondile. Ukunqandwa kwezinsongo zeqiniso kuvikela abantu ekusabeni nasekuphazamisekeni okubangelwa ukusongela ukuxhumana kuyilapho kulondoloza inkulumo eqinile yezombangazwe kanye nenkulumo ehloselwe ukuba kungahloselwe usongo lweqiniso.

Phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, njengobhadane lwe-COVID-19, ohulumeni baye balwa ngendlela yokulungisa izinqubo zempilo yomphakathi ezingalulaza noma ziholele abantu ukuba bahileleke ekuziphatheni okuyingozi. Amanye amazwe aye amisa imithetho enqabela ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga ngobhadane, kuyilapho amanye aye athembela kumaqophelo ezokuxhumana ukuze asuse noma aphawule okudukisayo. Lemizamo iye yabangela ukuncintisana okufanelekile phakathi kokulwa nokungalingani okuyingozi nokulondoloza impikiswano ekhululekile ngezimiso zempilo zomphakathi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ocusumbuzayo wempilo ubeka isiqalo esiyingozi futhi izikhulu zingasebenzisa amandla anjalo ukuze ziqede ukuphikisana okusemthethweni kwezesayensi noma ukugxeka izimiso zikahulumeni.

Imingcele yokuveza imingcele phakathi nokubhikisha nemibhikisho imelela omunye umongo lapho izinkathazo zokuphepha zomphakathi zingathethelela khona imingcele yokuveza inkululeko. Ohulumeni bangamisa isikhathi, indawo, nezindlela zokuvimbela ukubhikisha ukuze bavimbele ubudlova, bavikele impahla, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi izinkonzo eziphuthumayo zingangena ezindaweni ezithintekile. Nokho, imingcele enjalo kumelwe ibe egcwele, ehloselwe ukunikeza isithakazelo esiphawulekayo sikahulumeni, futhi bashiye eminye iminyango evulekile yokuxhumana. Imingcele ebanzi kakhulu ekubhikisheni ingaliphula ngokuphumelelayo ilungelo lokuveza inkululeko nenhlangano, ikakhulukazi uma isetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni izikhulu zikahulumeni ekugxekweni.

Ukuvukela Nezivikelo Zezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Imithetho ephikisayo ivikela abantu ezindabeni ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela labo, kanti imithetho yemfihlo ivikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni okungafunekiyo nasekwambulweni okungagunyaziwe kokwaziswa komuntu siqu. Lemiyalo engokomthetho ibonisa isimiso sokuthi ukukhulumela ngokukhululekile kumelwe kulinganiswe kumalungelo abantu edumeleni nasese. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yokuhlambalaza nezindaba zomuntu siqu kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokuphathelene nokuvikela lamalungelo abantu ngaphandle kokuwavimbela ngokungafanele amankulumo yasobala.

Ukuhlambalaza kuhlanganisa kokubili i-libral (ukunyundela okubhaliwe) kanye nokunyundela (ukuhlambalaza). Ukusungula ukusho okuhlanjalazayo, ummangalelwa kufanele afakazele ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza inkulumo engamanga nge-patrix, ukuthi lenkulumo yadluliselwa kumacala amathathu, futhi yalimaza idumela lommangalelwa. Imithetho ehlukene isebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene kuye ngokuthi ingumuntu obala noma umuntu siqu nokuthi inkulumo ikhuluma ngendaba yomphakathi.

E-United States, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuNew York Times Co. Sullivan saveza ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi azinakukwazi ukubuyisa isijeziso sokuhlambalaza izinkulumo ezihlobene nokuziphatha kwazo okusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba zifakazele ukuthi lamazwi ashiwo "ngezenzo zonya"", okungukuthi, ngolwazi lokuthi ayengamanga noma ngokunganaki ukuthi ayeyinkohliso noma cha. Lendinganiso ephakeme ibonisa ukuthi impikiswano eqinile ngezikhulu zomphakathi ibalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi futhi ingozi yamazwi amanga kumelwe ibekelwe ibekelwe inselele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi impikiswano enjalo ayiphoxekile ngenxa yosongo lokuhlambalaza. Indinganiso yangempela kamuva yadluliselwa ezilinganisweni zomphakathi ngokuvamile, iqaphela ukuthi abantu abazifaka ngokuzithandela ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi kufanele bahlolwe kakhulu futhi bagxekwe.

Amanye amazwe athatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela idumela nokukhululeka. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu awasebenzisi indinganiso engcono yokuhlambalaza kwezibalo zomphakathi, kunalokho afuna abamangalelwa ukuba bafakazele iqiniso lamazwi abo noma babonise ukuthi benza ngokunengqondo ekunyatheliseni ukwaziswa. Amanye amazwe ayakuqaphela futhi ukuhlanjalazwa kobugebengu, avumele abashushisi ukuba balethe amacala kubantu abasho izinkulumo ezihlambalazayo, umkhuba oye wagxekwa abasekela inkululeko njengoveza umphumela ohlazisayo enkulu enkulu enkulumweni yenkulumo yasobala.

Izivikelo zomuntu siqu zilinganisela ukuvezwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nemingcele ekwambuleni ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ukunqatshelwa kwezindlela zokuqoqa izindaba eziphazamisayo, nokuqashelwa kwelungelo lokukhohlakala kwezinye izifunda. I-European Union's General Data Protection Reggation (GDR) inikeza isivikelo esibanzi, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokuthola imininingwane yomuntu siqu namalungelo abantu ukuze bangene, bafinyelele, basuse ukwaziswa kwabo siqu. Lezisivikelo zingaphikisana ngenkululeko uma zilinganisela ikhono lokusakaza ulwazi oluyiqiniso ngabantu ngabanye, ikakhulukazi ngomongomo wokucwaninga ngomlando.

Ilungelo lokukhohlakala, eliqashelwa yi-European Court of Justice, livumela abantu ukuba bacele ukuba izingcingo zokusesha zisuse izixhumaniso nokwaziswa okuphathelene nabo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Leli lungelo libonisa isahlulelo sokuthi abantu kufanele balawule indlela yokubhala izinombolo zabo nokuthi ulwazi oluphelelwe yisikhathi noma olungasasebenzi akumelwe luchaze unomphela umfanekiso womuntu obala. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ilungelo lokukhohlakala ulwazi oluyiqiniso nokuthi lunikeza amandla angafanele okubhala futhi noma ukufihla ukwaziswa okusalokhu kusebenza ezinkulumweni zeningi.

Imingcele Yempahla Ecatshangelwayo

Imithetho yempahla eqanjiwe, kuhlanganise nemithetho yokugunyaza, uphawu, nesivikelo esisemthethweni, ivimbela ukuboniswa kwendlela abantu abangayisebenzisa ngayo imisebenzi yokudala, imiklamo, nezinto ezisungulwe abanye. Nakuba le mithetho ifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ikhono lokwakha nokwakha izinto ezintsha, futhi idala ukungezwani ngezimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngokulinganisela ikhono lokwakha imisebenzi ekhona noma ukusebenzisa izinto ezibhalwe ngendlela esemthethweni ekuchazeni nasekugxekeni.

Umthetho wamalungelo unikeza abadali amalungelo akhethekile okuveza, ukusakaza, nokwakha imisebenzi evela kusuka kwemisuka yabo yokuqala yokudala. La malungelo ahlala njalo ekuphileni komqambi kanye namashumi eminyaka amaningana, phakathi nesikhathi lapho abanye bengenakusebenzisa umsebenzi owenziwe ngemvume yababhali ngaphandle kwemvume. Imingcele yelungelo lombhali ingalinganisela ukuchaza okukhululekile ngokuvimbela abantu ukuba bacaphuna kakhulu emisebenzini ebhalwe ngokusemthethweni, ukwenza ama-parodisethi noma ukusungula imisebenzi ekhona yokudala. Nokho, umthetho womgunyazi uhlanganisa imingcele ebalulekile eklanyelwe ukusingatha izifiso zenkululeko, ngokuphawulekayo iziqondiso ezibonisa ukuthi umuntu unelungelo lokusebenzisa imfundiso elungile.

Ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kwempahla ebhalwe ngokusemthethweni kuvumela ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe ngaphandle kwemvume yezinjongo ezinjengokugxeka, ukuchaza, ukubika izindaba, ukufundisa, umfundaze, nokucwaninga. Izinkantolo zihlola ukusetshenziswa ngokufanelekile okusekelwe ezicini ezine: injongo nohlobo lomsebenzi ogunyaziwe, uhlobo lwengxenye esetshenziswayo, isibalo kanye nobuningi bengxenye esetshenziswayo, kanye nomphumela wokusetshenziswa kwemakethe engenzeka yomsebenzi wokuqala. UFair usebenzisa njengevalvu lokuphepha elibalulekile elivumela umthetho womqululeki ukuba uhlale ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ababambi belungelo lokubhala ngeke bavimbele zonke izinkulumo zabo, ikakhulukazi leyo enikela ekunikezeni inkulumo yasobala noma eguqula umsebenzi wokuqala wokwakha.

Umthetho we-Trademark uvikela amagama ezimpawu, izilogo, nezinye izikhombi ezihlukanisa izimpahla nezinkonzo ezisemakethe. Nakuba umthetho wophawu ulawula ngokuyinhloko inkulumo yezentengiselwano, ungathinta futhi ukukhulumela okungekona okungokobukhoma lapho abantu besebenzisa iziphawu emisebenzini yobuciko, ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe, noma ukuchaza. Izinkantolo ziye zathi umthetho wezimpawu ungesetshenziswa ukuvimbela inkulumo engasebenzisi i-commercial esebenzisa izingcabo zokuphawula ukuze kukhulume noma kugxekwe izinkampani nemikhiqizo yazo. Nokho, imingcele ephakathi kwezentengiselwano nezobuzwelo-commeter ayicacile njalo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi iziphathi zezimende ezibonisa ukuthi umthetho awukwazi ukumelana nokugxeka noma ukukhulumela okungafuneki.

I-DMCA yeMillennium Copyright Act (DMCA) nemithetho efanayo kwamanye amazwe iveza imingcele eyengeziwe ngokunqabela ukugwenywa kwezindlela zokuzivikela zobuchwepheshe nangokumisa izinqubo zezaziso nokuthatha iziteshi ze-intanethi. La malungiselelo aye agxekwa ngokwenza ukuba kuhlolwe amagama angokomthetho, njengoba abanikazi belungelo lombhali bengacela ukususwa kwezinto ezikuqukethe ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuthi empeleni ziphula umthetho, futhi amapulatifomu avame ukuvumelana nezicelo ezinjalo zokugwema ukubekwa icala ngisho nalapho okuqukethwe kungavikelwa ngokusetshenziswa kahle noma okunye ukulinganiselwa komgunyaziso.

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Novivinyo Lokuvimbela Ukuvinjelwa

Izinkantolo nezimiso zomthetho ziye zaveza izindinganiso nezivivinyo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola ukuthi imingcele kahulumeni ekuvezeni ingokomthetho noma ukuthi iphula isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo noma samalungelo abantu. Lezi zici zizama ukunikeza izindlela ezisekelwe ezisekelweni zokulinganisela ukukhulumela ngokukhululekile kwezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile kuyilapho zivimbela ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni okungokomthetho noma okweqisayo.

Indinganiso yokuhlola eqinile, esetshenziswa e-United States ekubekeni imingcele esekelwe ekukhulumeni, ifuna uhulumeni ukuba abonise ukuthi lemingcele ifeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni futhi ilungiselelwe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze ifinyelele leso sithakazelo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezingasibekeli imingcele eqinile. Lendinganiso enzima ibonisa ukulinganiselwa okuqinile kwemithetho kahulumeni yokukhuluma esekelwe ekuqukethe noma embonweni kwayo. Ngaphansi kokucubungula okuqinile, imingcele eminingi esekelwe ekuqukethe ikhiqizwa ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni angabonisa ukuthi inkulumo ingena esigabeni esincane senkulumo engavikelekile noma ukuthi isithiyo sidingekile ekuvimbeleni ukulimala okungathi sína.

Ukuhlolwa kokungaphakathi kweminye imingcele engekho kwemingcele ekhulumayo, njengesikhathi, indawo, nezimiso. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi imingcele ifeza isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni, ihlotshaniswe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze ifeze leso sithakazelo, futhi ishiye eminye imikhondo evulekile yokuxhumana. Lokhu kungadingeki kuqaphele ukuthi imithetho equkethwe yileyo engekho ngokomthetho eyingozi enkulu ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile kunemigoqo esekelwe ekujuni ngoba ayikhethisi ngokusekelwe esigijimini esidluliselwayo.

Ukuhlolwa kokulingana, okuvame ukusetshenziswa emthetho wamalungelo abantu waseYurophu nowamazwe ngamazwe, kudinga ukuba izinkantolo zilinganisele ukubaluleka kokuveza inkululeko ngokumelene nenzalo kahulumeni ekhonzwa yintelekiso. Ngalendlela, imingcele kumele inikezwe umthetho, iphishekele injongo engokomthetho, futhi idingeke emphakathini wentando yeningi. Imfuneko ihlanganisa ukuhlola ukuthi imingcele ilingana yini nenhloso esemthethweni ephiwe, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ezinye izindlela ezingabekezelelwe zingawufinyelela umgomo ofanayo. Lendlela yokulinganisela inikeza ukuvumelana kwemithetho esemthethweni esetshenziswayo kodwa futhi iveza ukungaqiniseki okukhulu ukuthi imingcele iyakusekelwa kuyiphi.

Uvivinyo olucacile nolukhona, indinganiso yakuqala yaseMelika eye yathathelwa indawo kakhulu ukuhlolwa kweBrandenburg, yadinga ukuba uhulumeni abonise ukuthi inkulumo yakha ingozi ecacile nekhona yokuletha ububi obungaqondakali obuthi uhulumeni unelungelo lokubuvimbela. Lokhu kuhlola kwagxekwa ngokuba lukhuni kakhulu ekutheni uhulumeni usho ukuthi usengozini futhi uvumele ukucindezelwa kwenkulumo esekelwe engqwini eyingozi. Imfuneko yokuhlolwa kwe-Brandenburg yokuzimela futhi ngokunokwenzeka inikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokuveza inkulumo ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi inkulumo ayinakuvinjelwa ngokusekelwe ekutheni i-atho noma emathubeni okungalingani nakancane okulimaza.

Lemfundiso enzima ivumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho elinganisela ukuveza okukhulu kakhulu kunesidingo sokufinyelela izinjongo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni. Umthetho umi kakhulu uma uvimbela isilinganiso esiqinile senkulumo evikelekile ngaphezu kwanoma yikuphi ukukhuluma okungaphephile okusemthethweni. Lemfundiso ifeza umsebenzi obalulekile ekuvimbeleni uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise izinjongo ezingokomthetho njengezaba zokuhlola okukhulu. Nokho, izinkantolo zifuna ukuba lesi sinkwa esingaphezu kwesinkwa sibe esiqinile ngaphambi kokuba singasebenzi emthethweni kulesisekelo, ziqaphele ukuthi izinga elithile lokungalawuleki lingenakugwenywa ekuhleleni umthetho.

Imfundiso engacacile yenqabela imithetho ehluleka ukunikeza isaziso esicacile samazwi enqatshelwe noma agunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho ozisebenzelayo. Umthetho awucacile uma abantu abanokuhlakanipha okuvamile bengaqagela incazelo yawo noma uma uhluleka ukunikeza izindinganiso ezicacile kulabo abawuphoqelelayo. Imithetho ye-vegue inenkinga ikakhulukazi emongweni wenkululeko yokukhuluma ngoba ithulisa inkulumo ngokungenza abantu bangaqiniseki ngalokho abangakusho ngokuphephile. Ngakho imfundiso engacacile iqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele ichazwe ngokucacile futhi isetshenziswa ngokubikezela.

Indima Yezinqubo Zezokuxhumana Nezokuxhumana Nezinombolo

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana nezokuxhumana kuye kwashintsha kakhulu isimo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, kwaveza amathuba amasha okukhulumisana kuyilapho kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngokuphathelene nokulinganisela okungaphakathi, umthwalo wesiteji, nendima efanele yemithetho kahulumeni. La mapulatifomu aye aba izindawo eziyinhloko zenkulumo yeningi ekhulwini lama - 21, anika izinkulungwane zezigidi zabantu ikhono lokuhlanganyela imibono yazo nezilaleli zomhlaba wonke. Nokho, lokhu kubekwa phansi kwenkulumo nakho kuye kwenza ukuba ukusakazeka kwenkulumo exeshisiwe, inkulumo yenzondo, nezinye izinto eziyingozi, kuholele ezingxabanweni ezinkulu ngokuphathelene nendlela yokubusa izingxoxo ze - Internet.

Iziteshi zezokuxhumana zingaba izinkampani ezizimele, hhayi abadlali bakahulumeni, okusho ukuthi emazweni amaningi izinqumo zabo ezilinganiselayo aziqiniswa ngokuqondile yizixwayiso zokukhuluma ezikhululekile zomthetho-sisekelo. Abagxeki bamisa izindinganiso zomphakathi wabo siqu kanye nemibandela yenkonzo elawula lokho okuqukethwe, futhi bangasusa abasebenzisi abanelisekile noma ababophule lemithetho. Lokhu kuyala kokukhuluma ngasese kuye kwabangela ukuphikisana kakhulu njengoba amapulatifomu ekhulele ukubusa izinkulumo zasobala, kanye nabagxeki bethi idlanzana lezinkampani manje linamandla angenakulinganiswa nakancane phezu kwalokho okungahlanganyelwa futhi kuphikiswana.

Ohulumeni baye basabela ekukhathazekeni okusobala nge-inthanethi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Amanye amazwe aye amisa imithetho efuna amaqonga ukuze asuse okuqukethwe okungekho emthethweni phakathi kwe-freedm noma izinhlawulo ezinkulu. I-network Enforcement Act yaseJalimane idinga amapulatifomu amakhulu ezokuxhumana ukuze asuse okuqukethwe yi-propatite esobala okungavunyelwe ngokomthetho phakathi namahora angu-24 okuthola isikhalo. I-European’s Digitalog imisa imithetho ebanzi yokulinganisela, ifuna amapulatifomu ukuba abonakale ngezimiso zawo futhi anikeze abasebenzisi ikhambiso eliphumelelayo uma isusa okuqukethe. Lezi zingenelo zokungena ezihlongozo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amapulatifomu anecala lokuphatha okulimaza kuyilapho ilondoloza indawo ukuze ikwazi ukulinganisela okusemthethweni.

Amanye amazwe aye athatha izindlela ezinzima kakhulu eziphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokucusumbulwa kwezincwadi nokulawulwa kukahulumeni kuyi-intanethi. Eminye imibuso yempoqo idinga amapulatifomu ukuze isuse okunemininingwane egxeka uhulumeni, ukunikeza imishini yokuhlambulula ezindaweni ezisizayo, noma ukusebenzisa izimiso zokuhlunga ezinkulu ezivimbela ukufinyelela ukwaziswa okungamukeleki. Lezimfuneko ziphoqelela amapulatifomu ukuba akhethe phakathi kokuvumelana nezimfuno zokuhlola noma ukuphuma kulezo zimakethengiso, zibangele izinkinga ezinzima zokuziphatha nezebhizinisi.

Ingxenye engu-230 ye-Decpency Act e-United States inikeza isivikelo esibanzi kumasiteji e-website ukuze afakwe izinto ezifakiwe abasebenzisi bawo, iphatha amapulatifomu njengabahambisi kunabamemezeli bengxenye yesithathu. Lokhu kugonyelwa kuye kwathiwa kwenza ukukhula kwezokuxhumana kwezokuxhumana nokwaziswa okunenzuzo yomsebenzisi ngokuvikela amapulatifomu ekubekeni izikhala zenani elikhulu lezinto ezikhona. Nokho, isigaba sama-30 siye saphikisana kakhulu, njengoba abagxeki bephikisana namazwe ezombangazwe bethi inikeza amapulatifomu amandla amakhulu kakhulu okungalinganiswangabosheki. I-Proparealss ekuthuthukiseni inguquko noma isigaba se-Propeacecraces, nakuba kunokumbalwa ukuvumelana mayelana nalokho okumelwe kuthathe indawo.

Ukwanda kokungaqondi kahle nokungahambisani nemithombo yezokuxhumana kuye kwavela njengenselele enkulu kuwo womabili amapulatifomu nohulumeni. Ukwaziswa okungamanga ngokhetho, impilo yomphakathi, nezinye izihloko ezibalulekile kungasakazeka ngokushesha kuyi-inthanethi, kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu. AmaPlatform aye athatha izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokulwa nokwaziswa okunganembile, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zokuhlola amaqiniso, izimemezelo ezixwayisa okuqukethwe yimpikiswano, nezinguquko zemithetho ukuze kuncishiswe ukubonakala kokwaziswa okungamanga. Nokho, lemizamo iye yaveza ukuphikisana, ngokumangalelwa ukuthi abaqaphi beqiniso bathambekele ekusondweni okusemthethweni futhi amapulatifomu ahlola imibono esemthethweni ngaphansi kokudelwa nokwaziswa okungaqondile.

Impikiswano ephathelene ne-inthanethi ye-web site iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokubaluleka kokukhuluma ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe. Kufanele amapulatifomu abhekwe njengezindawo zomphakathi ezilawulwa yizimiso zokukhuluma, noma njengempahla yangasese abanikazi bayo abangamisa noma yimiphi imithetho abayikhethayo? Imiphi imithwalo yemfanelo amapulatifomu okumelwe ayivimbele ukusakazeka kokuqukethwe okulimazayo, futhi leyo mithwalo yemfanelo kufanele ilinganiswe kanjani ngokumelene nokubaluleka kwenkulumo evulekile?

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngemikhawulo

Ukuqonda lemibono yomhlaba wonke kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuhlaziya imingcele yokukhuluma futhi kwembula izindlela ezingasetshenziswa ekulinganiseni inkulumo ekhululekile nezinye izithakazelo zomphakathi.

I-United States ibhekwa njengenikeza imingcele eqinile engokomthetho yokuvikela ukubonakaliswa kwenkululeko yentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sokunqanda imithetho "ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma" kuye kwachazwa kabanzi ukuvikela ngisho nenkulumo ecasulayo, enenzondo, nenkohliso ekhona emimongweni eminingi. Izinkantolo zaseMelika zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuqinile ekugcwaliseni imingcele esekelwe ekukhulumeni okulimazayo futhi ziye zasungula izigaba ezimcabangelwe zenkulumo engavikelekile njengokukhuthaza ukusho okungathandeki, ukusongela kweqiniso, nokuhlambalaza. Lendlela iveza ukungaqiniseki okujulile ngamandla kahulumeni okulawula ngisho nesibopho esinamandla sokulawula izigcawu zemibono. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi imfundiso yenkululeko yaseMelika iyaqhubeka kakhulu ekuvikeleni inkulumo elimazayo futhi ihluleka ukulandisa ngokwanele izindlela zokuzonda nokungalungisa.

Amazwe aseYurophu ngokuvamile athatha indlela elinganiselayo enikeza isithunzi esiphezulu, ukulingana, namanye amalungelo angase angqubuzane nokuveza inkululeko. I-European Convention on Human Rights iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma kodwa iqaphela ngokucacile ukuthi lelilungelo lingase libe ngaphansi kwemingcele emiswe umthetho futhi idingeke emphakathini wentando yeningi ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuvikela amalungelo abanye nokuvimbela ukuphazamiseka noma ubugebengu. Izinkantolo zaseYurophu zisebenza ngokulinganisela ukuze zinqume ukuthi imingcele ebekwe ngokwesilinganiso ilungile, zilinganisele ukubaluleka kwenkulumo emelene nokulimazayo. Lokhu kuvumela imingcele emikhulu yenkulumo yokungavumelani nenkulumo yenzondo, ukunqanyulwa kokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, nezinye izinhlobo zezinkulumo ngokuvamile ezivikelwa eUnited States.

Indlela yeCanada yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile isendaweni ethile phakathi kwemifanekiso eshubile yaseMelika neyaseYurophu. I-Canadian Charter of Rights and Frees iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma kodwa futhi ihlanganisa nesithiyo esithi amalungelo angaphansi "kwemingcele enengqondo ebekwe umthetho njengalokhu kuthethelelwa ngokusemthethweni emphakathini okhululekile nowentando yeningi." Izinkantolo zase-Canada ziye zasekela imithetho yenzondo yokukhuluma kanye neminye imithetho engekho ngokwesiko e-United States, kuyilapho isalokhu ivikela ngokuqinile yenkulumo yezombangazwe nempikiswano. ICanada iqaphela futhi ukuhlanjalazwa kweqembu futhi ivimbela ukukhuthazwa kwenzondo ngamabomu.

Amazwe amaningi e-Asia, e-Afrika, nase-Latin America anesivikelo somthetho ngokomthetho sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kodwa abhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekusebenziseni lezisivikelo ezisebenzayo. Ohulumeni abagunyazi bavame ukusebenzisa imithetho emelene nokuvukela umbuso, ukuthukwa kwezikhulu zomphakathi, noma ukusakaza ukwaziswa okungamanga ukuze bacindezele ukuphikisa nokugxeka. Ngisho nasemazweni anezimiso zentando yeningi, ukuzibusa okubuthakathaka, ukonakala, nobudlova ngokumelene nezintatheli zingalulaza isivikelo esingokomthetho sokukhuluma. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izikhangiso zabantatheli ababoshelwe ukubika kwabo, izikhalo ezimangalela ohulumeni babo, nabahlaseli bewahlasele ukuveza imibono yabo engathandeki.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke unikeza uhlelo lokuhlaziya ukumiswa kwemingcele edlula imingcele yobuzwe. INhlangano yezizwe zonke yamalungelo eSivumelwano samalungelo esizwe, egunyazwe amazwe amaningi, iqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho iqaphela ukuthi lelilungelo lingase lithonywe yimingcele ethile enikezwa umthetho futhi edingekile yokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye noma ukuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, impilo yomphakathi, noma ukuziphatha. IKomiti yeZizwe Ezihlangene Yamalungelo Abantu, esekela ukuvumelana neSivumelwano, iye yakhipha isiqondiso esigcizelela ukuthi imingcele kumelwe ithathwe kancane futhi amaqembu akufanele anqabele ukuchaza nje ngenxa yokuthi ayigxekwa uhulumeni noma izindinganiso zezenhlalo ezibusayo.

Izimiso zezifunda zamalungelo abantu eYurophu, eMelika nase-Afrika zinikeza ezinye izingqimba zesivikelo sokuveza inkululeko nezindlela zokubekela imingcele kahulumeni inselele. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, iNkantolo yaseMelika, ne-African Commission on Human and People’s Rights zonke zizwa amacala athi awephula amalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma futhi ziye zathuthukisa ukuchaza izinga nemingcele yalelilungelo. Lezi zigaba zivumela abantu ukuba bafune ikhambi lapho izinkantolo zesizwe zabo zihluleka ukuvikela amalungelo abo, zinikeza i-e - akhawunti ebalulekile ekwahlulekeni kukahulumeni.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Umthetho wokuzikhulumela ubhekene nezinselele eziningi zamanje ezihlola izinqubo zakudala futhi ezidinga ukucabanga okusha ngendlela yokulinganisela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo ezimweni ezishintsha ngokushesha zezobuchwepheshe nezezenhlalo. Lezinselele zibonisa ukungezwani okukhulu emiphakathini yentando yeningi ngokuphathelene nezinga elifanele lamandla kahulumeni, imithwalo yemfanelo yabadlali bomuntu siqu, nesimo seqiniso nenkulumo ngenkathi yezobuchwepheshe.

Ukwanda kokwaziswa okunganembile nokwehlukana kumelela enye yezinselele ezicindezela kakhulu ekukhulumeni ngezimiso. Ukwaziswa okungamanga kusakazekela ku-inthanethi ngokushesha, kufinyelele abantu abaningi kunalokhu kulungiswa okulandelayo. Ukungaqondi kahle ngokhetho kungalulaza izinqubo zentando yeningi, ukwaziswa okungamanga kwempilo kungaholela abantu ekwenzeni izinqumo eziyingozi, futhi izinkolelo zozungu zingabangela ubudlova nokuhlukana kwezenhlalo. Nokho, imizamo yokulwa nokungaqondi kahle iphakamisa imibuzo edinga ukunquma okuyiqiniso, ukuthi ungahlukanisa kanjani phakathi kokungavumelani ngamabomu namaphutha aqotho, nokuthi imingcele yenkulumo engamanga izosetshenziswa yini ekuqedeni izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho eziphikisanayo.

Ukuvela kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kanye namakhekhekhe ajulile kudala izinselele ezintsha zokuqondisa. Okuqukethwe yi-a-gente kungasetshenziselwa ukwenza amavidiyo akholisayo kodwa aklanywe ngokuphelele, amakhasethi emisindo, nezithombe zabantu abangokoqobo abakhulumayo noma abenza izinto abangakaze bazisho noma bazenze. Lokhu buchwepheshe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokukhohlisa, ukunyundela, nokusebenzisa kabi umbono womphakathi, kuyilapho kudala amathuba okusungula nokuhlala. Ukulawula ama-fifake namakhekhe e-AI-evel kudinga ukulinganisela isidingo sokuvimbela ukukhohliswa okulimazayo ngokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwalezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe.

Ikhansela impucuko kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kuyi-web site kubangele izimpikiswano ezinkulu ngemingcele yenkulumo eyamukelekayo nemiphumela yenkulumo. Abasekeli becala abantu ngenxa yokuchaphazelwa noma ukulimaza baphikisa ngokuthi imiphumela yezenhlalo yokukhuluma akukona ukucusumbula futhi amaqembu angenamingcele anelungelo lokuhlehlisa amazwi alulazayo noma asongela. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izixuku ze-intanethi zivame ukuhlasela abantu ngeziphambeko ezincane noma ukungaqondi kahle, ukuthi isimo esihlala njalo samarekhodi e-inthane sivimbela abantu ekuthuleni amaphutha adlule, futhi ukwesaba ukuba "kungalawuleki" kwakha umphumela owenkulumo evulekile. Lezinkulumo ziveza ukushendelela ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zokuvikela izinkulumo nezimiso zomphakathi ezisemthethweni ezibusayo ngaphandle kwemiphumela engathi buhlungu.

Umthetho wokukhuluma emakholiji uye waba yindawo ebanzi ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Ngokwesiko izinkolo zisebenza njengezindawo zokufuna ukuphenywa nokuphikisana ngokukhululekile, kodwa futhi zinemithwalo yemfanelo yokugcina indawo ezungezile efunda kuyo yonke nokuvikela abafundi ekuhlukunyezweni nasekucalukeni. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izimpikiswano ngokulahla izikhululi zezikhulu, amaqembu aphendula ngokuphikisana nobandlululo, nemithetho yokukhuluma eveza ukungavumelani phakathi kwalezizindinganiso. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi amayunivesithi aye ashesha kakhulu ukuvimbela ukubeka izinkulumo eziphikisayo futhi abafundi bavikelwe emibonweni ebekela izinkolelo zabo inseleleko. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi impikiswano ngokucusumbula isikole incithano enqunyiweyo futhi amayunivesithi ahambisana ngokufanelekile nokunye ukuveza izicimbiza ngokukhululekile phakathi kwalezi zindinganiso zemfundo.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile yimfihlo buye bayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu enkathini yobuchwepheshe. Ikhono lokuqoqa, ukuhlaziya, nokuhlanganyela ulwazi lomuntu siqu oluningi kudala ukungezwani okusha phakathi kokubonana nokuyimfihlo. Izintatheli nabacwaningi bangase bafune ukusakaza ukwaziswa abantu abakubheka njengokuyimfihlo, kuyilapho abantu bengase bafune ukulawula izingcingo zabo zobuchwepheshe nokuvimbela ukusakazeka kokwaziswa komuntu siqu. Ilungelo lokukhohlakala, iziqondiso zemininingwane, nezimpikiswano ezibonisa yonke imizamo yokuqondisa lemizwana, kodwa akunampikiswano mayelana nokuthi ikuphi ukuthatha lemigqa.

Ukuqapha kukahulumeni kanye nethonya lakhe ekukhulumeni ngokukhululekile kuye kwavela njengento ekhathaza kakhulu ngemva kwenkathi engu-9/11. Izinhlelo zokuhlola izixuku, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziqhutshwa ohulumeni noma izinkampani ezizimele ngenxa yohulumeni, zingathukutha idolo ngokwenza abantu besabe ukuthi ukuxhumana kwabo kuyaqashelwa. Abacosheli bezindaba, abashisekeli bezindaba, nezakhamuzi ezivamile zingaba abantu abazazisayo uma bekholelwa ukuthi indlela abakhuluma ngayo iyaphendulelwa futhi ingasetshenziswa kubo. Ukulinganisela izidingo zokuphepha ezingokomthetho ngesivikelo sokukhuluma kudinga ukukhandleka ngokuqapha, imishini eqinile, nemingcele ecacile yendlela imininingwane engasetshenziswa ngayo.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Ezitholwa Abantu Nezinhlangano

Ukuqonda imingcele kahulumeni yokuziveza ngokukhululekile kunemiphumela ebalulekile kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni, nasezinhlanganweni ezihlanganyela ekuxhumaneni nomphakathi.

Kubantu ngabanye, imingcele yokuqonda isho ukwazi ukuthi yikuphi okuvikelwe ngokomthetho nokuthi yikuphi ukukhuluma okungakubangela ukuba umangalelwe, ubekelwe icala lomphakathi, noma ezinye izijeziso. Kusho ukuqonda ukuthi nakuba unenkululeko enkulu yokuveza imibono yakho, awunakwenza izinsongo zeqiniso, ubangele ubudlova obuseduze, uhlasele abanye ngokunganaki iqiniso, noma udalule ukwaziswa okungatholakali ngaphandle kwemiphumela engokomthetho. Kusho futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho kwenkulumo yakho akukukhuphiseli emiphumeleni yezenhlalo noma kubadlali abangase bakhethe ukungahlanganyeli nawe.

Kuzo izintatheli nezinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba, imingcele yokuqonda imingcele ibalulekile ekubikeni okunesibopho. Izintatheli kumelwe zisebenzise umthetho wokuhlambalaza, izivikelo zomuntu siqu, imingcele yokhuseleko lwesizwe, nezinye iziphazamiso ezingokomthetho kuyilapho zigcwalisa umsebenzi wazo wokugada futhi zitshela umphakathi. Lokhu kudinga ukuqonda isivikelo esikhudlwana esikhona sokubika izikhulu zomphakathi nezindaba ezikhathalela umphakathi, ukubaluleka kobuqiniso nokugwema amaqiniso, kanye nezingozi ezingokomthetho zokusakaza ukwaziswa okungahlukaniswa noma amaqiniso ayimfihlo ngabantu ngabanye. Izinhlangano ze-media kufanele zibe nezimiso ezicacile kanye nokusekela okungokomthetho ukuze zisize intatheli ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokusakazwayo futhi zinciphise izingozi ezingokomthetho kuyilapho ziveza inkonzo yomphakathi.

Kumabhizinisi nabaqashi, imingcele yokuqonda ihilela ukuqondisa ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamalungelo ezisebenzi okukhuluma nomqashi. Nakuba abaqashi bebodwa benegunya elikhulu lokulawula inkulumo yezisebenzi emsebenzini, kumelwe futhi bavumelane nemithetho evikela izinhlobo ezithile zenkulumo yezisebenzi, njengezingxoxo eziphathelene nokusebenza noma ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini yenyunyana. Abaqashi futhi kumelwe baqaphele ukuba bangaphindiseli izisebenzi ezisebenza ngokuziphindiselela eziziphethe ngokuxoxisa noma ezibika ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni. Ukuthuthukisa imithetho ecacile ngokuphathelene nenkulumo yezisebenzi, kokubili emsebenzini nasemithonjeni yezokuxhumana, kungasiza ekuvimbeleni izingxabano nezingxabano ezingokomthetho.

Ezikoleni zemfundo, imingcele yokuqonda isho ukulinganisela inkululeko yemfundo nokubuza obala ngemithwalo yemfanelo ukuze kugcinwe indawo ephephile negcwele imfundo. Izikole namayunivesithi kumelwe asebenzise izisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho ezivikela inkulumo yomfundi neyolwazi kuyilapho futhi zivumela izinhlangano ukuba zilondoloze ukuhleleka, zivimbele ukuhlukunyezwa, futhi zifeze izinkonzo zazo zemfundo. Lokhu kudinga izinqubo ezicacile mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinkulumo ezivunyelwe ngemikhankaso ehlukene, izinqubo ezilungile zokusingatha izikhalo ngenkulumo ecasulayo, kanye nokuzimisela ukuvikela inkulumo engathandeki noma ephikisayo ehlobene nenkulumo yemfundo.

Kuzo izinhlangano ezisekela ukuvukela nokushisekela, imingcele yokuqonda imingcele ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni nasekubhikisheni okuphumelelayo. Ukwazi amalungelo akho lapho uhlanganyela emibhikishweni, ukuqonda imingcele yokungalaleli okuvunyelwe kwesizwe, nokuqaphela lapho imingcele kahulumeni yokubhikisha ingekho emthethweni ingasiza abashisekeli ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo okuveza kuyilapho benciphisa izingozi ezingokomthetho. Izinhlangano kufanele zinikeze ukuqeqeshwa nokusekela okungokomthetho ukuze zisize abashisekeli baqonde amalungelo abo futhi kufanele bakulungele ukubekela imingcele engekho emthethweni ngokuveza imingcele engokomthetho nangokuyibeka obala.

Kubantu abasebenza kuma-protop kanye nabafaka ukwaziswa kuyi-website, imingcele yokuqonda ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa izinqubo nemikhuba evumelanisa amalungelo omsebenzisi nemithwalo yesikhulumi ukuze avimbele ukulimala. Lokhu kudinga izindinganiso zomphakathi ezicacile ezichaza okuqukethwe, izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezindawo, izinqubo zokudlulisa izikhangiso eziphumelelayo, nokuqhubeka kwengxoxo nabasebenzisi nabafaka izinqumo zokulinganisela. I-platforms kumelwe futhi isebenzise izimfuneko ezihlukene ezingokomthetho ezindaweni ezihlukene kuyilapho igcina imithetho yembulunga yonke engaguquki ngokwezinga okungenzeka ngalo.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo imingcele kahulumeni yokuveza imingcele ekhululekile, imithombo eminingi ikhona ezinhlanganweni zezemfundo, ezinhlanganweni zezemfundo, nakochwepheshe bezomthetho. iMelikan Liberesties Union[ inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi mayelana namalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko eUnited States, kuhlanganise nabaqondisi ezihlokweni ezithile njengenkulumo yabafundi, ukubhikisha amalungelo, kanye nenkulumo ye-ingo-inthanethi. [FLT]] i-Ectronicronic Foundation Foundation Foundation [[ igxile ezicishicizelweni zemicio-amanani, ukunikeza izimpahla mayelana nezindaba zobumfihlo, ukulinganisela kokwaziswa, nokuqapha uhulumeni.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezinjenge Article 19 neKomiti yokuvikela amabhukwana asongela ukuveza izintethe mahhala emhlabeni wonke futhi inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yenkulumo nemikhuba emazweni ahlukene. Lezinhlangano zinikeza imibono ewusizo elinganayo ngendlela izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho ezisondela ngayo ekuqondiseni iziqondiso futhi ziqokomisa izinsongo ezivelayo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile emhlabeni wonke.

Izikhungo zezemfundo nezingqondo zezemfundo zikhiqiza ukucwaninga kwezazi ngezindaba zokukhuluma zamahhala ezingazisa impikiswano yomphakathi nentuthuko yezimiso. Izikole zomthetho zaseYunivesithi zivame ukuba nemitholampilo noma izikhungo ezinikezelwe ezindabeni zamahhala, futhi izazi eziningi zinyathelisa ukucubungula okufinyelelekayo kwezimpikiswano zamanje nentuthuko engokomthetho. Ukulandela lemithombo kungasiza abantu ukuba bahlale baziswe ngezimpikiswano eziphenduphendukayo nangezindinganiso zomthetho.

Izincwadi ezigciniwe zomthetho namawebhusayithi enkantolo anikeza ithuba lokuthola izinqumo zomthetho ezimisa umthetho. Ukufunda amacala abalulekile nezinqumo zamuva kunganikeza ukuqonda ngendlela izinkantolo ezilinganisela ngayo izithakazelo eziphikisanayo futhi kusebenzise nezindinganiso zomthetho ezimweni ezithile ezingokoqobo. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zenza izinqumo zazo zitholakale ngenkululeko kuwebhusayithi, okwenza ukucwaninga okungokomthetho kutholakale kubantu abangewona amacala.

Izinhlangano zochwepheshe zezintatheli, abameli nezifundiswa zivame ukunikeza ukuqeqeshwa, izincwadi namathuba okuxhumana nabantu abakwazi ukuveza izinkulumo zabo mahhala.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela

Imingcele kahulumeni yokuveza inkululeko ekhululekile ibonisa ukungezwani okungokwemvelo phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu nenhlala - kahle ehlangene okusemnyombweni wokubusa kwentando yeningi. Nakuba ukuveza inkululeko kubalulekile ekuhlonipheni komuntu, ekuthatheni idemokrasi, nasekufuneni iqiniso, ngezinye izikhathi kumelwe kunikeze ezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile njengokuphepha komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuba umuntu ngamunye abe wedwa, nokuvikeleka ekulimaleni. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile kudinga ukucabangela ngokucophelela izindinganiso eziphikisanayo, izindinganiso ezisobala ezingokomthetho ezivimbela ukucusumbula okungokomthetho, nokuqapha okuqhubekayo ngokumelene nobuqili bukahulumeni.

Izinselele ezibhekene nokuziveza ngokukhululekile ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka zinkulu futhi zishintshashintsha. Ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana buye bashintsha indlela esixhumana ngayo, baveza amathuba amasha okuveza izimpawu kuyilapho futhi kuveza ukusakazeka kwezinto ezilimazayo. Ukuvela kwamapulatifomu ezokuxhumana kuye kwagxila kakhulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulumweni yeningi ezinhlanganweni zabantu, kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulandisa nokulawula. Ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, ukuqapha, ukuqapha, nokuhlasela nge-inthanethi ye-internet konke kuveza izinselele ezintsha ezivivinya izinkulumo ezivamile ezikhululekile.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, izimiso eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile zisebaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Ingxoxo evulekile nemibono ehlukene ibalulekile ekutholeni iqiniso, ukuba namandla okulandisa, nokusiza ukuba kuvinjelwe ukuhluleka okungathandeki nokungathandeki, ngisho nalapho kucasulwa noma kuphazamisa, kudingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkulumo ezikhululekile zihlala zinenjongo kunokuba zibe iziqinisekiso ezingenanjongo ezivikela kuphela inkulumo ephephile nengalawuleki.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuveza inkululeko akuphelele nokuthi eminye imingcele idingekile futhi ifanelekile ekulondolozeni ukubambisana kwezenhlalo nokuvikela abantu abasengozini namaqembu. Inselele iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele enjalo ihlelwe ngokulinganiselwe, ichazwe ngokucacile, futhi isetshenziswa ngokungaguquki ngokwezindinganiso ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ezisekelwe emfundisweni zezimiso zezombangazwe kunokuba zisebenzise inzuzo yezombangazwe noma izintando eziphambili. Lokhu kudinga izinhlangano zokwahlulela eziqinile ezizimisele ukuhlola ukuphambanisa, izinqubo ezibonisa ngokucacile zokwenza izinqumo mayelana nemingcele yokukhuluma, kanye nezakhamuzi eziwaqondayo amalungelo azo futhi ezizimisele ukuwavikela.

Ukuqhubekela phambili, imiphakathi kumelwe iqhubeke izama ukubhekana nemibuzo enzima mayelana nokuthi ingaba kanjani imigqa evumelanayo. Kufanele sikhulume kanjani ngamanga ngaphandle kokunika ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni? Singabavikela kanjani abantu ekuhlukunyezweni nge-intanethi kuyilapho silondoloza impikiswano eqinile? Imiphi imithwalo yemfanelo imithombo yezokuxhumana enayo ngenxa yezinto ezizokwaziswa abazamukelayo, futhi leyomithwalo yemfanelo kufanele iqiniswe kanjani? Singalinganisela kanjani ukubonakala kahle nokuziphendulela nokulondeka? Lemibuzo ayinazimpendulo ezilula, kodwa ukuwabhekisa ngokucabangela nangesibopho sokukhuluma ngezimiso eziyisisekelo ezikhululekile kubalulekile kubalulekile kubalulekile ekulondolozeni izinhlangano zezentando yeningi ezihlonipha kokubili inkululeko nenhlala - nobunye.

Ukuqonda imingcele kahulumeni yokuveza imingcele ekhululekile akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kodwa isidingo esingokoqobo kunoma ubani ofisa ukuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni komphakathi. Uma uyintatheli ebika izindaba zokukhathazeka komphakathi, umshisekeli ohlela ushintsho lwezenhlalo, umnini bhizinisi ophethe ukuxhumana kwezisebenzi, noma nje isakhamuzi esiveza imibono yakho kuyi-ingosi, ukwazi amalungelo akho nemingcele yokukhuluma okuvumelekile kukunika amandla okusebenzisa inkululeko yakho ngokuphumelelayo uma uhlonipha amalungelo abanye. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka ukuguqula futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, lokhu kuqonda kuyoba okubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni izinkulumo zeningi ezincikelelwa embusweni zedemocraliyo ezixhomeke kuhulumeni wentando yeningi.

Inkulumo - mpikiswano eqhubekayo ngemingcele yokuzinqumela iveza imibuzo ejulile ngohlobo lomphakathi esifuna ukuphila kuwo nangezindinganiso esizibeka phambili. Ingabe sigcizelela inkululeko yomuntu siqu ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, ukwamukela umonakalo ongase ubangelwe yinkulumo engenamingcele, noma ingabe sihlela ukulingana, isithunzi, nesivikelo ekulimaleni, ukwamukela imingcele ethile kulokho okungashiwo? Izinhlangano eziningi zentando yeningi zifuna indlela ephakathi evikela ukubonakaliswa okuqinile kuyilapho zivimbela umonakalo ongathi sína, kodwa indawo eqondile yaleyondlela ilokhu incintisana futhi kumelwe ixoxiswe ngokulandelana kwentando yeningi, ngencazelo yokwahlulela, nangengxoxo yezenhlalo.

Ekugcineni, ukuvikela inkululeko kudinga okungaphezu kwemithetho emihle nezinkantolo eziqinile. Kudinga isiko elibheka inkulumo evulekile, elibekezelela ukungavumelani, futhi elimelana nesilingo sokuthulisa labo esingavumelani nabo. Kudinga abantu abazimisele ukuvikela amalungelo abanye, ngisho noma bethola leyo nkulumo icasula noma ingalungile. Futhi kudinga imfundo eqhubekayo ngokuthi kungani izikhulumo ezikhululekile nokuthi ingasetshenziswa kanjani ngokufanele. Ngokuqonda izimiso, imingcele, nezinselele ezizungezile, sonke singanikela ekulondolozeni izinhlangano ezivulekile ezisiza abantu ukuba baphumelele futhi baqhubeke benolwazi lwentando yeningi.