Ukuthunyelelwa Enqubweni Yomthetho

Inqubo yomthetho injini yentando yeningi yabameleli. Iguqula imibono ibe yinqubo yomphakathi ngochungechunge oluhlelwe kahle lwezinyathelo ezihilela impikiswano, ukuxoxisana, nokuvumelana. Ukuqonda lenqubo kuyisisekelo kwizakhamuzi ezithembisene, izintatheli, abafundi, nabasekeli abafisa ukuthonya noma ukumane baqonde indlela imithetho ehlelwa ngayo. Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihlukahluka ngokwezwe ngisho nangombuso noma ngohulumeni wendawo, izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala ziqinile: ukucabangela, ukukhanyisa, nokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucazululeka okucacile kwenqubo yezimiso ezivamile, kusukela ekutheni iphuzu lokuqala lomqondo okwenza umthetho wemithetho yemithetho.

Imithetho ikhona emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni. E-United States, i-Congress inendlu yabameleli neSigele. Ngokufanayo, isifunda ngasinye sinendlu yomthetho ye-bidameral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, ewunimaral). Imikhandlu yamadolobha yakulendawo kanye namabhodi ephethe imithetho yayo siqu. Naphezu kwalokhu kushintshashintshashintsha, uhambo oluyisisekelo lwesivumelwano (i-intshirodo, ukucatshangelwa kwekomiti, impikiswano ephansi, i-bidameral commentationation, nesenzo sokuphatha i-actal, ihlala ikhona. Ngokuthatha la masigaba, ungalandela umthetho wamanje futhi ngisho nokuhlanganyela enqubeni yenkulumo yomphakathi, ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho, noma ukunikeza izicelo.

Lesiqondiso sihlanganisa umjikelezo wokuphila wesikhwama esivamile sikahulumeni, kuyilapho siphawula umehluko omkhulu ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni. Imithombo yangaphandle yokuhlolwa ngokujulile ihlanganisa i-conct.gov indawo yokulandelela izikweletu zikahulumeni kanye ne- National Conference of State Legislatures yezimiso zikahulumeni.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho: Lapho Imibono Evela Khona

Wonke umthetho uqala njengomqondo. Lemibono ingavela emithonjeni eminingi: izakhamuzi ngazinye, amaqembu okufundisa, izinhlangano zobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, igatsha eliphetheyo, noma amalungu omthetho ngokwawo. Inkolelo ephambene iwukuthi amalungu oKhongolo-mthetho kuphela angamisa umthetho. Eqinisweni, noma ubani angabhala umthetho, kodwa ummisi-mthetho kuphela ongawuveza ngokomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi namaqembu anesithakazelo ngokuvamile asebenza nomenzi womthetho onozwela ukuze aguqule umqondo ube umthetho osemthethweni.

Izimo ezicatshangelweyo zemithetho zivame ukuvela ekucindezelweni kwezindaba zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvela kwe-Internet kwaholela ezikweletini ekufuneni ulwazi oluyimfihlo nasekungangeni komphakathi. Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho kukhuthaza umthetho wemithetho yezezimali nokushukumisa izimpahla. Izimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi zimisa imithetho ekwandiseni komjovo kanye nokuphehla. Abenzi bomthetho bancike kubufakazi bezisebenzi [[FLT:]] , [[FL:]], [[FLT] inqubo yokucwaninga yezeluleault [[FLT] [FL:3], futhi [iignote] bellstion, kodwa ivumela imithetho ehlukene, kodwa i-Plactal.

Uma nje umqondo usufinyelekile futhi sekulungiselelwe isikhwama sokudweba, umenzi womthetho ozowuxhasa uhlela isikhathi esifanele sokuwuqala ekuqaleni kwesimiso somthetho. U-Timing usebenza kahle: izikweleti eziqala ekuqaleni kwesimiso ziba nesikhathi esiningi sokuqondisa lenqubo kunalezo eziqala sezephuzile.

Ukuphothula Incwajana: Ukuguqula Izincazelo Zibe Ulimi Olungokomthetho

Ukuphothula isikweleti kuyikhono lobuchwepheshe elidinga ukunemba. Ulimi olungokomthetho kumelwe lucace kahle ukumelana nezinselele zenkantolo kanye nencazelo yokuphatha. Kumthetho wesivumelwano ukhishwe yi- Office ye-Legislative Counser ekamelweni ngalinye. Laba bameli abangathathi-mthetho basebenza namalungu nezisebenzi zabo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho unengqondo ngokwemithetho, ubhalwe kahle, futhi uhlelwe kahle. Izishaya-mthetho zezwe zinamahhovisi afanayo.

Umthetho uqukethe izici eziningana zokwakha: [ uthiyo [[FLT: 1] ukufushanisa injongo yawo, [[[FLT:] ububanzi [[FLT:] noma ingxenye etholakele echaza isidingo somthetho, [[FLT:] [[12] izimpawu] zengxenye [[FLT] ezicacile] [[FLT] inqubo [FT], [FLT] ichaza imibandela eyisihluthulelo, [[FLT]] nezinsuku [FFLT] [FF:] [12] (imithetho engokoqobo, noma imvume yokuxhasa) [inani elihlukene] [[12] [inani] [inani elihlukene] [[FFFT]] [endla:9], futhi [ingxenye ehlukene] [ingxenye ehlukene, noma ingxenye engaphezulu] [enye] [enye] [ingxenye engaphezulu] [enye] [engxenye engaphezulu ye-fucuti, noma engaphezulu]]] [enye] [inci]] [ithe, noma inguhluhluhluhlu

Amaphutha ekubhaleni ibhungane angaphazamisa isikweleti kamuva. Ngokwesibonelo, ulimi oludidayo lungaholela ekuchazeni okuningi, kuyilapho amaphutha okulungisa angadinga isikweleti esihlukile sokulungisa. Ngakho - ke, inqubo yokuhlela inqubo iyabambisana, ngokuvamile ihilela ukufakwa kwabafaki-mali, izikhungo, nochwepheshe bezomthetho.

Isingeniso Nokufunda Kokuqala

Inqubo engokomthetho yokushaya umthetho iqala lapho ilungu lendikimba yemithetho iqala ukunikeza umthetho. Endlini yabameleli yase-U.S., ilungu limane lifake umlomo impova `ibhokisi edeskini lomphathi. ESigqeni, isigebengu kumelwe siqashelwe phansi ukuze sethule izikwele. Imali imane yabelwe inani [umz. H.R. 123567] eNd, eSihlalweni somthetho. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi [[FLT] u-FLD:2] okokuqala, nakuba emagumbini amaningi kumane nje kuyisaziso esisemthethweni.

Ngemva kwesethulo, isikhulumi sendlu noma Icala loMholi weSikhundla [[FLT:] libhekisela kumthetho wekomiti efanelekile (ama-s) wokubukeza. Lokhu kubhekisela kuyisinqumo esibucayi ngoba inquma ikomiti ezoba negunya eliyinhloko phezu kwemali. Ezinye izikweleti zibhekiselwa kumakomiti amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ngokwesibonelo uma ehlanganisa izindawo eziningi zezimiso. Isibonelo, isimemezelo sokukhuluma kokubili ngomthetho wendawo ezungezile nolimi kungase kubhekiswe kukho kokubili i-Mthethweni weNdawo Kahulumeni neKomiti yezezolimo ne-Agriculk. Ikomiti isendaweni lapho umsebenzi omningi wemithetho wezomthetho ukhona.

Ukucabangela Ikomiti: Inhliziyo Yenqubo

Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho angamaqembu amancane abamisi-mthetho abanolwazi ezicini ezithile zemithetho − njengezezimali, ezempilo, ezemfundo, noma isivikelo. Asebenza njengezisefo, ahlaziya izikweleti futhi anqume ukuthi yiziphi ezifanele ukucatshangelwa ngokugcwele. Izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini, zingafiki phansi ukuze kuvotelwe. Lo msebenzi wehhotela ubalulekile ekulawuleni izinkulungwane zezikweletu ezaqala isimiso ngasinye.

Izindaba Zekomiti

Isinyathelo sokuqala esikhulu sekomiti ngokuvamile singu wokuzwa . Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, ikomiti imema ofakazi ukuba bafakazele ngenzuzo yomthetho, izindleko, nemiphumela engenzeka. OFakazi bangahlanganisa izikhulu zikahulumeni, abameleli bezemboni, ochwepheshe bezemfundo, nezakhamuzi ezithintekile. Izindlebe ziqoshwe obala, zinikeza ukukhanya nerekhodi elicebile lencazelo yesikhathi esizayo. Amalungu amakomiti abuza ofakazi ukuba ahlole ubuthakathaka nezinhlelo ezicacisa. Kuhulumeni, izishayamthetho, izintambo zomthetho zingavumela ubufakazi obala, zinikeze abantu abavamile izwi eliqondileyo kulenqubo.

Iziqephu zokuphawula

Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti iphethe isiqephu sokuphawula [[FLT: 0]. Phakathi nokubhalisa, amalungu aphikisana ngomugqa wecala futhi anikeze iziphendu [ zokuguqula umbhalo. Iziphendulo zingaba lula (ukuhlanganisa inani) noma ukuhlanganisa (izingxenye zonke ezintsha). Isihlalo siqondisa i-aunio, futhi amavoti athathwa entweni ngayinye. Yilapho umlomo ubuyiselwa khona ngokwenziwa ngokudluliswa kwengxoxo nangokuhlehla. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [4]] Izinguquko [FLT] [FFLT] [FLT] [5], futhi ngaphandle kwemibono egcwele.], i-Foctivectivesssss.[5]

Izinhlobo Zesenzo Sekomiti

AmaKomiti anezinketho ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokugunyaza noma ukwenqaba isikweleti.

  • [[I] Itafula: 0] Imali: uyibulale ngokuphumelela ngokuyibeka eceleni unomphela.
  • Ithumela ekomitini elingaphansi: ukuze ibukezwe ngokukhethekile, bese uthola ukutusa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Yibambe ngaphandle kwesenzo:[ Mayihlupheke kuze kuphele isiqephu.
  • Umbiko ngayo ngezinguquko: Thumela inguqulo elungisiweyo ekamelweni eligcwele.
  • Umbiko wayo ngaphandle kokulungisa: uvumela izindleko zokuqala njengoba zethulwe.

Umbiko wekomiti uba yincwadi enethonya esetshenziswa igumbi eligcwele phakathi nengxoxo ephansi. Iqukethe umbhalo wesibhakathi, izincazelo, izilinganiso zezindleko, nokuhlaziywa komthetho-sisekelo.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma ikomiti isibike isikweleti, ibekwa calendar yokucabangela igumbi eligcwele. Igumbi ngalinye linemithetho yalo yokuhlela nokuxoxa ngezikweletu. Umholi omkhulu unquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweletu ezithatha isikhathi, ithuluzi elinamandla lokuqhubekisela phambili uhlelo lweqembu.

Indlu Yabameleli: Impikiswano Ehlelwe

Endlini, impikiswano yasesitezi ilawulwa kakhulu. Ikomiti ivame ukubeka umthetho [[FLT:] obeka imingcele yesikhathi sokuphikisana, inani le-mendicess ezivunyelwe, nohlelo lwevoti. [[FLT:] [FLT] u-mthetho ocwengisiwe [ awuvumeli ukunqandwa, kuyilapho umthetho olungisiweyo ovulekileyo [[FLT] uvumela kuphela ama-antententente. Akhona. Amalungu akhuluma asuka phansi, kaningi. Indlu isebenzisa isimiso sokuvota, futhi idla ngokusetshenziswa kweminingi yemidathanga.

ISigele: Impikiswano Ephakeme Nabahlaseli Bepilibuster

ISigele silandela isitayela esivulekile nesingenamthetho. Akukho mthetho ohlela ikomiti yempikiswano. Kunalokho, u imvume yemvume yesivumelwano [ isetshenziselwa ukuhlela isikhathi sengxoxo. Uma noma yiziphi izinto ze-senamente, zingaqhubeka ngokungenasiphelo, impikiswano idinga ukuvota [[[FLT:]] [asma]] izikhawu [i-frion][FLT:]. Ukuqeda i-dictivebuster, i-panester, i-panelster imele ukubiza [[FLT:][FLT:] [FLT:], okudinga amavota 60 [imperalms , okungakhomba). Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindleko eziningi zidinga ukusekela i-binsterster. Igendss, i-andernethiket]

Imisebenzi Yokusakaza

Ngemva kwempikiswano, isikhulu esiphethe sicela ukuvota. Endlini, amavoti aqoshiwe ngemishini; eSigeqeni, ngokuvamile angamavoti (yeye/no), kodwa noma iliphi ilungu lingacela ukuvota ngemvume. quorum[ kumelwe ukuba khona (umehluko wamalungu) ukuze ivoti isebenze. Uma isikhwama sidlula ikamelo elilodwa, i-angross [[ (inyatheliswe ngeminye i-andments) futhi idluliselwe kwenye igumbi ukuze inqubo efana nayo.

Omunye Umkhandlu: Phinda Futhi Uhloniphe

Uma ikamelo elilodwa lidlula imvume, lihamba liye kwelinye igumbi (lisuka kwelinye igumbi ukuya eSigeqeni, noma ngokuphambene). Igumbi lesibili liphinda yonke inqubo: i-metaral, ukuzwa, ukuvota, impikiswano yaphansi, nevoti. Lingase lamukele isikweleti njenge-i, kodwa ngokuvamile lidlulise inguquko ehlukile ngokulungisa. Umthetho kumelwe ube nombhalo ofanayo kuwo womabili amagumbi ngaphambi kokuba uye kumphathi. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyisigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nesesikhathi ngenxa yokuthi amakamu amabili angaba nezici eziphikisanayo noma izintando ezithandwayo.

Ukulungisa Ukungezwani: AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Uma amagumbi amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho owodwa, ngokuvamile akha ikomiti esekelayo ehlangeneyo ukuze alungise ukungezwani. Ikomiti yengqungquthela iyindawo yesikhashana eqanjwe amalungu amadala (abizwa ngokuthi [[]] i-amalungu [])) ahlukene kuwo womabili amakamu, amiswe umholi. Umbiko olandelayo kumelwe uhlangane ukuze kuxoxilongwe nohlobo olulodwa lwemali, oyekelwe kanye noluthiwe [[[FLT] umbiko owesikhashana]. [[FLT] usebenza ngemva kweminyango evalelwe emuva, noma inqubo yesivumelwano engenziwa ngokuqhubekayo.[F]

Izinyathelo Zokugcina: Ukubhalisa Nokunikeza Umqondisi Isikhulu

Ngemva kokuba amagumbi amabili evumele ukubhalwa kwezingcabo ezifanayo, ibhalwe ngesikhumba, isayinwe yizikhulu eziphethe zombili amagumbi, futhi inikezwe umphathi (uMongameli osendaweni kahulumeni, noma umbusi osendaweni). Isikhulu sikhona futhi sinezindlela eziningana zokukhetha:

  • Uphawu loqhwaku: Luba umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku olucacisiwe oluphumelelayo.
  • Iwubuyisela u-' ubuye egumbini lokusuka ngokuphikisa. Iveto ithumela umbiko wemali kumphathi wendlu yomthetho.
  • Ivumela ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa: Ezizweni eziningi, uma umphathi engathathi hlangothi esikhathini esithile (umzk., izinsuku eziyishumi kuMongameli wase-U.S., ngaphandle kwamaSonto), umthetho uba ngokomthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.
  • Pocket vento: Ngezinga likahulumeni, uma iziKhongolo zibambene phakathi nenkathi yeshumi, uMongameli ngeke athathe isinyathelo, futhi umlomo ufa ngaphandle kweveto engokomthetho. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi iveto ephakethe.

Amandla eveto ayisehlo esibucayi egatsheni lemithetho. Liphoqelela abenzi bemithetho ukuba bacabangele izintando zezikhulu noma babhekane nemiphumela yezombangazwe yokulawula i-veto.

Ukushaya Indlwabu Ngokweqile: Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Ephethe

Uma umphathi we-vetoes ibhari, isishaya-mthetho angazama ukuvota ukuvala i-vet. Lokhu kudinga ukuvota okukhulu emagumbini womabili. Ngokulingana nama-35 emalungwini akhona e-U.S.. Umthetho uphelile. Abanye abameleli bavotene i- umbango onzima, njengoba befuna ukuba kube nokubambisana kwe-biparstan. Uma ukuphumelela kwe-bitrule kuphumelela, ingcango iba umthetho ngaphandle kwemvume yesikhulu. Uma ihluleka, isamba sesife. Ngezinga likahulumeni, abanye abamele i- [[FLT]] i-logtoto [FOLT:3], bebavumela igunya lokusebenzisa izinto ezithile phakathi kwemigebezo.[Foctive]

Ngemva Kwesivumelwano: Ukusetshenziswa Nokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Uma isikweleti sesiba umthetho, sabelwa inombolo yomthetho wasobala [ futhi senezelwa .S. izibeko ezinkulu[ (noma inqubo yesifunda). Inqubo yomthetho ayipheleli lapho. [[FLT:] i-authority i-authority i-'authority's' i-'active's's's's's's's's's's' yemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni, efakwa kuyo ngokwayo ngemithetho ngenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho ingabekelwa inselelekile enkantolo. [[FLT:] igatsha eliwumthetho [FLT] [FLT]

Imithetho ingalungiswa futhi noma ilungiswe ngomthetho olandelayo. Inqubo yomthetho iyaqhubeka: umthetho wanamuhla ungase ube yisihloko sengosi yakusasa somthetho wokubuyisela noma isici esisha. Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekulandeleni ibhayisekile lomthetho othile, Govtrack. unikeza ukuhlelwa okuningiliziwe kwesimo nokwaziswa okungokomlando.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Nezindawo

Nakuba inqubo kahulumeni echazwe ngenhla iyindinganiso, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zibonisa ukuhluka okuphawulekayo. Okunye umehluko oyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ingxenye-sikhathi sama-v. izishaya-mthetho zesikhathi esigcwele: Abamisi-mthetho abaningi bombuso basebenza inxenye yesikhathi (umz., Texas, Montana) futhi bahlangana eziqephini ezimfushane, ezicindezela lenqubo.
  • Izishaya-mthetho zombuso: Nebraska inegumbi elilodwa, ukususa isinyathelo sokubuyisana se-bidamal.
  • [ I-initum ne-heatersum: izizwe ezingaphezu kwe 20 zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze imithetho ngokuqondile (i-athority) noma zivumele imithetho ebhekiswe kusishaya-mthetho (i-redendium).
  • Imithetho efingqiwe:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga uhlelo olulinganiselwe lokusetshenziswa kwemali futhi zinezimiso ezikhethekile zezindleko zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali, ngokuvamile ezinezimfuneko zevoti ezifinyele kakhulu zokwenyuka kwentela.
  • Ingxenye-yohlu: Ababusi abaningi banamandla ohlu lwengxenye ye-veto yokusebenzisa izikweletu, kuyilapho uMongameli engasisebenzisi (nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yabusa i-meta-meta-tetho unconstitunial ka-1998).

Ukuqonda inqubo kahulumeni wakho siqu kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni izibalo zendawo. Isakhiwo [[FLT: 0] sivula amaZwe [ sinikeza indawo yokuqondisa umthetho kahulumeni kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Enqubweni Yomthetho

Ukuhlanganyela ngolwazi kuqinisa idemokrasi. Nazi izenzo eziqinile ongazithatha:

  • Hlanganisa abameleli bakho: izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, nezinhlamvu ehhovisi lesifunda lesigebengu sakho zithathwa ngokungathi sína, ikakhulukazi uma ungumsizi. Yisho ngokucacile indawo yakho futhi ukhombe inombolo yesibhakathi.
  • Iziqulo zomphakathi ezithe ukuqulwa: Amakomiti amaningi avumela ubufakazi bomphakathi. Sisayine kusengaphambili; lungisa inkulumo emfushane ebhaliwe namazwi ashiwo ngomlomo.
  • Landela ukulandelela ingcabo yokulandelela:[ Sebenzisa .Gov noma iwebhusayithi yombuso yokuhlela izixwayiso ezikweletini zesithakazelo.
  • Izinhlangano ezihambisana nezithakazelo zakho ngokuvamile zinemishini ekhokhela i-athom nezimpande zotshani ezingakhulisa izwi lakho.
  • hlola phambi kwamakomiti: Uma unolwazi noma unolwazi olufanele ibhanda, nikeza ubufakazi. Izisebenzi zamakomiti zifuna ofakazi abaphoqelelayo njalo.

Inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingabonakala inzima, kodwa iklanyelwe ukuba ifinyeleleke. Uma uqonda kakhulu omakhenikha, kulapho ungenza izwi lakho lizweke ngokuphumelelayo khona (ukuthi kufanele usekele, uphikise, noma uthuthukise umthetho ohlongozwayo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yomthetho iwuhambo oluyinhloso, oluthatha kaningi oluqinisekisa imithetho ukuba ihlelwe kahle ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Ngokudweba nokungena ngezabelo zekomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, isenzo sokulawula, nokukwazi ukuthatha isiteji, isigaba ngasinye sinikeza amathuba okufaka, ukucwengisisa, nokuhlola. Nakuba ukuyinkimbinkimbi kungakhungathekisa, kuvikela futhi ekusebenziseni imithetho esheshayo noma eklanywe kabi. Ngokuqonda inqubo, izakhamuzi, ababambi bemi, nabenzi bomthetho ngokwabo ngokwabo bangaqondisa isimiso ngekhono elikhulu nangethemba. Isikhathi esilandelayo uzwa ngentethelelo ehamba ngeKhomisha noma nge-sendlu yomthetho, uyoqaphela izinyathelo futhi mhlawumbe uthole indlela yokunikela igalelo lemithetho kahulumeni wakho.