Isingeniso: Iziqondiso eziphethe njengethuluzi Lamandla Kamongameli

Iziqondiso eziphethe i-Administrative zivumela uMongameli we-United States ukuba aqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba iSishaya-mthetho sidlulise umthetho. Kusukela kumthetho kaGeorge Washington ka-1789 wemitapo yezikhulu ezigciniwe zezemfundo yanamuhla yeziqondiso zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nempilo yomphakathi, le mithetho iye yaguqula isimiso saseMelika iminyaka engaphezu kwengamakhulu amabili. Kubafundi, othisha, nanoma ubani olandela izenzakalo zamanje, iziqondiso zezikhulu eziqondanayo zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela igunya likamongameli elisebenza ngayo phakathi kwesimiso sezokuhlola nesilinganiso se-U.S.

Izikhulu zamuva nje ziye zakhipha amakhulu eziqondiso zezikhulu ngezihloko ezisukela ekukhululekeni kwezomnotho kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe, ukubangela impikiswano ngezinga elifanele lokuthatha isinyathelo somongameli ongayedwa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza incazelo ebanzi, esekelwe eqinisweni yeziqondiso zezikhulu: isisekelo sazo ezingokomthetho, ukusetshenziswa kwazo okungokomlando, izinyathelo ezingokomthetho, ukulinganiselwa, nendima ekubusweni kwanamuhla.

Luyini Uhlelo Oluqondisayo?

Umyalo ophethe umthetho okhishwa nguMongameli wokuphatha imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni. Nakuba ingahlelwanga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, iziyalezo eziphethe iziphathimandla ziphethe ithonya lomthetho ezinhlanganweni zegatsha eziphethe. Zikhishwa kuyi- Féderal Register[[[FL:1]] futhi ziphumelele ngokushesha lapho zisayina, ngaphandle kokuba zikhombe usuku olulandelayo.

Iziqondiso zesikhulu zikamongameli zihlukile kumphathi-kamu nakuzimemezelo ngezindlela eziningi. I-metranda ayikho ngokomthetho futhi ngokuvamile ikhuluma ngezindaba zangaphakathi; izimemezelo zivame ukuba yimikhosi (umz., ukumemezela usuku lwesikhumbuzo) kodwa zingaba nomphumela ongokomthetho uma zihilela amazwe ohwebelana noma omphakathi. Iziqondiso eziphethe zibalwa ngokwezezezimali futhi ziyisimo esibonakala kakhulu sesenzo somongameli wamuva.

Igunya lokukhipha iziyalezo zesikhulu lisuka eSiphakamisweni II soMthetho-sisekelo nasemithethweni edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, indima kaMongameli njengoMphathi eSikhulu ivumela iziyalezo ezihlobene nezempi, kuyilapho i- “Canir Claus” (Artle II, Ingxenye 3) ifuna uMongameli ukuba aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka – inkulumo amongameli abayichaza ngokubanzi.

[[I-FLT:0] Izinqolobane zeNational Archives zilondoloza iqoqo eliphelele lemiyalo yokuqondisa kusukela ngo-1789 kuya ku-, inikeza abacwaningi inzuzo ewusizo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sezimiso Eziqondisayo

Umthetho-sisekelo awusebenzisi igama elithi “uhlelo lokubulala.” Kunalokho, amandla okukhipha iziqondiso ezinjalo athathwa kumalungiselelo amabili ayinhloko:

ISiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 1: Ingxenye Esekela UClaus

“ UMbuso ophethe uzakunikezwa uMongameli wase-United States of America.” Lesi sisho simisa uMongameli njengenhloko yegatsha eliphethe futhi sinikeza igunya elibanzi lokuphatha imisebenzi yalo. Kusukela kulesi sisekelo, omongameli baye baqinisa ilungelo lokunikeza iziyalezo ezibophayo kuzisebenzi zikahulumeni nakumaqembu.

ISiphakamiso II, Ingxenye 3: Ukunakekela UClaus

“Uzoqaphela ukuba imithetho ibekwe ngokwethembeka.” Lo msebenzi ufuna uMongameli ukuba aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ye-constitution iyasebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Iziqondiso eziphetheyo ziyinqubo eyinhloko yokuqondisa indlela amanxusa afeza ngayo leyo mithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uMkhandlu unikeza umthetho wezemvelo, uMongameli anganikeza umyalo ophethe oyala i-Evironmental Protection Agency ukuba ichaze umthetho ngendlela ethile, noma ukumisa umthetho olawulayo ezindaweni ezithile.

Ukuchazwa Komlando Nokwahlulela

Isikhundla segunya lokuqondisa lomthetho ophethe sibunjwe yisinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme. Kuyi-re Neagle (1890), iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi uMongameli “amandla angahlelwanga eMthethweni kodwa aboniswa isimo sehhovisi." Kamuva, [ku- intsha ephawulekayo i-Profet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952], iNkanto elinganiselwe amandla: ukushaya kwemithetho yesikhulu uTruman phakathi neMpi yase-Korea yashaywa ngenxa yokuthi uKhomishane ayigunyaziwe. Umthetho kaRobert Jackson wasungula ingxenye edumile yesigaba esikhona namuhla sokuhlola inqubo ye-buphathistrule.

Ukuze uthole umbhalo ogcwele wezihloko ezihlobene noMthetho-sisekelo, bheka Cornell Law School’s Legal Information .

Izinhlobo Zohlelo Lobuqondisi

Azifani zonke iziyalezo zezikhulu, zingahlelwa ngezigaba ezisekelwe enjongweni, ezilalelini nasemiphumeleni engokomthetho.

Ukukhankaswa Komongameli

Izimemezelo ngokuvamile zifeza umsebenzi wemikhosi noma ongokomfanekiso – njengokumemezela iNational Women’s History Month – kodwa zingathwala isisindo esingokomthetho lapho zisetshenziselwa ukuphoqa amajaji, ukumemezela izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe, noma ukumisa amazwe omphakathi njengezikhumbuzo ngaphansi koMthetho we-Antiquities Act. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama wasebenzisa izimemezelo zokwandisa izakhiwo zesizwe eziningana zesikhumbuzo, futhi uMongameli uDonald Trump wazisebenzisa ukuphoqa izimekiso zensimbi ne-aluminum ezishiwe kwamanye amazwe.

Iziqondiso Zokuphatha

Le ziqondiso zilawula imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe nsuku zonke. Zingase zihlele kabusha izinhlangano, zimise imithetho yokuqasha, noma zimise izindinganiso zezimiso zezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Iziqondiso zobuphathi azibonakali emphakathini kodwa zinethonya eliqondile endleleni uhulumeni asebenza ngayo.

Iziqondiso Zokulondeka Kwesizwe

Abameli basebenzisa iziqondiso zesizwe zezokuvikela (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi uMongameli we-National Security Merial Metranda or NSPMs) ukuze baqondise indlela yokusebenza yangaphandle nemisebenzi yezempi. Ngenxa yokuthi bahlanganisa ukwaziswa okungahlukaniswayo, abaningi basalokhu beyimfihlo noma bakhululwa ngendlela eshadisiwe. Leziqondiso zivumela uMongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ezinkingeni ngaphandle kokulinda impikiswano yemithetho.

Iziqondiso

Leyaya iziqondiso zokukhipha, ukuguqula, noma ukuqeda imithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umyalo ophethe odinga izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zikhiphe imithetho emibili ekhona kuleyo naleyo ekhishwe (“i-inye, emibili” ukubusa okungaphansi kukaMongameli Trump) kuwumyalo wokulawula. Babumba indawo elawulayo ezindaweni ezisebenza njengamandla, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nezimali.

Umlando: Izimiso Ezilawulayo Ezashintsha IMelika

Iziqondiso eziphethe ziye zasetshenziswa yibo bonke umongameli, kodwa iziqondiso ezithile zivelele ngenxa yethonya lazo elihlala njalo emphakathini nakuhulumeni waseMelika.

Izenzakalo Zangaphambili

UGeorge Washington wakhipha umyalo wokuqala wesikhulu ngo-1789, eqondisa izinhloko zeminyango ukuba zibike ngemisebenzi yazo. UThomas Jefferson wayala ukuba iLouisiana Purchase ihlolwe – ibeka iqophelo eliphumelelayo lokuhambela uhambo lukaLewis no-Clark. UAbraham Lincoln wakhipha i-Emancipeation Proclation (18863) njengomyalo wezikhulu, ukukhulula izigqila ezindaweni zeKonquiderated futhi ulungise injongo yeMpi Yombanomphakathi.

Izimpawu Zekhulu Lama - 20

  • I-Exective Order 906 (1942): Franklin D. Roosevelt wagunyaza ukuthutha nokufakwa ngempoqo kwamaJapane aseMelika angaphezu kwe10 000 phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, uhulumeni wavuma lesisenzo njengokungalungi okukhulu futhi wakhipha izigigaba.
  • I-Executive Order 9981 (11948): Harry Truman desegregive amabutho ahlomile ase-U.S., isinyathelo esibalulekile sokuya emalungelweni omphakathi.
  • I-Exective Order 11246 (1965):[[FLT] Lyndon B. Johnson wamisa izimfuneko zokuvuma ukuthatha isinyathelo kuma-continers – umthetho osalokhu uphikisana nanamuhla.
  • I-Executive Order 13233 (2001): George W. Bush walinganisela ukufinyelela emarekhodini kamongameli, ibangela ukuphikisana ngelungelo lobuphathi kanye nokubona.

Izibonelo Zamuva Zomlando

  • I-Exective Order 13769 (2017): Donald Trump’s “Truvel Ban” evinjelwe ukungena kwamazwe amaningana amaSulumane. Ngemva kwezinselele ezingokomthetho, inguqulo ebukeziwe yasekelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme.
  • I-Executive Order 13985 (2021): Umyalo kaJoe Biden wokuthuthukisa i-codey ehlanganisa izinhlanga waqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zihlole futhi zibhekise izithiyo zezimiso ezihlelweni zazo nezimiso.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela iziyalezo eziphethe iziphathimandla ezingabangela ngayo ushintsho olusheshayo kodwa futhi zibangela ukuguquguquka komthetho nokwezombangazwe. Uhlu oluningiliziwe olungokomlando lukhona kusuka ku- i-Federal Register’s produced produced produces [.

Inqubo Yokukhipha Uhlelo Oluqondisayo

Nakuba uMongameli ekwazi ukuqonda okuningi, ukukhipha umyalo wesikhulu ngokuvamile kulandela inqubo eklanywe ngendlela eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana okungokomthetho nokungokwesimiso.

Ukufingqiwe

Ngokuvamile lomyalo uqashwa izisebenzi ezisebenza eWhite House, ngokuvamile uholwa iSiluleko kuMongameli noma uMkhandlu Wezomthetho Wasekhaya. Lo myalo uhlanganisa isandulele sokucaphuna igunya lomthetho-sisekelo noma lomthetho, elilandelwa yiziqondiso ezithile. Izinhlangano ezingase zithinteke zingahlolwa phakathi nalesi sigaba.

Ukubukeza Okungokomthetho Nokungokwesimiso

I-Office of Management and Baccouncil (OMB) kanye noMnyango woMahlulelo ibukeza uhlelo lokuvumelana nomthetho okhona, ukunqanda ukuhleleka kohlelo lokuhlela nokusebenzisana kwezimiso. Lesi sinyathelo sisiza ekuvimbeleni iziyalezo ezisobala ezingekho ngokwemithetho yezomthetho noma eziphikisana nezenzo zobuhlanga. Imiyalelo yesivumelwano ingahlolwa ngokwengeziwe yihhovisi le-White House Counseling.

Ukusayina Nokusakaza

Uma sekuqediwe, uMongameli usayina umyalo ongokomthetho (ngokuvamile osayinwe) noma ngasese. Umyalelo osayiniwe udluliselwa eHhovisi leFederal Register, eliyabela inani futhi likhiphe i-FLT:0] Fredal Register[ kanye nasewebsiteni yendlu emhlophe. Umthetho umisa umbhalo osemthethweni futhi uwenze ubophe izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe.

Ukusebenza Nokuhlolwa

Amahhovisi eWhite House angalandela imibiko ethatha isikhathi esimisiwe, intuthuko, kanye nemishini ehambelanayo. Ezinye iziyalezo zihlanganisa izigaba zokushona kwelanga eziphela ngemva kwenkathi ethile emisiwe ngaphandle kokuba zivuselelwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokuhlola Izimiso Eziqondisayo

Isimiso sase - United States sinikeza izindlela eziningana zokuhlola umongameli ophathwe ngokuphambana, naphezu kwamandla akhe, iziyalezo zezikhulu aziphelele.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zingashaya iziyalo zezikhulu eziphula umthetho noma ezidlula igunya lomthetho. Icala lengqophamlando Intsha efundayo Phepha kwe Thube Co. v. Sayeyer[ (1952]] ivumile ukuthi uMongameli akanakwenza ngaphandle komthetho-sisekelo noma ukumiswa kwesivumelwano. Muva nje, izinkantolo zivale izingxenye zokuvinjelwa kokuhamba (ngaphambi kweNkakhulu ivumela inguqulo ebukeziwe) futhi zimise imiyalo eyayingagodlelana ukuxhasa izimali eziko “amadolobha ahlukene. Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusho ukuthi noma isiphi isimendo sokulawula isigaba singabekelwa inseleleka inselelekile enkantolo, izigaba zenkantolo, izisho, noma amalungu eKhondla.

Isinyathelo Senhlangano

ISishaya-mthetho singawudlulisa umthetho wesikhulu ngokumisa umthetho ophikisana nawo. Ngenxa yokuthi iziyalezo eziphetheyo zithola igunya ezimisweni noma kuMthetho-sisekelo, umthetho omusha ungasicisha ngokuphumelelayo isimiso – uma uMongameli enikeza izimpawu zaso noma i-Congress iwudlulisa i-veto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Congress ilawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, ngakho ingayeka ukuxhasa imali edingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe uhlelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba uMongameli Obama ekhiphe izenzo zokulawula ukufuduka, iSishaya-Hulumeni sasebenzisa abagibeli bezokuthutha ukuze bavimbe amalungiselelo athile.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokucindezela Kwezombangazwe

Iziqondiso zesikhulu ezingathandeki zingabangela ukuphikisana komphakathi, ukugxeka kwemithombo yezindaba, nokubuthwa kwezombangazwe. Abameli abathembele kakhulu ekuthatheni isinyathelo sobunye ubuzwe bangase babhekane nokuncishiswa umphakathi, okungalulaza amandla abo okuvumelana noKhongolo-mthetho nethonya okhethweni lwesikhathi esizayo. Amaqembu anesithakazelo nezinhlangano zezempatho zokubusa ngokuvamile baqala imikhankaso yokuphikisa noma ukuvikela iziyalezo ezithile, ziguqula isimo sezombangazwe esikhudlwana.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwabalandeli

Mhlawumbe isheke elilula: umongameli olandelayo angabuyisela noma alungise noma isiphi isiyalezo sokuqondisa ngaphandle kokudinga ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Yingakho iziyalezo eziphethe iziphathimandla zivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi “ukushaya kwepeni” – zithatheka kalula yi-presidenti elandelayo. UMongameli Trump ususa iziyalezo eziningi ze-Obama-era; uMongameli Biden waguqula eziningi zeziqondiso zikaTrump. Lokhu kugcizelela isimo sesikhashana esingokwemvelo seziqondiso zomongameli ongowe-unthena.

Imikhuba Yamuva Nezimpikiswano

Ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso kuye kwanda emashumini eminyaka amuva, okubonisa inkathi yokukhushulwa kwezindawo ezihlukanisayo nokumiswa kwezishaya - mthetho. Abameli babo bobabili baye baphendukela ekuqhubeni phambili imigomo yesimiso lapho uMkhandlu ungakwazi noma ungazimisele ukwenza okuthile.

Ukusabela Kwe - COVOID - 19

UMongameli Trump wakhipha iziyalo eziningi zezikhulu ngo-2020 zokusingatha ukuwa kwezomnotho kwalesifo esiwumshayabhuqe, kuhlanganise nekhokha lomtapo wesikhashana kanye nohlelo olukhuliswe ukukhuliswa kwemisebenzi. Umongameli uBiden walandela ngeziqondiso zokulungisa izimfuneko zokufihla imbobo empahla kahulumeni, ukumisa icebo lesizwe lokusakaza umjovo wokugoma, futhi ifuna ukuba abakhi bezomthetho bagunyaze ukugoma (kamuva okuvalwe izinkantolo). Le mithetho ibonisa ukuthi amongameli bangasebenza kanjani ngokushesha enkathazweni kodwa futhi babhekene nezithiyo ezingokomthetho nezingagunyaza.

Umthetho Wesimo Sezulu Nendawo Ezungezile

Abaholi baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa indawo ezungezile ngaphandle kokulinda imithetho emisha. UMongameli Obama’s Clean Power Plan wasekelwa yisenzo sokuphatha; uMongameli Trump wayiguqula futhi wandisa intuthuko kaphethiloli wezinto zakudala; uMongameli Biden wabuye wahlanganisa i-Paresa Accounment futhi wayala ukuba kubukezwe i-screentars yendawo ezungezile. Lendlela yokulawula ibonise ukuwohloka kweziyalezo zezikhulu zezombangazwe ekushintsheni.

Ukuthuthela Ezindaweni Ezihlukile Nokulondeka Komngcele

Ukuthutha kuyindaba evame ukunikezwa abaqondisi bemithetho ngoba iSishaya-mthetho siye sahluleka ukudlulisa inguquko ebanzi amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Omongameli u-Obama, uTrump noBiden ngamunye wasebenzisa iziyalo zezikhulu zokumisa izinto eziza kuqala, ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa izinhlelo zezenzo (DACA no-DAPA), futhi ubuyisela izimali emngceleni. Izinselele ezingokomthetho ziye zaqhubeka zivivinya imingcele yegunya lomongameli kulendawo.

Izingcindezi Zokubusa

Ukuncika okwandayo eziqondisweni zezikhulu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo nawamagunya emithetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amongameli balulaza indima yabo engokomthetho-sisekelo futhi balulaza ukucubungula kwentando yeningi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi iziyalezo eziphethe ziyindlela engokomthetho yokuphatha uhulumeni kahulumeni futhi baphendule nezinkinga eziphuthumayo lapho uMkhandlu ufa. Impikiswano ayinakuxazululwa, kodwa ukuqonda izimiso nemingcele yemithetho yezikhulu kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke ekuphileni komphakathi.

Isiphetho: Izimiso Eziqondisayo Esimisweni Esilinganiselayo

Iziqondiso eziphethe ziyithuluzi elinamandla nelivumelana nezimo elivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise uhulumeni ngokunempumelelo. Ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi, ukusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zesizwe, futhi zisebenzise izinguquko ezinkulu zesimiso ngaphandle kokulindela ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Kodwa futhi zihambisana nokubukezwa komthetho owenziwe ngokusemthethweni, ukuqondiswa kwenhlangano, umbono womphakathi, nengozi yokubuyisela uhulumeni – evimbela noma yimuphi umongameli ekubuseni ngesinqumo.

Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuhlolwa kweziqondiso zembula isimo esinamandla sobukhoma bomthetho-sisekelo baseMelika. Kubonisa indlela amandla afanayo angasetshenziswa ngayo eziphethweni ezihlukene kakhulu kuye ngomphathi weOval, futhi kuqokomisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi komholi onamandla nesimiso sokuhlukanisa imibuso. Ngokuhlola kokubili izibonelo ezingokomlando nezamuva, sizuza ukwazisa okujulile ngezilinganiso ezichaza i-U.S. democracy.

Ukuhlola okwengeziwe, [[FLT: 0] I-Editions House ephethe ikhasi ikhipha umbhalo wayo yonke imiyalo yanamuhla, kuyilapho i-National Archives[ inikeza i-memodual ephenyiswayo ebuya emuva emakhulwini amabili eminyaka.