Table of Contents
Izinguquko ze-Constitution zimelela izinguquko eziyisisekelo noma ukwenezelwa kwezincwadi ezibusayo zesizwe, ezisebenza njengezindlela ezibucayi zokuvumelanisa izimo zomthetho nokususa izindinganiso zomphakathi, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu, nokulungisa ukungalungi kwezimiso. Lokhu kulungisa kubonisa ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezimiso zokumisa zesizwe nezidingo ezishintshayo zezakhamuzi zaso. Kuwo wonke umlando, ukuguqulwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kuye kwafeza indima ebalulekile ekwandiseni idemokhrasi, ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi, nokuqinisekisa isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola ukuqedwa komthetho-mthetho we- sisekelo obalulekile, ngokugcizelela ngokukhethekile eMthethweni Wesizwe wamazwe ahlangene, kuyilapho sihlola futhi ukuncitshiswa okubalulekile kwezinye izizwe emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuqonda Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo
Ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho kuyindlela yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe, ngokuvamile edinga inqubo enzima yokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana okubanzi. Inqubo yokulungisa iklanyelwe ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzishintsha njalo nokungaguquguquki. Lokhu kuhluleka ngamabomu kwemithetho eshintshayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho olubangelwa ukusekela okukhulu luyingxenye yomthetho oyisisekelo.
Umlando wokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo ngokuyinhloko uwumlando wokwandisa amalungelo nentando yeningi, oyishumi nesikhombisa kwezingu - 27 ezigunyazwe ukubuyiselwa noma ukwandisa amalungelo omuntu ngamunye, kuhlanganise namalungelo okuvota. Ushintsho lusebenza njengesivumelwano esibonisa indlela yokuphila yokubusa komthetho-sisekelo, uvumela imiphakathi ukuba ilungise ukungalungi kwangesikhathi esidlule futhi izivumelanise nezinselele ezintsha ngaphandle kokulahla izimiso zayo zesisekelo.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo E - United States
Kungahlongozwa ukubuyiselwa futhi kuthunyelwe ezizweni ukuze kuhlatshwe imviyo ngo-250 eSigele naseNdlu yabameleli, noma ngomhlangano wesizwe obizwa yi-Congress ekusebenzeni kwezishaya-mthetho zezimo ezimbili-ntathu. Ukuba yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo, ukubuyiselwa kumelwe kugunyazwe yizingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezifunda (38 kusukela ngo-1959).
Kuthatha isikhathi eside futhi kuthatha izinga eliphakeme lesivumelwano somphakathi ukuze kutholakale ukulungiswa komthetho - sisekelo okugunyaziwe. Njengoba uMthetho - sisekelo wagunyazwa ngo - 1789, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezikweleti aye aqala ukuzama ukuwulungisa, kodwa izinguquko ezingu - 27 kuphela eziye zagunyazwa, kwezingu - 33 ezadluliselwa yiSishaya - mthetho futhi zathunyelwa ezindaweni.
IBhili yamaLungelo: Iziphetho Zokuqala Eziyishumi zeMelika
Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zamukelwa futhi zathunyelwa ezizweni njengeqembu, futhi kamuva zagunyazwa kanyekanye; lezi zizwe zonke zaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights. Eziyishumi kweziyishumi nane ezihlongozwayo zagunyazwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezintathu ngoDecember 15, 1791, futhi zakha iziphendulo zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo, noma i-U.S.
Ukuze athole ukusekela koMthetho-sisekelo phakathi kwe-Anti-Federalist, eyayesaba ukuthi wawunika uhulumeni wezwe amandla amakhulu kakhulu ngokuncishiswa kwezwe ngalinye, uJames Madison wavuma ukuthatha i-Bill of Rights phakathi nesimiso sokuqala soMkhandlu. Lezi zinguquko zamisa izivikelo eziyisisekelo eziye zaba izisekelo zedemokrati yaseMelika futhi zathonya intuthuko yomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Sokukhuluma
Isichibiyelo Sokuqala mhlawumbe siwulungiselelo elidunyiswa kakhulu emthethweni - sisekelo waseMelika, sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo eminingi edingekayo emphakathini wentando yeningi.
Lokhu kulungisa kuvimbela uMkhandlu ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma unqabe ukusebenzisa izikhalo ngokukhululekile zenkolo, kuqinisekise inkululeko engokwenkolo yabo bonke abantu baseMelika. Ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile nezokuvikela kwezindaba kuye kwenza ukuba kube nempikiswano eqinile yomphakathi, ukuphikisana kwezombangazwe okuvikelekile, futhi kwavumela izintatheli ukuba zisebenze njengezinja eziqaphe amandla kahulumeni. Amalungelo okuhlangana ngokuthula nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo ukuze izakhamuzi zihlele futhi zisekele ushintsho.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siye saba senkabeni yamacala amaningi eNkantolo Ephakeme asingatha yonke into kusukela ekushiseni ifulege nokukhuluma ngenzondo kuya ekuvikelweni kwezezimali ne - Internet.
ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izikhali
ISichibiyelo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali, ilungiselelo eliye ladala impikiswano ephawulekayo ngobukhulu baso nangendlela esisebenza ngayo. Ekuqaleni eqondweni lamabutho kahulumeni, izincazelo zesimanje ziye zandisa amalungelo omuntu ngamuntu ngandlela-nye okuphatha izibhamu kuyilapho zivumela imithetho ethile. Lenguquko ilokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kulokhu kungomunye wezingxabano ezinkulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika zanamuhla, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zokuhlanganisa ukuphepha nokukhululeka komuntu ngamunye.
ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamasosha
Njengendlela yokusabela emelene nemithetho yakudala evumela amasosha aseBrithani ukuba avikele amakhaya amakoloni noma nini lapho efuna, iSichibiyelo sesithathu asibonakali sinokubaluleka okukhulu komthetho-sisekelo namuhla, njengoba uhulumeni kahulumeni ungenakubuza izakhamuzi ezizimele emadodeni asendlini. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikaze inqume icala ngesisekelo seSigqizo sesithathu, kodwa iye yabhekisela ekuvikeleni kwayo ezindabeni ezihlobene nempahla namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu.
ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Okungenangqondo
Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo sesine se-"ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha nemiphumela, ngokumelene nokuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka" sakhula ngokuqondile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamaMelika angaphansi kweMpi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lapho iziphathimandla zaseBrithani zisebenzisa imvume evamile, okwakuyimithetho yasenkantolo eyayivumela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zihlole ngaphandle kokulinganiselwa.
Lokhu kulungisa kudinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kutholakale izimpawu ezisekelwe ekuhlolweni noma ekuqubukeni, ukuvikela izakhamuzi ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Kulenkathi yanamuhla, iSichibiyelo sesine seSichibiyelo siye sakhula ukuze sikhulume ngobuchwepheshe obusha, kuhlanganise nokuthungatha imikhondo ye-metayela, i-GPS, ukuphenya ucingo, nokuhlola kwemishini, ukuphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngemfihlo ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe.
Okwesihlanu Ezinzisweni Zesishiyagalombili: Ubulungisa Bezigebengu Buvikela
ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo esiningi kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokumelana nokuziphikisa, isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili, nesiqinisekiso sokuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Inkulumo edumile "ukuncela owesihlanu" ibhekisela elungelweni lokwenqaba ukuzifakazela.
ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokunomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa ngamacala, ilungelo lokukhuluma nofakazi, nelungelo lokwelulekwa okungokomthetho.
ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwamacala enkantolo ezindaba zombango, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme, ukuhlawuliswa ngokweqile, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile.
Izinqumiso Zesine Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Namandla Agciniwe
ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth sicacisa ukuthi ukubalwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni akusho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo ayisisekelo ashiwo ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuye kwacashunwa ezimweni ezihilela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu kanye nezinye inkululeko engahlelekile.
NgokweSichibiyelo seshumi, amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni alinganiselwe kulabo abanikezwa wona ngokuqondile uMthetho - sisekelo, kuyilapho yonke eminye imibuso igcinelwe imibuso noma abantu, nakuba iqhubeka impikiswano ngokuthi yimiphi imibuso ewela kulesisigaba esilandelayo, nokuthi yikuphi ukulinganiselwa okufanele kubekwe emagunyeni andayo kahulumeni kahulumeni.
Iziphendu zokuvuselela: Ukusungulwa kwesibili kweMelika
Izinguquko zekhulu le-13, 14th, nele-15 zisebenza ngokuthola ubugqila, isivikelo esilinganayo namalungelo athile omthetho-sisekelo; zonke lezi zaziwa ngokuthi iziHlanziso ze-Reconstruction. Inkathi yokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo kusukela ngo-1865 kuya ku-1870 yasinika izinguquko ezintathu ezibizwa izazi eziningi ngokuthi "ISivumelwano Sobugqi." Lokhu kulungisa ngokuyisisekelo umthetho we-mthetho-mfantu waseMelika kanye nomphakathi ngemva kweMpi Yombango-Mdalo.
ISichibiyelo Se - 13: Ukuqedwa Kobugqila
ISichibiyelo se - 13 mhlawumbe siyisici esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, esagunyazwa ngo - 1865 njengesokuqala sezinguquko ezintathu “Zokwamukelwa Kwesivumelwano ” ezamukelwa ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yangaphakathi, futhi nakuba ukunqanyulwa kwenguquko kungasachazwa izinkantolo, umphumela waso emphakathini waseMelika awunakuchazwa ngokweqile.
Le nguquko enkulu yaqeda ubugqila nokugqilazwa okuzenzekelayo kulo lonke elase-United States, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Lokhu kushintsha okukhulu kwaqeda inqubo eyayikhona kusukela ngezikhathi zamakoloni futhi yavikelwa uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saphawula ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo kwezindinganiso zaseMelika futhi sabeka isisekelo sesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi esalandela.
Ukwenqabela kokunqabela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezomthetho kudlulela ngalé kobugqila obungokwesiko obuhlanganisa nezinye izinhlobo zobugqila obungahlosiwe, futhi kusebalulekile ezimweni zanamuhla ezihilela ukushushumbisa abantu, ukuphoqelelwa, nemisebenzi yokusebenza ejele. Ukunqanda kwayo akuzange kubonise ushintsho olungokomthetho kodwa ushintsho lwesimilo emphakathini waseMelika.
Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nenqubo Efanele
Lenguquko yeshumi nane yakhishwa uMkhandlu ngoJune 13, 1866, futhi yagunyazwa ngoJuly 9, 1868. Lokhu kuphakathi kwamalungiselelo alandelayo navame ukuhlaziywa eMthethweni, ngokuyisisekelo eshintsha ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, ohulumeni bakahulumeni, nezakhamuzi ngabanye.
Ukuba UClaus Uyisakhamuzi
Inguquko iqala ngokuthola ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwa noma abadalwe eUnited States bayizakhamuzi zaseUnited States nasesifundazweni abahlala kuso.
Ukuvikela UClaus Ngokulinganayo
I - Act Evict Protection Claus ilungiselelo elibalulekile elitholakala eSichibiyelweni Se - 14 soMthetho - sisekelo wase - U.S., esithi akukho mbuso ozophika noma imuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwegunya lawo “isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. ”
Njengoba kwaqanjwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango ngo-1868, akungatshazwa ukuthi i-Unicime Protection Claus yayihloselwe ukwenzani: yima ukukhipha iziphakamiso zokungachaphazeli abansundu, kodwa umbhalo ka-Claus ubhalwe kabanzi futhi uthathelwe phambili kusukela enjongweni yawo yokuqala. Izinkulumo ezivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa futhi ezicaciswe njalo ekulungiseni i-"isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho", leyo evelele ezindaweni zengqophazamende, kuhlanganise neBrown v. Board of Education (racyrial rever), Roe v. Bush (iphawulo), Gore (uhlelo). Reedbder.
Ngokomlando iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lesi sisho ukuze ikhulume ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo, ekuqaleni igxile ezindabeni zobuhlanga kodwa kamuva yandisa izinga lazo lokuhlanganisa ubulili nezinye izigaba. I - Exmelt Protection Clausle iye yaba isisekelo somthetho ngokomthetho semithetho nemikhuba yokulahla izinhlanga ebekela izinselele eziningi, kusukela emfundweni nasemsebenzini kuya emalungelweni okuvota kanye nasekulingana komshado.
Izinhlelo ezilindelekile
ISichibiyelo seSikhawulo se 14 seSinqumiso iSimemezelo sika-Statu uClaus senqabela ukunciphisa noma yimuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Leli lungiselelo liye lachazwa ukuhlanganisa eziningi zeMiba Yamalungelo Ohulumeni, imfundiso eyaziwa ngokuthi i-divosition. Ngale nqubo, amalungelo ayisisekelo aye anquma uhulumeni wombuso kuphela manje futhi avimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni.
I-Gast Procession Claus itolikwa futhi ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo athile ayisisekelo angashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, kuhlanganise namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ilungelo lokushada namalungelo obuzali. Le mfundiso eyisisekelo yenqubo ilokhu iyimpikiswano kodwa iye yaba usizo ekwandiseni inkululeko yomuntu siqu.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu: Ukunikeza Amalungelo Okuvikelwa
Ushintsho lokuqala lokuguqula izimfuneko zomvoti kwakuyiSichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1870, eminyakeni emihlanu ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yombango, enqabela noma yisiphi isifunda ukuba singavumi ukuvota noma ubani "ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila ngaphambili". Nokho, ukubuyiselwa kwesivumelwano kwakungaphoqelelwa kwaze kwaba ngemva kokudlula kweSivumelwano sama - Council sango-1965, eminyakeni engama-9 kamuva, esaqala eSixukwini seSishayamthetho ngemva kwethelevishini iziteshi zezindaba zisakaza ukuvota okucacile "ngeSonto," lapho abaholi bamalungelo okuvota abaholi base-Selma becishwa ngobudlova abaviyo abaphethe ama - Alaba hulumeni.
Naphezu kolimi olucacile lwale nkathi, amazwe aseNingizimu asebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ukulahla abavoti abamnyama, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, izigaba zogogo, nokwesabisa okuqondile. Igebe phakathi kwesithembiso sokulungiswa nokugcinwa kwalo libonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wamalungelo okuvota nokubaluleka kwakho kokubili isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo kanye nezimiso zokugcinwa.
Izinqumiso Zenkathi Eziqhubekayo: Izinguquko Zentando Yeningi
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaba nezinguquko eziningana ezandisa ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi futhi zaguqula izakhiwo zikahulumeni ukuze zikwazi ukusabela kakhudlwana ezakhamuzini.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha: Intela Yentela Yentela
Ukudlula kweSichibiyelo sekhulu le-16 ngo-1913 kwanika uhulumeni amandla okuqoqa intela yeholo, ushintsho olwawushintsha ngokuphumelelayo umthetho owenqabela ukukhokhwa kwentela "kwentela engaqondile" ehlanganiswe eSiqeshini I soMthetho-sisekelo. Umfutho weSichimbiso se 16 kwakuyicala leNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ka-18949, iPollock v. Abalimi's Loan & Trust Co., eyayithi intela yempahla yayilingana nentela eqondile futhi kanjalo inqatshelwe, futhi lapho le nguquko idluliswa yiSishayamthetho ngo-1909, ngokwemvelo yathatha izinguquko ezimbalwa nangoko kwezomnotho nezombangazwe zalelizwe ngaphambi kokuba ivunyelwe ekugcineni ngo-191313.
Lokhu kulungisa okushintshwa ngokuyisisekelo ngokwezimali kahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe, kwenza kwasungulwa izinhlelo zezenhlalo zanamuhla nohulumeni okhuthele kakhulu. Intela yeholo iye yaba umthombo oyinhloko wenzuzo kahulumeni, isekela yonke into kusukela ekuvikeleni kwesizwe kuya ekulondekeni komphakathi naseMedicare.
Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nesikhombisa: Ukukhethwa Okuqondile Kwabahlaziyi
ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-17 sashintsha inqubo yokukhetha yeSigele sase-U.S., sanika abantu baseMelika − isishaya-mthetho (*) ilungelo lokukhetha izinyunyana. Ngaphambi kokuba kukhethwe lokhu kutholwa kwabantwana ngo-1913, abameli bakhethwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, okwaholela ekukhohlakaleni okucatshangelwayo kwezombangazwe zikahulumeni kanye nomzabalazo wokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abasizi bazo ngokuqondile.
Lenguquko yamelela ukumiswa okuphawulekayo kwentando yeningi kukahulumeni waseMelika, yenza abasizi bamacala ukuba balandise ngokuqondile kubavoti kunokuba bashaye umthetho. Ushintsho lwabonisa ukukhathazeka kweNkathi Eqhubekayo ngenkohlakalo yezombangazwe nesifiso sokwenza uhulumeni asabelele ngokwengeziwe enjabulweni ethandwayo.
Izinqumo Zeshumi Nesishiyagalombili Nezakuqala Ezingamashumi Amabili: Ukwenqatshelwa Nokubuyiselwa
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo, sagunyazwa ngo-1920, sanqabela ukukhiqizwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthuthwa kotshwala obudakayo kulo lonke elase-United States. Lokhu kwasho umphumela wemizamo yenhlangano yokudambisa intukuthelo yokuxazulula izinkinga zezenhlalo ezihlobene notshwala.
ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sagunyazwa ngo-1933, saphinde sayiqeda i-Adminigment Provicution ka-1920, saqeda imithetho kahulumeni enqabela utshwala futhi sabuyela ezindaweni amandla okumisa imithetho yazo siqu yotshwala, futhi kuwukuphela kwenguquko elungisa ngokuqondile enye inguquko. Ukwehluleka kweProhibition kwabonisa imingcele yokusebenzisa izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ukulawula ukuziphatha komuntu siqu nokubaluleka kokusekela umphakathi ezilungiselelweni zomthetho - sisekelo.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili: Impoqo Yabesifazane
Ngesikhathi iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 sagunyazwa ngo-1920, senqabela i-United States noma noma noma yisiphi isifundazwe ukuba sinqabe noma sinciphise ilungelo lokuvotela noma yisiphi izakhamuzi "ngenxa yobulili," izifunda ezingu-30 kanye nesinye isifunda savumela abesifazane ukuba bavote okungenani okhethweni oluthile. USusan B. Anthony kanye nabanye abasekeli bempi yabesifazane baphoxeka kakhulu ngemva kweMpi Yombango, lapho uMkhandlu wawungahlangani nesigaba esingenakusetshenziswa ukunqabela amalungelo okuvota eSiphendulweni se-15, futhi ngokuvala imvume yomthetho wemithetho eSishayamthetho, i-Puni egxile imizamo yabo ezindaweni, lapho babekwazi ukwenza intuthuko kancane kancane.
ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye samelela ukunqoba okukhulu kwenhlangano yabesifazane yokuziqhayisa ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokulwa, ukubhikisha, nokuqamba amanga. Nokho, ngisho nangemva kokuhlanzwa kweSichibiyelo sekhulu leshumi nanye, abesifazane abaningi abanombala babengaphansi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokucindezelwa komvoti kuze kudlule iVoting Rights Act ka-65, iqokomisa indlela izinhlobo eziningi zobandlululo ezingahlangana ngayo ukuze ziphikise amalungelo okuvota.
Izinqumiso Zanamuhla: Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuqhubekayo Komthetho - sisekelo
Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa komthetho - sisekelo kuye kwancipha kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, kuye kwagunyazwa izinguquko eziningana ezibalulekile kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, kukhulunywa ngamalungelo okuvota, ukulandelana komongameli, nemisebenzi kahulumeni.
ISichibiyelo Esingamashumi Amabili Nesibili: Imingcele Yemithetho Yomongameli
Ngo-1951, iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane safaka imingcele kubaphathi ababili abakhethiwe. Lokhu kulungisa kwadluliselwa kuFranklin D. Roosevelt ngenxa yemisho emine, kwaphula isiko lezikhathi ezimbili elamiswa uGeorge Washington. Ukulungisa kuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa njalo kobuholi obuphethe futhi kuvimbela ukunqwabelaniswa kwamandla aphakeme kumuntu oyedwa.
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nantathu: D.C.
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nantathu, sagunyazwa ngo-1961, sanika izakhamuzi zaseSifundeni saseColumbia ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lukamongameli ngokumisa amavoti akhethiwe eSifundeni. Lokhu kulunga kwadingida incito yentando yeningi ebhekene ne-D.C., nakuba zingakayimeleli ngokugcwele i-propati.
ISichibiyelo Sehora Lama - 20: Ukwenqatshelwa Kwentela Yempoqo
Ngo-1946, iSichibiyelo se-Fourth Reformation senqabela intela yokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Intela yokubheja yasetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emazweni aseNingizimu ekulahleni abavoti abamnyama nezakhamuzi ezimpofu. Lokhu kulungisa, kanye neVoting Rights Act ka-65, kwasiza ekuvoteleni izithiyo eziye zaqhubeka naphezu kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu.
ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuphumelela Nokungalawuleki Kwamongameli
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1967, sacacisa izinqubo zokulandelana komongameli futhi samisa izinqubo zokusingatha ukukhubazeka komongameli. Ukulungiswa kunikeza umongameli isekela lokuthatha amagunya omongameli uma umongameli engakwazi ukufeza imisebenzi yakhe, futhi simisa izinqubo zokugcwalisa izimvume zobumongameli. Lokhu kulungisa kuye kwancengwa izikhathi eziningana, kuhlanganise nalapho amongameli bethathe izinqubo zokwelapha.
ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Inkathi Yokusakaza Iphansi Kuya Ku - 18
Ngo- 1971 phakathi nenkathi yeMpi yaseVietnam, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhla kwenkathi yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 kukho konke ukukhetha. Inguquko yasabela ezimpikiswaneni zokuthi uma amanani aneminyaka engu-18 ayemdala ngokwanele ukuba ajoyinwe futhi alwe empini, ngabe adala ngokwanele ukuba angavota. Lokhu kulungisa kwaveza enye yezindlela ezinkulu kakhulu zokuvota emlandweni waseMelika.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nambili: Inhlangano Yomphakathi
Ngo-1992, eminyakeni engu - 203 ngemva kokuba kuhlongozwe, iSiphakamiso 2 sagunyazwa njengeSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo selama - 27. Lokhu kulungisa kuvimbela ukumiswa kwenhlangano ukuba kusebenze kuze kube ngemva kokukhethwa kwabameleli okulandelayo, kuqikelelwe ukuthi amalungu eKhongolo angeke azivotele ukukhokha imali esheshayo. Ekuqaleni kwakuhlongozwa njengengxenye yeBill of Rights ngo-1789, lenguquko yaba nenkathi ende kakhulu yokuncishiswa kwanoma yimuphi umthetho.
Uphawu Lwecala Lenkantolo Ephakeme Lokuchaza Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo
Izinguquko zomthetho zisho okuthile ngokuchazwa kwezahlulelo, ikakhulukazi ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esisebenzisa izimiso ezingekho emthethweni ezicatshangelweni eziqinile. Ukuqonda lamacala aphawulekayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ukulungisa ukusebenza kwemithetho esetshenziswayo.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Lesisinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme savumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula i-Exctal Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo se-14th, kugumbuqelwa imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa ePelleby v. Ferguson (1896). Brown Brown no-Brown of Education yaba yisisusa senhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi futhi kwaboniswa amandla okuchaza umthetho ukuze kuqhutshekisheke ushintsho lwezenhlalo.
Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966)
Lelicala laveza ukuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe azise abasolwa ngamalungelo abo eSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseSisithupha ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo lokunakekela umntwana. Umphumela "Izixwayiso zeMiranda" uye waba isici esivamile senqubo yobugebengu baseMelika, ukuvikela ilungelo ekuziphindiseleni ngokwawo nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko.
Uthando Virginia (1967)
INkantolo Ephakeme yalahla imithetho enqabela ukushada kwabantu abahlukene ngokwezinhlanga, ithi imithetho enjalo yayiphula kokubili i - Acial Protection Clause ne - Accolaste Procesme of the 147 Reformation.
I-Roe v. Wade (1973) ne-Dobbs v.Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)
Roe v. Wade waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwe-Ad Procession Claus yeSichibiyelo se-14, emisa uhlelo lokulinganisela inzuzo kahulumeni ngokumelene nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu kamuva, iDobbs no-Jackson Women’s Health Organization yagumbuqela uRoe, iphethe ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awunikezi ilungelo lokukhipha isisu nokubuyisela lendaba kuma-partimen. Lezi zimo zibonisa indlela ukuchaza umthetho-mthetho okungashintsha ngayo ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sidinga uhulumeni ukuba ugunyaze umshado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo futhi uqaphele ukushada kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo lapho umshado wabo ugunyazwe ngokomthetho futhi wenziwe ngaphandle kombuso. Lesisinqumo saqaphela umshado ongowesilisa njengomthetho ngokomthetho, uphawula ingqophamlando ebalulekile kuLGBTQ+ amalungelo.
Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Kwamanye Amazwe
Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States uye wasebenza njengesibonelo emazweni amaningi, amazwe emhlabeni wonke aye asungula amasiko awo siqu omthetho - sisekelo nezinguquko ezibalulekile ezibonisa imilando nezindinganiso zawo eziyingqayizivele.
ECanada: I - Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Ngo-1982, iCanada yavala umthetho - sisekelo wayo futhi yanezela i-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, eqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo, amalungelo entando yeningi, amalungelo okuhamba, amalungelo angokomthetho, amalungelo okulingana, namalungelo olimi. I-Chart iye yaba yingxenye ephambili yomthetho-sisekelo weCanada futhi iye yathonya ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo embulungeni yonke. Ingxenye ye - 15 yeCharter, eqinisekisa amalungelo okulingana, iye yaba baluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni amaqembu ancintinyekileyo.
INingizimu Afrika: IziNguqulo zoMthetho - sisekelo zamuva
UMthendeleko waseNingizimu Afrika ka-1996, owamukelwa ngemva kokuphela kobandlululo, uhlanganisa enye yentela eqhubekekayo kakhulu yamalungelo emhlabeni. Umthetho-sisekelo wenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ezizisekelweni eziningi ezihlanganisa uhlanga, ubulili, ukukhulelwa, isizinda somshado, imvelaphi yohlanga noma yezenhlalo, ibala, imizwelo yobulili, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, inkolo, inkolelo, isiko, ulimi, nokuzalwa. I-Constitutional Council Court ichaze la malungiselelo okuthuthukisa ubulungisa bezenhlalo nesithunzi somuntu.
ENdiya: Izinqumo Eziyisisekelo Zamalungelo Abantu
UMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uhlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo aye anwetshwa futhi acwengisiswa ngezinguquko eziningi. ISichibiyelo sika-42 (1976) sanezela amagama athi "i-socialism" kanye "ne-"seliverse" ekuqaleni, kuyilapho izinguquko ezihlukahlukene ziye zakhuluma ngezimiso ezihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ehlanganisa amaqembu asweleyo, amalungelo empahla, nelungelo lemfundo. ISichibiyelo se-86 (2002) senza imfundo yaba ilungelo eliyisisekelo lezingane ezineminyaka engu-6 kuya ku-14.
IJalimane: Iziphendu Zomthetho Eziyisisekelo
I-Sicle Law (Grungesetz) yaseJalimane ihlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe "umsho wobuqotho" ovimbela ukuqedwa noma ukulungiswa kwawo. Iziphendu ziye zaxoxa ngezindaba ezihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kweYurophu, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kanye nemininingwane eyimfihlo. Isivikelo esiqinile somthetho wesithunzi somuntu siye sathonya ukukhula komthetho ngokomthetho kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
EJapane: Umthetho - sisekelo Wokuthula
ISiphakamiso 9 somthetho-sisekelo waseJapane wangemva kweMpi Yezwe II silahla impi futhi sinqabela ukugcina amabutho ahlomile empi. Nakuba lingalungiswanga ngokusemthethweni, leli lungiselelo liye lachazwa kabusha imvume yokuvumela amabutho azimele. Izimpikiswano ezingaphezulu kweSiphakamiso 9 esishintshayo ziyaqhubeka zibumba izombangazwe nesizwe saseJapane.
Izihloko Ezivamile Ezinziweni Zomthetho - sisekelo Emhlabeni Wonke
Naphezu kwezimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukene namasiko angokomthetho, izinguquko ezingokomthetho emazweni amaningi ngokuvamile zikhuluma ngezinkinga ezifanayo eziyisisekelo:
Ukwanda Kwamalungelo Okuphana
Izinguquko eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo ziye zanweba imingcele ngokuqhubekayo, zisusa imingcele esekelwe ekuthengeni impahla, uhlanga, ubulili, nobudala. Lokhu kubonisa inqubo yembulunga yonke yokufuna ukubusa ngentando yeningi okugcwele futhi ziqaphela ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo.
Isivikelo Samalungelo Amancane
Izinguquko zoMthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile zibhekisela emalungelweni eqembu elincane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi achazwa uhlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo, ulimi, noma ezinye izici.
Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela
Izinqumo ngokuvamile zithuthukisa ukusakazwa kwamandla emagatsheni kahulumeni, zimisa noma ziqinise izinqubo zokuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla nokuqiniseka ukuthi kuyoba nokulandisa.
Amalungelo Ezenhlalo Nezomnotho
Imithetho eminingi yanamuhla ihlanganisa ukulungisa ukuqaphela amalungelo ezenhlalo nawezomnotho, njengamalungelo emfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, indawo yokuhlala, nomsebenzi.
Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile
Izinguquko eziqhubekayo ezibangelwa umthetho - sisekelo zilungisa ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile nokulondolozwa kwayo, ziqaphela ukubaluleka kokulondoloza imithombo yemvelo yezizukulwane ezizayo.
Ikusasa LeziNguquko Zomthetho - sisekelo
Sekudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi amathathu kusukela ekulungiseni kwethu kokugcina umthetho-sisekelo e-United States, kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi inqubo yokulungisa iyaqhubeka isebenza yini esikhathini sokubekwa kwezombangazwe. Ubunzima bokufinyelela izikhundla ezinkulu ezidingekayo ukuze kulungiswe inguquko yezomthetho zenzakalela ngokuchaza komthetho-mthetho kunokuba kulungiswe.
Izimpikiswano zangesikhathi esidlule ngokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo eUnited States zihlanganisa iziphakamiso ezikhuluma ngezimali zomkhankaso, iElectoral College, imingcele yegama elibizwa ngokuthi i-collenational, izimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zemali, kanye namalungelo alinganayo kungakhathaliseki ubulili.
Ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo emhlabeni wonke luyaqhubeka ngokushesha, njengoba amazwe amaningi elungisa njalo imithetho yawo ukuze axazulule izinselele ezivelayo.
Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwezinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo
Nakuba izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile, zibuye zibe nezinselele futhi ziye zagxekwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
Ubunzima Obuphikisayo Bokulwa Ne - Majoritary
Ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, lapho sekugunyaziwe, kungaba nzima kakhulu ukushintsha, kungaba ukuvala izimiso ezingasabonisi ukuthi zithandwa kakhulu. Lesi sici esiphikisanayo ne-majoritarian siphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka kwentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi uma ukulungisa kwagunyazwa ngaphansi kokuncishiswa okulinganiselwe noma emongweni ongokomlando ohlukile.
Imiphumela Engahlosiwe
Izinqumo zingase zibe nemiphumela engalindelekile ebonakala kuphela ngokusetshenziswa nokuchazwa kokwahlulela. Izinguquko zezeNkathi zinikeza isibonelo esicacile sokulungisa okuhlulekile ukufinyelela imigomo ehloselwe yona futhi kwadala izinkinga ezinkulu ezingalindelekile.
Amagebe Okuphoqelelwa
Njengoba umlando weSichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu ubonisa, amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo asebenza njengezimiso zawo zokuphoqelela.
Ukuguquguquka kuphikisana.
Nakuba kuqinisekisa ukuzinza futhi kuvimbela izinguquko ezisheshayo, kungenza futhi imithetho - sisekelo ingakwazi ukusabela kahle ezimweni ezishintshayo, okungase kuholele ezinkingeni zomthetho - sisekelo noma ekuncikeni ezincazelweni eziguquguqukayo.
Indima Yeziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Kumphakathi Obusa Ngentando Yeningi
Izinguquko zomthetho zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Inikeza izinqubo zokushintsha ngokuthula, ivumela imiphakathi ukuba ishintshe ngaphandle kokuguquka. Ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo kumakhulu esikhashana, iqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso ezithile zihlala zingafinyelelwa kwezombangazwe ezivamile. Zibonisa futhi zilolonge izindinganiso zobuzwe, zisebenza njengezinkulumo zezibopho zomphakathi ezijulile.
Izinqumo zibuye zisize ukuba kuxoxwe ngezingxoxo ezihlobene, zivumele isizukulwane ngasinye ukuba sibe nengxenye ekwakhekeni komthetho - sisekelo kuyilapho sihlonipha umsebenzi wezizukulwane ezidlule.
Ukuqonda izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ukuze sibe isakhamuzi esinolwazi. La malungiselelo ahlela amalungelo esiwajabulelayo, isakhiwo sikahulumeni wethu, nezindinganiso umphakathi wethu ozisekelayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sisingatha ukungalungi okungokomlando, sivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha, noma sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo, ukulungisa umthetho ngokomthetho kusemqoka ekubusweni kombuso wentando yeningi.
Imithombo Yokuqhubeka Sitadisha
Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo, kunemithombo eminingi:
- [[QULT:0] Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza ukutholakala kwezincwadi zakuqala zomthetho-sisekelo nemithombo yemfundo mayelana nokulungisa
- ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wesizwe inikeza imibukiso ehambisanayo, izinhlelo zokufundisa, nemithombo yemfundo echaza umthetho-sisekelo
- I- I-Constitution Anenoted esuka e- Library of Congress inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo nezinguquko
- Omagazini abafundisayo njenge - Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, neConstitutional Commentary banyathelisa izihloko zezazi ezikhuluma ngezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo
- Izinhlangano ezinjenge Inkululeko yomphakathi yaseMelika Union inikeza ukwaziswa ngendlela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezithinta ngayo izimpikiswano zenkululeko yomphakathi zamanje
Isiphetho
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zimelela umzamo oqhubekayo wesintu wokwakha izimiso eziphelele kakhulu zikahulumeni kanye nemiphakathi elungile. Kusukela kuyiBhill of Rights ivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuya kwiZiphendulo ezikhuluma ngefa lobugqila, kusukela ekuboshweni kwabesifazane kuya ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo okuvota, ukulungisa kuye kwandisa inkululeko nokulingana kuyilapho kuvumelanisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezikhathi ezishintshayo.
Izibonelo okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko — ukuthuthukisa umlando waseMelika nokulungisa okubalulekile okuvela kwamanye amazwe — kuveza kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa koshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo. Izinqumo zingaguqula imiphakathi, kodwa kudinga umzamo oqhubekayo, ukuvumelana okubanzi, nokuqapha okuqhubekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe izithembiso zayo.
Njengoba sibhekene nezinselele zanamuhla ezihlanganisa ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile, nokuqondwa okushintshayo kwamalungelo nokulingana, izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ziyoqhubeka zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni ikusasa lethu elihlangene.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokulungisa okungokomthetho noma ngokuchaza okuvumelana nokuqhubekayo, imithetho - sisekelo ihlala ikhona imibhalo ephilayo eveza izifiso zethu eziphakeme kakhulu kuyilapho inikeza izici zokuxazulula izinselele zethu ezinzima kakhulu. Indaba yokulungisa komthetho - sisekelo ekugcineni iyindaba yentando yeningi ngokwayo ($inheader), ephikiswayo, kodwa njalo ilwela imicabango yobulungisa, ukulingana, nesithunzi somuntu.