I-veto ingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu atholakala kuMongameli wase-United States, eyenza igatsha eliphethe likwazi ukulolonga ngokuqondile imithetho yesizwe. Nakuba kuxoxwa kaningi emongweni wempi phakathi kweWhite House ne-Congress, iveto iyinqubo ehlukile esekelwe emklamweni womthetho-sisekelo, ukwenziwa okungokomlando, kanye nezindlela zezombangazwe. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okujulile, okunegunya kwamandla eveto(its) umsuka, izimpawu, izimpawu, izimpawu zezombangazwe, kanye no-atmastial-day ye-at, no-atle syst-day yanamuhla inikeza abafundi ukuqonda okubanzi kwalomsebenzi obucayi wobumongameli.

Ayini Amandla E - Veto?

Ngokwendlela yayo elula, amandla agunyazwe umthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli ukuba enqabe isimemezelo noma isinqumo esihlangeneyo esidluliswa yiwo womabili amagumbi oMkhandlu. Igama elithi "veto" livela egameni lesiLatini elisho "azenqabile," futhi lisebenza njengesehlo esiyinhloko egatsheni lemithetho. Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, awubi umthetho ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uqoqe ama-heatripile amabili evote kokubili eNdlini yabameli neNkathi yeNkathi yokukhosela ukukhombisa i-'i-'i-'i.

I-veto ayiwona amandla aphelele. Ichazwe ngokukhethekile nguMthetho-sisekelo futhi ibekwe phansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli akanakukwazi ukuthatha izingxenye zomthetho ngazinye qha. Lokhu-noma anikho lutho lwendalo bekulokhu kuwumsuka wempikiswano futhi kuye kwaholela ekuhlolweni kwentambo yento, leyo iNkantolo Ephakeme eqedileyo eqedwe njengesuthiwe (bona [Clinton v. City of New York], 524], U.S. 4171963] [[FLT]]). Ukuqonda lokhu kudinga ukuba kokubili inqubo yayo yencukube nezindlela zayo zangempela.

Umlando Wamandla E - Veto

Imvelaphi Yomthetho - sisekelo

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. baphikisana kakhulu nge-veto phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787. Besaba isishaya-mthetho esinamandla ( "isigaba esiqinile sabaningi"), bafuna ukunika umphathi ithuluzi lokuvikela ukuze avikele ekuhlushweni noma angene umthetho. U-Alexander Hamilton, wabhala ku-Facedalist No. 73, bethi i-veto ingenza uMongameli "enze aphinde alwe" nokungaphathiswa" imithetho engafaneleki." Ngalesosikhathi, u-Freanderday qinisekisa ukuthi abangenisibo bangafaka ithonya le-Foplation.[[FLT]

ISiphakamiso I, iSigaba 7 soMthetho-sisekelo sithi: "Noma yiliphi ibhuloho elizobe lidlulise indlu yabameleli neSigele, lizonikezwa uMongameli we-United States; uma evuma, uma engawubuyi, ibuye ibuye, kanye neZimemo zayo kuleyondlu ezavela kuyo." Lolulimi olulula luzakumisa uhlelo lwenqubo eye yasetshenziswa kangamakhulu ezikhathi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Ukuziphendukela Kwendlela Yokusetshenziswa Kwe - Veto

Omongameli bokuqala basebenzisa izindleko ezinciphileyo. UGeorge Washington wafaka izikweletu ezimbili kuphela, kokubili ngesisekelo somthetho-sisekelo. UThomas Jefferson ngokufanayo wanqanda ukusetshenziswa kwakhe. KwakungangoAndrew Jackson lapho iveto yaba ithuluzi eliqinile kakhulu lokulawula umongameli. Jackson wasebenzisa khona i-partnerter ye-Second Bank yase-United States ngo-1832, ephikisa ibhange ngokuthi alisebenzi ngokusemthethweni futhi liyingozi ezakhamuzini ezivamile. UJackson’sveto wamisa isibonelo sokungasebenzisi nje kuphela i-veto ezisekelweni zomthetho kodwa futhi nakwemidabango.

Ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, amongameli basebenzisa kakhulu iveto ukuhlela imiphumela yokushaya umthetho. UFranklin D. Roosevelt waveza izikweletu ezingaphezu kuka-600 (ngoba edlula noma imuphi omunye umongameli) waqhubekisela phambili i-New Deal. Kamuva amongameli, kusukela kuTruman kuya kuBiden, baqhubeka besebenzisa i-veto njengesheke lomthetho-sisekelo kanye namazwi ezombangazwe.

Izinhlobo Ze - Vetoes

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo uchaza inqubo eyodwa yeveto, umkhuba uye wadala izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene: iveto evamile neveto ephaketheni. ngayinye isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene futhi inemiphumela ehlukene ngeSishaya-Mkhandlu.

IVeto Evamile

I-veto evamile yenzeka lapho uMongameli enqaba ngokusemthethweni isikweleti ngokusibuyisela endlini yoMkhandlu weSishaya-mthetho lapho saqala khona, kanye nenhloko yokuphikisa ("isigijimi"). Icala alinakuba umthetho ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uphinde uyicabangele futhi uvote ukuba uthathe i-veto ngenani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu egumbini ngalinye. Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-veto futhi unike uMkhandlu ithuba lokuphendula.

I - pocket Veto

Iphakethe iveto yenzeka lapho uMongameli engenzi lutho esikweletini izinsuku eziyishumi (izibhicongo ezidlule emaSontoni) kuyilapho uMkhandlu ushiywe ngokufa [ (isibambiso esisemgceni] (isikhawulo ekupheleni kwesimiso). Uma kunjalo, isiphakamiso asisebenzi umthetho, futhi uMkhandlu awukho ukuzama ukudlulisa ngoba awusasebenzi esiqenjini. Ithumba libulala umthetho ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokucela imvume. Umthetho awuchazi uma iSivumelwa ukuba kubekwe izinjongo zephutha. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi i-Congressmenterre ingaba i-odlwctototo ohdroffay. [5] [5] [5]]

I-Line - Item Veto (Incwajana EngokwesiGibhilizo)

Emashumini eminyaka, amongameli bafuna ikhono lokukhipha izivumelwano ezithile ezidingweni eziyimfihlo zokwenza izindleko − a layini-item-veto. Ngo- 1996, uMkhandlu wadlulisa i-Line Leate Veto Act, unika uMongameli igunya lokusula ezinye izinto ezichithwayo nezinzuzo zentela. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela ukuthi lesenzo asihambisani nemithetho Clinton v. City of New York[, ikhipha ukuthi iphule iPaintment Claus of Artition I. Umeotam-m-romesss ihlala ingena ekwabekweni lomongameli, nakuba iziphakaliso zomthetho zegunya lokuthuthukisa.

Inqubo Ye - Veto: Hamba Ngenkani

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka emhubheni wesikhwama kuya e - voto luhilela isimiso esicacile somthetho - sisekelo.

  1. Icala elibekwe yiSishayamthetho: Kokubili iNdlu neSigele kumelwe kudlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo zemali.
  2. [ AKUVULELI UKUBHALA nokwethula: Imali ibhaliwe, isayinwe izikhulu eziphethe zombili amagumbi, futhi idluliselwe kuMongameli.
  3. I-Pradéntial Action: UMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (amaSonto adlule) ukuze enze. Izinketho yilezi: [
    • [[FLT]]] Uphawu[ uqwembe lomthetho.]
    • [[UMTL:0] IVETO ibuye iyibuyisele eSixukwini ngempi.
    • Awuthathi nyathelo: Uma uMkhandlu useqenjini, isaziso siba umthetho ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi ngaphandle kwesignesha kaMongameli. Uma isishaya-mthetho sifa [ phakathi naleyonkathi yosuku oluyishumi, iphakethe leveto lenzeka futhi isikweleti sife.
  4. Ukucabangela okungalawuleki:[[FT:1] Uma kukhishwa, ingcabo ibuyela egumbini eliqalwe. Umyalezo weveto ufundwa, futhi uKhongolo lungahlela ukuvota okungaphezulu. Ukuvota okuphindwe kabili kwesithathu kwalabo abakhona kanye nokuvota (kukhona i-quotom) kuyadingeka egumbini ngalinye.
  5. ukushwabana noma ukuhluleka: Uma womabili amagumbi efeza isilinganiso esidingekayo, igebe liba umthetho phezu kweveto kaMongameli. Uma noma yiliphi igumbi lihluleka, iveto iyama futhi isibeko siyafa.

Inqubo yokuqamba inzima ngamabomu. Njengoba ukusungulwa, cishe ngamaphesenti amane [ amaveto avamile bekungatholakali, kubonisa amandla abalulekile iveto enika uMongameli.

Ukudida Amandla E - Veto

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Iveto iyitshe eliyinhloko lokuhlukanisa amagunya. Iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa qha qha qha ukubusa kwemithetho. UMongameli angavimbela umthetho akholelwa ukuthi awugunyazi, awubuphathi, noma awubuswanga ngokwenzuzo yezwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, leli cebo elicushiwe ligcina igunya eliphethe iSishaya-Mkhandlu, lidala ukucindezeleka okunamandla okubangela ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla.

Iqhinga Lezombangazwe Nokuzifunza

Ngaphandle kwendima yayo engokomthetho-sisekelo, iveto iyithuluzi elinamandla lezombangazwe. kuphela lingahlela umthetho ngaphambi kokuba ufike edeskini likaMongameli. Omongameli basebenzisa usongo lweveto ukuphawula imigqa yabo engezansi, bakhuthaza uMkhandlu ukuba usebenzise izikweletu zemisebenzi ezizosayinwa emthethweni. Le "ukufaka usongo" luyingxenye yenqubo yenqubo yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokuphathwa kwe-Obama, usongo lwe-veto eKeystone XPigline luphoqelele ukuba uxhumanise ulimi nomthetho omkhulu, kuphela ukuba uMongameli agcinele kuyo (kahle nje ubheke izibonelo ezingokomlando).

UVetoes uvumela amongameli ukuba bakhiphe izikhundla ezicacile zenkambiso. I-veto jpt . qhayo esakazwa kabanzi(i-(i-asethi yabaphathi, izimiso ezicacile, futhi ichaze izinto eziza kuqala kubaphathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-veto ingaba yingozi ngokwezombangazwe uma ithathwa njengesithiyo sezentengiselwano noma uma isithiya umthetho othandwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Nemikhuba Yanamuhla

Ubuninzi be-vetoes buye bahlukahluka kakhulu. Omongameli abavela ku-Franklin D. Roosevelt kuya ku-Harry Truman basebenzisa i-vetotos kangamakhulu. Muva nje, amongameli baye basebenzisa i-vetoto kaningi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kukahulumeni kanye nokuphakama kwemithetho yezikhulu. Isibonelo, uMongameli uDonald Trump vento wafaka izikwele eziyishumi esikhathini sakhe esisodwa; uMongameli uJoe Biden, kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2025, uye wasebenzisa isilinganiso esingaka-12. Ukuncipha kwamanani akubonisanga ukuncipha kokubaluleka kwamandla, kodwa. UMongameli uDonald Trump uhlala eyisisongo oluqinisekile lwezenzo zokuhlanganisa i-Ondrence ne-Congressve, ikakhulukazi lapho i-White House ilawulwa izigaba ezihlukene.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zemifino Ephawulekayo

Ukuhlola ama - veto ngokuqondile kucacisa indlela amongameli abaye basebenzisa ngayo leli gunya ekulolongeni isimiso somphakathi nasekuchazeni imibuso yabo.

  • Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto (1832): Jackson waveza umhla ka-Jackson Bank yesibini yase-United States, ephikisa ngokuthi ingcebo egcwele kanye namandla phakathi kwabaphezulu. Iveto yabangela inkinga yezwe yezombangazwe futhi yaba yimpikiswano enkulu kukhetho lwango-1832. Isinyathelo esiwujuqu sikaJackson sandisa incazelo yegunya lomongameli.
  • uAbraham Lincoln's Pocket Veto kaWade-Davis Bill (1864): i-Lincoln yadlulisa isikhwama senkokhelo nge-radical Republicans, eyayifuna amagama alukhuni kakhulu kumazwe angaphambili. Indlela kaLincoln yokuyekelela yanqoba, iqokomisa iveto njengethuluzi lokulawula isikhulu sezempi.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal Vetoes:[ FDR ifake ngaphezu kwemali engu 600, ngokuvamile ukuze imise izindleko zomuntu siqu noma ivikele izinhlelo ze-New Deal. I-veto ye-Revenuce Act ka-1943 (isikhwama sentela) yayingena-343.
  • i-Barack Obama's Veto ye-Keystone XPripe Livine Regivision Act (2015): i-OBAma yafaka isimemo esivumela i-Picestone XL pit-part, iphawula izinkathazo zendawo ezungezile negunya lokuphatha phezu kwemvume yokunqamula i-octal-read. I-Sigeqe se-godule saphelelwa inani elikhulu elidingeka ukuba lithathe isikhundla, likhombisa amandla ka-veto's emthethweni wendawo ephezulu.
  • Donald Trump's Veto of National Emergency Resolution (2029): Trump yakhipha isinqumo esihlangene esasifuna ukuqeda isimemezelo sakhe sesimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe emngceleni oseningizimu. IziKhongolo zehluleka ukuyeka, zikhomba isibonelo esiphawulekayo ngokuphathelene namandla alawulayo esimo esiphuthumayo.
  • Joe Biden's Veto of Congregational Review Act (2023): Izwi lesinqumo elalizosusa umthetho woMnyango Wezisebenzi ekungeniseni imali e-ESG. Iveto yasekelwa, ibonisa ukuzimisela kwesimiso sokusebenza esisekelwe ekuthuthukiseni isimo sezulu.

Veto Engakunaki: Isenzakalo Esinzima

Ukumisa umnyango we-parential witto kudinga izinga elingavamile lokubambisana. Kusukela ngo-1789, uMkhandlu unezinga elingaphansi kuka-2020 000 phakathi kwama-vetoes angu-500. Umnyango wama-350 uphakeme kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma iqembu lomongameli lilawula okungenani igumbi elilodwa. Izenzo ezingakholeki zihlanganisa i-Civil Rights Act ka-1866 (ku-Andrew Johnson’s de de to), iSigqi seMpi soMbuso sika-19797 (kuMvuno-Nixon's ), neJajiniza elimelene nomthetho we-Greaston Shons ka 2016 (kukhulu kukaBack Obama's's deveto). Icala ngalinye libonisa isikhathi lapho umongameli wezombangazwe enomuzwa onamandla kakhulu.

Inqubo yokuhlungwa futhi iqukethe i-procedtural reconformation. Umthetho-sisekelo udinga amavoti amabili-ntathu kuphela kumalungu akhona, uma i-quorerum ikhona. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amalungu angekho angawehlisa ngokuphumelelayo umnyango. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMkhandlu ungahlehlisa ukucabangela umyalezo weveto ngokungenasiphelo, ngokuphumelelayo uvumele iveto ukuba ime ngaphandle kokuvota okungokomthetho.

Ukuphikisana Nokulinganiselwa

Naphezu komlando wayo omude, amandla eveto awawahlulwanga abagxeki. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi iveto inikeza umphathi amandla amaningi kakhulu, yenza umongameli avimbele umthetho osekelwe kakhulu ezisekelweni ezimfashinini ezimngcingo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi konke-noma ukungabikho lutho lweveto okuphoqelela uKhongolo ukuba lwenze amalungiselelo angathandeki okungakhokhwa ukuba athathe izikweleti, ukwazi ukuthi uMongameli kumelwe agwinye yonke iphake noma izingozi. I-metho-iteveto iyaqhubeka ikhuphu, ngokuphikisa kuyosiza ekuqedeni ukuchitha ukuchitha imali, kuyilapho abaphikisi beluxwayisa ngokuthi ingxube incitha amandla empatho yemali.

Okunye ukulinganiselwa yimpikiswano ye-veto . Ulimi lomthetho-mthetho olungacacile ngokuphathelene nokuthumba luye lwaholela ezimpikiswaneni phakathi komongameli noMkhandlu. Umkhuba wanamuhla ulinganisela ithumba eliyithumbu ekubekeni izikhala, kodwa abanye amongameli baye bazama ukuzisebenzisa phakathi nesiqephu se-intra se-sestuation. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zamelana nokusetshenziswa okukhulu okunjalo.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Amandla E - Veto Kwamanye Amazwe

Nakuba i-veto engumongameli wase-U.S. ihlukile, izimiso eziningi zentando yeningi zihlanganisa uhlobo oluthile lwe-veto. Ezimisweni zephalamende (njenge-United Kingdom noma i-Canada), inhloko kahulumeni ayivamile ukuvivinya amandla; isho kakhulu. Ezimisweni zesikhashana njengomongameli njengeFrance, umongameli angathumela umthetho wokuyicabangela futhi kodwa angakwazi ukuwuvimbela ngokuphelele. Amazwe amaningi ase-Latin America anika amongameli i-transcheme-veto igunya lemali ngezimali, futhi abanye bavumela indlu yomthetho ukuba ithathe inombolo yemali eningi elula kakhulu kunenguqulo yase-U. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kungagcizelela amandla ayingqayizivele aseMelika eMelika ukuze ahlolwe amandla aqotho.

Isiphetho

I-veto amandla ahlala ebalulekile, iyingxenye eshukumisayo yesimiso somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Akusona nje inkinobho yokulahla kodwa ithuluzi elinezici eziningi lokubusa elilawulayo elivikela izikhulu ezizimele, futhi lilololonga uhlelo lwemithetho. Ukusuka ku-Andrew Jackson webhange lobushiqela le-veto ukuya ku-veto ukusongela ukulinganisela kohlelo lwemali nesimiso sendawo ezungezile, i-veto iye yaqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza kwayo ehlala njalo. Njengoba leli zwe liqhubeka lihamba ngezombangazwe ezihlukene, ngokungangabazeki i-veto iyohlala iyithuluzi eliyinhloko enqolobaneni yomthetho womthetho wobumongameli we-bukhompulumenterstry.

Kulabo abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho yenziwe kanjani ngempela eWashington, ukutadisha iveto kubalulekile. Yindawo lapho umphathi ayohlangabezana khona nesifiso sombuso sombuso, nalapho abakhi be-flameter behlola futhi belinganisela khona emsebenzini nsuku zonke.