Isingeniso

Uhulumeni wase-United States wakhiwe esimisweni sokuhlukanisa amagunya, uhlukanisa igunya phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo: ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho lungu elilodwa elinamandla anganqandwayo. Nakuba lamagatsha ngokuvamile ebonakala ekude, akha cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngokusuka emoyeni ophefumulayo owenzelwa ukuphepha endaweni yakini, imfundo izingane zakho ziyithola, kanye nesivikelo samalungelo akho ayisisekelo. Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza ngayo nendlela izinqumo zalo ezithinta ngayo isimiso sakho somsebenzi osuzinzile, ukuba ube isakhamuzi. Lesi sihloko sihlola imisebenzi ephawulekayo yegatsha ngalinye futhi sinikeza izibonelo eziqinile zemiphumela yazo yemisebenzi yansuku zonke, sikusiza ukuba uhulumeni ubheke indawo engekhona ukufaneleka okuyisisekelo kodwa njengendlela eyisisekelo ekuphileni kwakho.

Ukubukeza Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Abasunguli be-United States baklama igatsha elinamagatsha amathathu ahlukene ukuze lakhe isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Igatsha lilenza lisebenze ngokulinganayo lenza imithetho, igatsha elihlukanisayo [[ liyivimbela ukuba iqine kakhulu futhi liqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ithathwa ngokucophelela ezinde eziningi. Igatsha ngalinye linegunya lalo elihlukile nemithwalo yemfanelo, kodwa futhi lihlanganisa futhi lihlanganisa elinye igatsha eliye lakwazi ukubekezelela isilinganiso esingaphezulu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Ukunqwabelana kwawo wonke amagunya, izishaya-mthetho, iziphathi, nomthetho, ezandleni ezifanayo... kungabizwa ngokufanele ukuthi yiyo kanye incazelo yobushiqela. – James Madison, Federallist No. 47

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho Ethonya Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Igatsha lemithetho, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Congress, lakhiwa ngamagumbi amabili: iNdlu yabameleli (435 amalungu ahlukaniswa umphakathi) neSigele (amalungu ayikhulu, amabili esizwe ngasinye). ISishaya-ngqungquthela sinomthwalo wokuthatha izicelo, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisa imithetho ebusa isizwe. Ilawula futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, imemezela impi, futhi inikeza ukuqondisa kwegatsha eliphethe. Imithetho ihlanganisa cishe zonke izingxenye zosuku lwakho, kusukela ngesikhathi ovuka ngaso kuze kufike ngesikhathi sokulala kwakho.

Imisebenzi Yegatsha Elisemthethweni

  • Ukwenza umthetho: Iziphakamiso, ukubukeza, nokuvota ezikweletini eziba umthetho kahulumeni.
  • [[INTLA:0] Ukukhipha nokuphamba: inquma ukuthi imali ekhokha isetshenziswa kanjani kwizinhlelo, izisekelo zesakhiwo, nezinkonzo.
  • Incazelo:[ Amalungu oMkhandlu alalela izici ezihlangene futhi asekele izithakazelo zawo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukudlulisa: imisebenzi ye-Pinicess yokuphathwa kwe-Pintellins futhi igcina ukuzwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uzakulandisa.
  • Ukuqinisekisa neSivumelwano seRatiation: ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sivume izivumelwano (imisebenzi yeSante kuphela).

Indlela Igatsha Elisemthethweni Elikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Izinqumo zomphakathi zishintsha isimiso sakho ngezindlela eziningi.

  • Imfundo: i-All Students Receeds Act (ESA) imisa iziqondiso zikahulumeni zemfundo yeK-12, ithonya izindinganiso zezifundo nokuxhasa izikole zomphakathi. Uma i-Congress iphinda ibhale lomthetho, ithinta ngokuqondile imithombo ekhona ekilasini lengane yakho.
  • Ukuvikela: Imithetho enjenge-Affordble Care Act (ACA) inquma ukuba kwakho nomshuwalense wempilo, izivikelelo zezimo zangaphambi kokuba khona, kanye nezimali ezixhasa izimali zezimali ezikhokhelwayo. Izinqumo zemali ye-condstion ye-Medicaid, Medicare, kanye nokucwaninga kwezempilo yomphakathi eNational Institutes of Health.
  • [ Isivikelo se-Consumer: Imithetho enjenge-Consumer Product Safety Reconfice Act elawula ukuphepha kwemikhiqizo oyithengayo, kusukela kwi-crib ku kuya kumaelectronic. UKhomishane umisa imithetho yokubhala amagama okudla kanye nokuphepha kweketango lokudla.
  • [[NT.0] I-Chreat: I-Chrease Air no-cleaner Water Act, kokubili kudluliswa yiKhongolose futhi kamuva kulungiswe, kusungulwe isilinganiso segesi ekhishwayo nezimpawu zezinga eliphezulu lamanzi ezithinta umoya owuphefumulayo namanzi owaphuzayo.
  • Amathekthena: Minyaka yonke, uMkhandlu uhlela izigelekeqe zentela, izikweleti, nezikweleti. Ikhodi lentela linquma ukuthi isheke lakho lomholo liya kuhulumeni kangakanani futhi lithinta izinqumo ezinjengokuthenga ikhaya noma ukonga umhlala phansi.
  • Ukuthutha:[[FTL:1] Isikhwama sentela yomgwaqo omkhulu sokuxhasa ukulungiswa komgwaqo, ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho, nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi. Uma uhamba nsuku zonke, isimo saleyomigwaqo nokutholakala kwesitimela noma amabhasi kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuhleleni i-compuliation appropria.

Njalo lapho ukhokha isikweletu, uthumela ingane yakho esikoleni, noma uvula umpompi, uthola ifa lokumiswa kwemithetho.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukushaya Imithetho Nokunikeza Izinkonzo

Igatsha eliphethe liholwa nguMongameli, okhonza njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi-mphathi. Lihlanganisa futhi uMongameli oyisekela, iminyango yeKhabhinethi (15 kanye nezinye izinhlangano), kanye nezisebenzi zikahulumeni zezisebenzi ezivamile ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Ingxenye eyinhloko yegatsha eliphethe iwukufeza nokuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress. Ngokwenza kanjalo, inikeza ngokuqondile izinkonzo amaMelika athembele kuzo nsuku zonke.

Umtapo womtholalwazi wegatsha eliphethe

  • [ Ukwenziwa kwemithetho:[ izinhlangano zeFoderal zibhala imithetho nezimiso eziphoqelelwe ukuze zifeze umthetho wobuhlanga.
  • [ Izindaba zamazwe angaphandle kanye no-Diplomacy:[ uMongameli uqhuba inkambiso yangaphandle, uxoxa ngezivumelwano, futhi umisa amanxusa.
  • Ukhuselo lwesizwe: Umnyango wokhuselo namabutho ahlomile avikela isizwe ekusongelwani ngaphandle.
  • [ Izinkonzo ze-Public Service:[ Izinhlangano eziphethe ziqondisa izinhlelo ze-Social Security ne-Medica kusesabelweni senhlekelele nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile.
  • [ Izinhlelo kanye nezikhangiso: UMongameli angaqondisa igatsha eliphethe ukuba lenze ngaphakathi komthetho okhona, ukulolonga inkambiso ngaphandle komthetho omusha.

Indlela Igatsha Eliphethe Elikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Igatsha eliphethe lithinta ukuphila kwakho ngokuqondile kunanoma yiliphi elinye igatsha ngezinkonzo elizinikezayo nezimiso eliziphoqelelayo:

  • Ukulondeka okungalawuleki neMedicare: I-Social Security Administration ithumela umhlalaphansi, ukukhubazeka, kanye nezinzuzo ezisindayo ezigidini zaseMelika. Iziko leMedicare & iMedicaid Services zinikeza asebekhulile nabathola imali ephansi. Lezinhlelo zinikeza ukulondeka kwezezimali nezokwelapha emkhayeni wakho.
  • Food Safety and Public Health: I-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ihlola ukuphepha kokudla, izidakamizwa, nemishini yezokwelapha. ICenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ihlola izifo eziqubukayo neziqondiso zempilo. Uma udla esitolo sokudlela noma uphuza imithi egunyaziwe, uthembela kulezi zikhungo.
  • I-Infrastructation Inslactive: Umnyango Wezokuthutha ubekela izimoto izindinganiso zokuphepha, ulondoloza ukulawulwa kwezindiza, futhi unika iminikelo yemisebenzi yemigwaqo emikhulu nesitimela. I-Federal Aviation Administration (FA) iqinisekisa ukuphepha komoya, kuyilapho i-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTA) ilawula izimoto.
  • Isivikelo sobukhoma: i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) iphoqelela umoya ohlanzekile nezindinganiso zamanzi, iqondisa ukuhlanzwa kwemfucumfucu eyingozi, futhi ilawula ukuphepha kwamakhemikhali. Izinga lomoya wakho namanzi kuxhomeke kakhulu ezenzweni ze-EPA.
  • Ukusabela kobuqotho: I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ihlanganisa usizo lwenhlekelele phakathi neziphepho, imililo yequbula, izikhukhula, nezifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Ezikhathini zenhlekelele, igatsha eliphethe linikeza usizo olusindisa ukuphila nezimali zokululama.
  • Isivikelo sezezimali: i-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) imisa imithetho emelene nokubolekisa ngezilwane ezidla inyama, iqinisekisa ukubonakala kwezibambiso namakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, futhi isingatha izikhalo zabathengi. Uma unenkinga ngebhanki noma umkhokhisi wemali, i-CFPB ingangenela.
  • Ukungena ne-CORM: Uturationship neNkonzo yokuHlalisa yase-U.S. (USCIS) kusebenza izisebenziso zevisa, amakhadi aluhlaza, kanye nokuguqula imvelo. Imithetho ne-Fool Province (CBP) ivikela futhi isize ukuhwebelana nokuhamba okungokomthetho.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvakashela epaki lesizwe, uqoqa izintela zakho nge - IRS, noma uthola iphasela elikhishwa i - Postal Service yase - United States, uxhumana negatsha eliphethe.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho Nokuvikela Amalungelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela lineNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni (izinkantolo zamazwe, izinkantolo zezikhalo, nezinkantolo ezikhethekile). Indima yalo eyinhloko ukuchaza umthetho futhi iqinisekise ukuthi uvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Ngamandla okwahlulela, izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula izimiso zomthetho. Leligatsha lisebenza njengomlondolozi wamalungelo abantu ngabanye nomsizi wokugcina wempikiswano engokomthetho.

Imisebenzi Yegatsha Lokwahlulela

  • [ Ukubekwa kwemithetho: izinkantolo zicacisa incazelo yemithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review:[ INkantolo ePhakeme inegunya lokumemezela imithetho noma iziyalezo zezikhulu ezingavumelani ne-progastigation, amandla asungulwe Marbury v. Madison [1803]).
  • Isinqumo: izinkantolo zeFederal zixazulula izingxabano ezihlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni, ukwahlukahluka kwesabelo, noma uMthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo: Izinkantolo ziphoqelela iBhili yamaLungelo nezinye isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo, zivikela abantu kuhulumeni ekuphathweni.
  • [ Ukufakwa kwemithetho ye-Federal: izinkantolo zibukeza izenzo ze-sethi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zivumelana nezimiso ezizenza zikwazi ukwenza nenqubo efanele.

Indlela Igatsha Lokwahlulela Elikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Izinqumo zenkantolo zithonya ukuphila kwakho ngezindlela okungenzeka azicaci ngaso sonke isikhathi:

  • ICIIL Rights and Liberties: Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esinjenge [[FLT:] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (1454] iphele ukuhlukanisa ngokohlanga ezikoleni, kuyilapho Obergecrev v. Hodges [ [2015] [2015] imishado efanayo yeze ngokomthetho. Amanga imanda v. [FLD:][56][196] [ilungelo] usungula amalungelo owawawafunda phakathi nokuboshwa.]
  • Privtacy:[ INkantolo iye yaqaphela ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo elisekela amalungelo okuzala, ukuvimbela inzalo, nemingcele ekuqapheni kukahulumeni. Ikhono lakho lokulawula ulwazi lwakho siqu nezinqumo zokwelapha lixhomeke ezincazelweni zokwahlulela.
  • Ubulungisa obuphethe: izinkantolo zinquma iziqondiso zokugweba, ukungaqiniseki kobufakazi, nezindinganiso zokuqulwa ngokulunga. Uma ukhonza kumajaji, uhlanganyela ngokuqondile emsebenzini waleligatsha.
  • Icala elihlangeneyo namalungelo empahla: mayelana nezivumelwano, imvume, kanye nokuba nendawo kuxazululwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Imithetho yempahla esobala ithinta yonke into kusukela kumculo ogobhozela ku-software oyisebenzisayo.
  • [ Umthetho ongokomfashini nowokuthenga: Izinkantolo zibukeza izinselele eziyalelweni ze-EPA, izinqumo ze-FDA, nemithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Uma inkampani imangalelwa ngokuthengisa umkhiqizo oyingozi, igatsha linquma ukulandisa nokukhokha.
  • Uku-immigtion kanye ne-Asylmu: izinkantolo zeFederal zizwa izikhalo ezivela kubahluleli abafudukayo, ukulolonga ovunyelwe ukuhlala ezweni nangaphansi kwaziphi izimo.

Igatsha lokwahlulela liyindawo yokunqanda eqinisekisa ukuthi zonke ezinye izenzo zikahulumeni zihlala zingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Izivivinyo Nokulinganisela: Indlela Igatsha Elingenela Ngayo

Isimiso samasheke nama-astere sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba libuse. Igatsha ngalinye linemibuso engalinganisela amanye:

  • Ikhomputha ingadlula iveto kamongameli ngenani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu emagumbini womabili.
  • UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa lowoveto.
  • INkantolo ePhakeme ingamemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungaveza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo noma ukumisa imithetho emisha esingatha izikhalo zeNkantolo.
  • UMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise.
  • Ikhonkista ilawula uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali yamagatsha aphethe nahluleli, ithonya imisebenzi yawo.
  • [[INDAWO:0] Indlu ingabiza uMongameli noma amajaji kahulumeni , futhi iSigele singabopha futhi sibasuse.

Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ebekwe yisiKhongolo-mfuyo iphoqelelwa kahle futhi ichazwe kahle. Kusho futhi ukuthi ukushintsha kwenqubo ofuna ukuyenza kungadinga ukuthatha isinyathelo emagatsheni amaningi(isikhumbuzo) sokuthi isithembiso somphakathi kumelwe sibe sesici esihlukene.

Izindlela Zokuhlanganyela Negatsha Ngalinye

Ukuqonda indlela amagatsha akuthinta ngayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala, esesibili sihlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi, nazi izindlela eziwusizo zokuzwisa izwi lakho egatsheni ngalinye:

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Elingokomthetho

  • Izethulo kukhetho zendlu nezigele. Ibhola lakho linquma ngokuqondile ukuthi ngubani omele wena eSixukwini.
  • Hlanganisa abameleli bakho nama-senator ngocingo, i-imeyili, noma uhlamvu olusho imibono yakho ngomthetho osele ukhona.
  • amahholo asemadolobheni athenwayo kanye nomphakathi ukubuza imibuzo nokuxoxa ngezindaba.
  • izinkulumo zomphakathi ezithi [ ezikweletini nasemehlweni amakomiti (eziningi zivulekele umphakathi).
  • Paricipate emaqenjini okuphatha [ ekhuthaza i-Conse Congress ezihlokweni ezithile ezinjengokunakekela impilo, imfundo, noma indawo ezungezile.

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Eliphethe

  • Comment shoboted system ngesimiso sokubusa sezwe e iziyalezo.gov. Wonke umthetho ohlongozwayo ovela kwizinhlangano ezinjenge-EPA, FDA, neDOT kumelwe wamukele ukufakwa komphakathi ngaphambi kokuba ube ukuphela.
  • Paricipate kukhetho lukamongameli nezikhulu ezimisayo ukukhetha umphathi omkhulu.
  • Hlanganisa nendlu emhlophe [ ngewebhusayithi yayo noma umugqa wocingo ukuze uxoxe ngezinkinga zakho.
  • Ifuna imisebenzi kahulumeni noma isebenza kumakomiti okulungisa ukuhlelwa kwenqubo ngaphakathi.
  • Lungisa izinkonzo zikahulumeni futhi unikeze inzuzo embonini.

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Lokwahlulela

  • Ukukhonza kumajaji uma ibizwa. Lena ngenye yezindlela eziqondile kakhulu zokuhlanganyela esimisweni sokwahlulela.
  • I-File imecus curiae (umngane wenkantolo) amafishane [ uma wena noma inhlangano yakho inolwazi oluvumelana necala (ngokuvamile elenziwe ngokumelelwa okungokomthetho).
  • Landela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme bese uxoxa ngazo emphakathini wakini. Umbono womphakathi ungathonya ukumiswa kokwahlulela esikhathini esizayo nokusabela kwemithetho.
  • Izinhlangano ezikhankasela amalungelo omphakathi noma ezinye izimbangela zokukhathalela, njenge-ACLU, iNaACP Evolution Infecument, noma i-Institut for Justice.
  • [ Gqoka ungazi lutho [ ngesiqiniseko sokwahlulela futhi uthintane nama-senator akho ukuze uveze imibono yakho kuma-mine.

Isiphetho

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni wase-U.S. awakho kude. Akhona ekudleni okudlayo, emoyeni owuphefumulayo, imigwaqo ohamba ngayo, izikole izingane zakho ezikhona, nenkululeko onayo. Igatsha lomthetho libhala imithetho emisa imithetho nezinhlelo zokuxhasa; igatsha eliphethe linikeza izinkonzo futhi libophe leyomithetho; igatsha lokwahlulela livikela amalungelo akho futhi lichaze uhlelo olungokomthetho olubusa yonke into. Ngokuqonda imisebenzi ehlukile yegatsha ngalinye, futhi izindlela zokuhlolana . Ukuba uvote, ukhulume ngemithetho, ukhonza ejaji, noma uthintane nabameleli bakho, uqinisa isimiso sentando yentando yeningi. Uhulumeni uklanyelwe ukukhonza abantu, futhi uyaqhubeka uqinisekisa ukuthi indima yabo iyaqhubeka.

[ ukuze uqhubeke ufunda, hlola imithombo esemthethweni: