Indlela Ingqungquthela Esebenza Ngayo Nesizathu Sokuba Ibaluleke Kuwe

I-United States Congress ingenye yezindikimba zemithetho ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, iguqula imithetho nezimiso ezithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Kusukela ezintela ozikhokhayo ozikhokhayo ngokwezempilo ozamukelayo, kusukela emigwaqweni oya ezilinganisweni zokhuseleko ezivikelayo, iKhongolo ifeza indima eyinhloko ekunqumeni ukuthi isizwe sethu sisebenza kanjani. Ukuqonda indlela uKhongolo lusebenza ngayo akusona nje isici semfundo yemfundo kuphela.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uyokuqondisa kule nqubo, izinqubo, nokubaluleka koMkhandlu, akunikeze ulwazi oludingayo ukuze uqonde futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yezombangazwe yaseMelika.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sezishaya - mthetho

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza wonke amandla omthetho eSishaya-mthetho: Indlu yabameleli neSigebengu esiwumphumela "Wokuhlehla Okukhulu" ukufuna ukulinganisela imiphumela yezikhulu ezidumile nezithakazelo zezwe. Lomklamo oyisisekelo ubonisa ukucabangela ngokucophelela kwabahleli bezakhiwo ukuthi bangakha kanjani indikimba yemithetho engamelela kokubili abantu ngokuqondile nemibuso njengezinhlangano ezizimele.

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo bayazi ukuthi kubalulekile ukuvikela amazwe amancane e-Union esanda kwakhiwa ukuba angasithwa yizihlobo zawo ezinabantu abaningi. Babethemba ukuthi ngokuhlukanisa amandla omthetho phakathi kwezindlu ezimbili, babezokwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zazo zonke izifunda zimelelwa ngendlela efanayo. EMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo ka - 1787, izihambeli zaseConnecticut zahlongoza ukuba izihlalo eNdlu zisekelwe ezakhamuzini, kuyilapho izihlalo zeSishaya-gele zabelo zabelwa isifunda ngasinye.

Lesi sakhiwo se-badaral sifeza izinjongo eziningi ngaphandle nje kokulinganisela isifundazwe nenzuzo yomphakathi. Sidala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ngaphakathi kwegatsha lomthetho ngokwalo, sidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ukuze kudlule umthetho. Sinikeza futhi imibono ehlukene ezindabeni zezimiso, nendlu eklanyelwe ukuba iphendule ngokwengeziwe emizweni esheshayo yomphakathi neSigele esihlelwe ukuba sinikeze ukucatshangelwa okwengeziwe komthetho, isikhathi eside.

Izakhiwo Zomkhandlu: Izigungu Ezimbili, Indima Ezihlukene

Indlu yabameleli: Isigungu sabantu

Inani labameleli bokuvota eNdlu limiswa umthetho ungekho kuma 435, ngokwesilinganiso limelela inani labantu abavela ezifundazweni ezingu-50. Lokhu kumelelwa kwenani labantu kusho ukuthi kunabantu abengeziwe abameleli, kuyilapho amazwe amancane anabambalwa. Umbuso ngamunye unommeleli oyedwa eSishaya - mthetho.

Isimiso sethu njengamanje sinikeza ihhovisi elithatha iminyaka emibili lamalungu endlu ukusuka ezifundeni ezingu-45 ezisekelwe kumphakathi. Lamagama amafushane aklanyelwe ukugcina abameleli behlangene eduze nabantu abawamele. Kumelwe bagijima befuna isikhundla njalo futhi ngokuvamile bamelele abantu abambalwa. Lokhu kulandisa okuvamile kubantu abavoti kwenza ukuba iNdlu ithathe indinganiso enkulu ekushintsheni umbono womphakathi nasezinkathazweni zamanje.

Ukuze akhethwe, ummeleli kumelwe abe neminyaka engu-25, isakhamuzi sase-United States okungenani iminyaka engu-7 nowakhe kulelozwe ayimelelayo. Lezi zimfuneko ezilinganiselwe zibonisa inhloso yabasunguli yokuthi iNdlu kufanele ifinyeleleke ezindaweni eziningi futhi ixhunyiwe kakhulu kubantu.

Ngalé kwamalungu angu - 435 okuvota, kunezinye izihambeli ezinhlanu ezimelela iSifunda saseColumbia, iZiQhingi iVirgin, iGuam, iSamoa, neCommonwealth yaseNyakatho yeziqhingini zaseMariana. Ikhomishane yakhona imelela iPuerto Rico. Nakuba lezi zihambeli zingahlanganyela emsebenzini wekomiti nasezimpikiswaneni zaphansi, azikwazi ukuvota lapho indlu igcwele isesiqenjini.

ISigele: Umzimba Onesizotha

ISigele sithatha indlela ehluke kakhulu ekumeleni. ISigele simelela izifunda ezimbili, ezinezimemezelo ezimbili esifundazweni ngasinye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iWyom, enabantu abangaphansi kuka-60 000, inenani elifanayo lamanxusa anjenge California, nezakhamuzi ezicishe zibe izigidi ezingu-40.

KuyiSigele, abavoti bombuso ngamunye bakhetha amaSenator amabili, akhonza amagama aneminyaka eyisithupha ahambisanayo (njengalawo kuphela ayingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yegumbi alungele ukukhethwa kunoma yimuphi umjikelezo wokhetho). Lesi simiso esishaqisayo sokukhetha sakha lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "umzimba ozinzileyo," okusho iSigele asiphenduki ngokuphelele kanye kanye. Lesi sakhiwo sithuthukisa ukuhleleka futhi sivumela ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe nobudlelwane obude.

I-Snenator kumelwe ukuba ineminyaka engama-30 okungenani, ibe isakhamuzi sase-United States iminyaka engu-9, futhi lapho ikhethwa, iba isakhamuzi sombuso i-Senator ekhethelwa wona. Igama lehhovisi liyiminyaka eyisithupha nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zamalungu eSigele zikhethwa njalo ngonyaka wesibili. Imfuneko ephakeme yeminyaka nemfuneko yesizwe ende ibonisa umbono wabasunguli beSigele njengelungu elinolwazi oluqinile, elinomthetho wenkululeko.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Endleleni Izigungu Ezisebenza Ngayo

Ngenxa yokuthi igumbi ngalinye linegunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokuzenzela imithetho yalo, iNdlu neSigele ziye zasungula izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokuhlela imithetho, mhlawumbe ezisuka ngokwengxenye ekuhlukaneni kwazo komthetho-mthetho. Ngokuvamile, imithetho nemikhuba yendlu kuvumela iningi ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezimiso, kuvumela ukucubungula ngezenzo ezisheshayo, njengoba kunikeza abahlaziyi ngabanye inzuzo ephawulekayo.

Kuleyo House, uSpeaker unamandla amakhulu kuhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho. USweinger uphethe ikhalenda (iziphi izikweleti eziphikiswanayo futhi uma kwenzeka) futhi uthonya i House Rules Committee ekunqumeni umthetho ozocatshangelwa. Lokhu kulawula okuyinhloko kuvumela iningi ukuba liqhubele phambili phambili ngokunempumelelo.

KuyiSigele esisebenza ngendlela ehlukile. ESigeqeni, abaholi abaningi nabambalwa ngokuvamile basebenza ndawonye ekuthintaneni nawo wonke amalungu ukuze banqume lesi simiso. Abasekeni ngabanye banamandla amakhulu okuthonya izenzakalo, kuhlanganise nekhono lomthetho we-produabuster noma indawo ebambelele ekuhlolweni.

Amandla Aphelele: Lokho Isigungu Ngasinye Esikwenzayo Sisodwa

Amandla Endlu Kuphela

Indlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wemali, futhi kuphela iSigele esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano ezivumayo. Leligunya ezikweletini zemali, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi "igunya lesikhwama semali," linikeza i House ithonya elikhulu esimisweni semali. Zonke izikweleti ezihlobene nentela kumelwe ziqale eNdlu, nakuba iSigele singahlongoza ukulungisa.

Indlu inamandla okungamangalela (ngokunye ukumangalela) kuyilapho iSigele sizama ukusola. Ngokuyisisekelo ukusola kuyicala − iNdlu inquma ukuthi bukhona yini ubufakazi obanele bokuletha amacala kumphathi kahulumeni. Uma indlu ivotela ukulahla, indaba ibhekisa eSigele ukuba iqulwe icala.

Indlu futhi inezinga elingavamile kodwa elibalulekile kukhetho lomongameli. Uma kungekho sinqumo e-Electoral College, i House kufanele ikhethe uMongameli. Ezimweni ezinjalo, abameleli bombuso ngamunye bathola ivoti eyodwa, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bombuso.

Amandla Ombuso Ozihambelayo Kuphela

ISigele sinamandla okuphela okuqhuba ukuqulwa kwecala, ngokuyinhloko kusebenza njengejaji nokwahlulela. Iningi eliyisithathu lidingeka ukuze liboshwe futhi likhiphe isikhulu ehhovisi, lenze ukuba kususwe ibhande eliphezulu.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla okuvuma, ngevoti ephindwe kabili, ngezivumelwano ezenziwa igatsha eliphethe. ISigele siye senqaba uma kuqhathaniswa amakhulu ezivumelwano esiye sazicabangela, nakuba abaningi beye bafa emakomitini noma bakhishwa umongameli. Lombuso unikeza ithonya eliphawulekayo leSigele phezu kwesimiso sakwamanye amazwe.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza umongameli "uzakumisa, futhi ngeSiluleko nangokuvumelana kweSigele, uzakumisa amanxusa, ezinye izikhonzi zomphakathi, izikhulu zeNkantolo ePhakeme, nabo bonke abanye abaphathi be-Edvince" iSigele siye sawalondoloza amandla aso ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba sibukeze futhi siwavumele noma silahle abamiselwe ukuba babe abaphathi besikhulu nomthetho wegatsha. Lokhu kugunyaza kudlulela kubaphathi beKhamplista, abahluleli bombuso, amanxusa, amanxusa, nezinye izikhundla eziningi zezesikhundla eziphezulu.

Indlela Ibhuloho Eliba Ngayo Umthetho: Inqubo Yomthetho

Ukusungulwa Nokuthunyelwa

Imithetho iqala njengemibono. Okokuqala, ummeleli uxhasa umthetho. Noma iliphi ilungu leSishaya-mthetho lingamisa umthetho, nakuba le nqubo ihluka kancane phakathi kwamagumbi. U-Brils owenziwe endlu wabelwe inombolo ye-"H.R" nemali yezindleko ezaziswa eSigeqeni inikezwa inombolo ye-"S".

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe, umsebenzi omkhulu uvame ukuqalwa ungekho emasimini. Ngemva kwezingxoxo ezinzulu nomphathi wesigele noma ummeleli nezisebenzi zabo, kulungiselelwa umthetho ongokomthetho ukuze kuqalwe. Lokhu kulungiselela kuhilela ukuxoxa nochwepheshe, amaqembu anenzalo, abaxhasi, nabanye ababosheli bezimali.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti: Lapho Umsebenzi Oningi Wenzeka Khona

Mhlawumbe ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubo yomthetho yisenzo samakomiti. Amakomiti acabangela kakhulu isilinganiso esisikiselwe kanye ne-courum lapho umphakathi unikezwa khona ithuba lokuzwa. Uma seyathi yaziswa, isikweleti sibe sesabelwe ikomiti yokutadisha.

Kukhona amakomiti amile angamashumi amabili manje eNdlu, nangu-16 eSigele kanye namakomiti amaningana akhethiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamakomiti amane ahlangene anezindlu ezimbili, anemithwalo yemfanelo yobubonisi kodwa angenagunya lokulawula imithetho. Ikomiti ngayinye iphethe izindawo ezithile zezimiso, njengezolimo, izinkonzo zezikhali, noma amajaji.

Wonke amakomiti abekwa isihlalo yilungu leqembu elikhulu, nakuba izihlalo zivame ukusebenza eduze nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti, ilungu elikhulu kunawo wonke leqembu elincane ekomitini. Cishe kuzo zonke izimo, isilinganiso seqembu leqembu elivamile kumalungu eqembu elincane ekomitini cishe sibonisa isilinganiso esiphelele somphakathi egumbini le-conomist.

AmaKomiti anezinketho eziningana lapho ehlola isikweleti. Angathumela isikweleti phansi ngaphandle koshintsho, enze izinguquko futhi asithumele, noma abhale isikhokhelo (wezinye amagama), angenzi lutho futhi isambathi sife ngokuphumelelayo kuleso simiso. Akuzona zonke izikweleti ezaziswa eSivumelwaneni ezivotela wonke amalungu eSishaya-mthetho. Izikweletu eziningi zifika esitejini sekomiti kuphela.

AmaKomiti ahlola izindleko zocwaningo nokuhlolwa kwazo angase abize ochwepheshe ukuba bafakazele lapho kuqulwa icala phambi kwekomiti.

Ukucabangela Nokukhulisa Izinto Ezinhle

Uma ikhululwa yikomiti, izimali zifakwa ekhalendeni ukuze zivotelwe, ziphikiswane noma zilungiswe. Uma isaziso sidlula ngeningi (218 kubantu 435), inqubo yengxoxo yesitezi idlulela eSigeqeni. Ingxoxo yesitezi iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi, nendlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yesikhathi futhi iSigele sivumela ukuba kube nempikiswano ebanzi.

Uma igatsha elilodwa leSishaya-mthetho lidlulisa leli cala, liphinde lidlulele kwelinye igatsha lesishaya - mthetho. UBill uphinde adlule kule nqubo ngenhla egatsheni lesibili leSishaya-mthetho. Phakathi nayo yonke le nqubo iyaqiniswa futhi kwenziwa izinguquko ezikwelebhulweni ekomitini nasesitezini seSigele nendlu.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Ukumiswa komthetho ngaso sonke isikhathi kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokohlobo olufanayo ngaphambi kokuba anikeze imvume kuMongameli. Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinqubo ezihlukene zesivumelwano, ukungezwani kumelwe kuxazululwe. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngekomiti yengqungquthela, lapho amalungu asemagumbini womabili exoxa khona ngenguquko ehlehliweyo.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma isikweleti sidluliswa kokubili eSigele naseNdlu, siya kuMongameli. Uma uMongameli esayina isaziso, siba umthetho, futhi kungaba umthetho uma uMongameli engasayini izinsuku eziyishumi. Uma uMongameli ekhipha isikweleti, sibuyela eSivumelwaneni.

Uma umongameli enqaba (imali) ingenzeka, ingaba umthetho uma izigebengu ezimbili-ntathu zeSigele nezimbili-ntathu zendlu khona - ke ukuvota kuvuna lomthetho. Lokhu kulawula kunzima ukukufeza, kudinga ukusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan. Njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho umiswe phezu komongameli, iSishaya-Mkhandlu kumelwe sifake isikhundla sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo.

Iqiniso: Kuyacatshangelwa ukuthi inqubo ihamba njalo

Inqubo yokuba izindleko zibe umthetho ayivamile ukufinyelelwa futhi ingahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwezivumelwano. Eqinisweni, uma kunezikweletu eziningi, lenqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwezigaba ezivame ukuqondwa njengenqubo yomthetho. Ezinye izikweleti zihamba ngokushesha kuzo zombili izintambo ngokusekela okukhulu, kuyilapho ezinye zisebugqini iminyaka eminingi. Umthetho omkhulu uhlanganisa izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukulungisa, kanye nokulawula okungathatha izinyanga noma ngisho neminyaka ukuxazulula.

Indima Yamakomiti Engqungquthela

AmaKomiti avame ukuchazwa ngokuthi amahhashi asebenzayo eSishaya - mthetho, futhi ngesizathu esihle. amalungu amakomiti nezisebenzi bagxila kakhulu esikhathini sabo ekubhaleni nasekucabangeleni izihlongozo zomthetho, kodwa amakomiti ahlanganyela kweminye imisebenzi, futhi. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela uKhongolo-kamende ukuba ahlukanise umsebenzi walo omkhulu ube izicucu ezikwazi ukuphatha, futhi amalungu athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso.

Izinhlobo Zamakomiti

I-Congress yakhiwa amakomiti amile futhi ikhethwa amakomiti. Ngokuvamile, amakomiti amile anamandla okuveza umthetho ezingxenyeni zawo ezikhethekile zesifunda, njengokubhala intela noma iziphakamiso. Amakomiti okukhetha, njengeSigele Esikhethekile seKomiti yokuguga, ngokuyinhloko asekela ukukhula.

Amakomiti amaningi aye anikeza izibopho ezithile ezingaphansi kwegunya lawo ezikhundleni ezingaphansi kwekomiti, ezimsebenzi wazo uwukuhlaziya indaba ngayinye futhi ekugcineni enze ukutusa ekomitini yawo ewumzali (noma ikomiti egcwele, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa kanjalo). Lokhu kubekwa kabusha okuqhubekayo kuvumela ukuba kuhlolwe ngisho nangokwengeziwe izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yekomiti

Ngaphandle kokumiswa, amakomiti anendima ebalulekile yokuqondisa. Uma umthetho usumisiwe, uMkhandlu unelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza ukumiswa kwezimiso, futhi amakomiti awo ahola kulomzamo. Zombili izikhundla zinikeza amakomiti awo amandla abalulekile nenkululeko yokuqondisa nokuhlola imibuzo yezimiso zomphakathi kanye nemiphumela yayo.

UKhomishane uye wenza uphenyo lwezehlakalo egatsheni eliphethe igatsha, futhi kwezinye izindawo emphakathini waseMelika (kusukela ngo - 1792). Isidingo sokuphenya kwengqungquthela siseyisici esibucayi sokuvimbela uhulumeni nokufundisa umphakathi. Ngokuzwa, ngokuhlola, nangemibiko, amakomiti ahlola indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho futhi zikhokhele intela yamaRandi.

Ithonya Lobuholi Beqembu

Isenzo somthetho sihlelwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egunjini ngalinye, abaye bakhethwa amalungu e-caucus yabo siqu. Laba baholi bafeza izindima ezibalulekile ekumiseni uhlelo lwemithetho, ukuhlela, nokwakha imifelandawonye ukuze kubekwe umthetho.

E House, iSpeaker ingumahamba phambili. USpeaker ukhethwa yindlu yonke kodwa uvame ukuba umholi weqembu elikhulu. Ezinye izikhundla eziyinhloko zobuholi zihlanganisa uMholi weMajorith, uMholi we-Minority, neziswebhu zeqembu elisiza ekubaleni amavoti nokuncenga amalungu ukuba asekele isikhundla seqembu lawo.

ISigele sinesimiso esihlukile sobuholi. Umongameli ongumongameli wase-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele kodwa akuvamile ukuba engamele izinqumo. ISigele sikhetha uMongameli u-Pro Tempore, ngokuvamile oyilungu leqembu leningi elithatha isikhathi eside kunawo wonke. Umbuso wangempela eSigeqeni uxhomeke kuMholi weSigele noMholi we-Minoria, oxoxa ngokumisa izinqumo zegumbi.

Indima kaMongameli Enqubweni Yomthetho

Nakuba iSishaya - mthetho siphethe amandla okushaya umthetho, uMongameli unendima enkulu ekulolongeni umthetho. UMongameli utusa uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi uvame ukusikisela umthetho.

Abaholi bavame ukusebenza eduze nabaholi bobungqungquthela beqembu labo ukuze bathuthukise izintambo zabo eziphambili. Bangase bahlongoze izikweletu ezithile, amalungu anxusayo eSishaya - mthetho, benza izinxulumano zomphakathi ukuze bakhe ukusekela izikhundla zabo, futhi basongele ukuthonya okuqukethwe umthetho. Ubuhlobo phakathi kukaMongameli noKhongolo buthinta kakhulu lokho umthetho ongase udlule, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula iWhite House kanye negumbi elilodwa noma zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu.

Izinhlobo Zomthetho Zicabangela

UKhongolose usebenza ngezinhlobo eziningana zomthetho, ngayinye ifeza izinjongo ezihlukene:

Umthetho ogunyaza uhlelo olusha lukahulumeni, unweba ukuphila kwezinhlelo ezikhona manje, noma ukudlulisa izikweleti zemali ezikhokhwayo zezinhlelo ezithile zikahulumeni. Ngokungafani nokugunyaza umthetho owenziwe iminyaka emithathu noma ngaphezulu, izivumelwano zemithetho kumelwe zibekwe emthethweni unyaka ngamunye. Eqinisweni, unyaka ngamunye, i-Congress kumelwe idlulise izindleko ezingu-13 zokugcinwa kweminyango nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Umthetho wokwaziswa uqinisekisa izinga elithile lezinzuzo kubantu abahlangabezana nezimfuneko ezisemthethweni ezimiswe umthetho, njengeMidiyare, iMididi nayizinhlelo zabafundi ababolekwayo basekolishi. Izinhlelo zokuboleka imali azidingi ukuphinde zivunyelwe, futhi azidingi ukuhlelwa kwaminyaka yonke. Lezinhlelo zisebenza kumshayeli ozisebenzelayo, ngokusebenzisa imithetho elinganiselweyo kunokusebenzisa izinqumo zaminyaka yonke.

Okwenza Ingqungquthela Ibaluleke Ekuphileni Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Izinqumo zoMkhandlu zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, ngokuvamile ngezindlela ezingacaci ngokushesha. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlangana kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani ukuhlangana kubaluleke kakhulu nokuthi kungani ukuthembisana komphakathi kubalulekile.

Ithonya Lezomnotho Nelezimali

Umthetho wenhlangano ulawula imali esetshenziswayo nentela kahulumeni, wenze izinqumo ezithinta isikhwama sakho semali ngokuqondile. Izinga lentela okhokhayo, izikweleti ongazikhokha, kanye nezikweleti ozitholayo zonke zivela ekwakheni umthetho wenhlangano.

Ngegunya laso lokunikeza iziphakamiso, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zezimali, zinquma imali esetshenziswa kwezempi, zihlela imali yokucwaninga ngesayensi, futhi zisekela izinhlelo ezisukela emapaki esizwe kuya ekuhloleni ukudla. Lezi zinqumo ezixhaswa ngemali zithinta izimakethe zemisebenzi, intuthuko yezomnotho nezinkonzo ezikhona ezakhamuzini.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nezinhlelo Zomphakathi

Izinhlelo ezinkulu zokunakekela impilo njenge-Medicare ne-Medicaid zikhona ngenxa yomthetho we-cononication. ISishaya-mthetho sinquma izimfuneko ezifanele, amazinga azuzisayo, nokuxhasa imali kulezinhlelo. Umthetho uthinta umshuwalense wempilo, amanani emithi kadokotela, ukuxhasa ezokwelapha, kanye nezinyathelo zempilo zomphakathi zonke ezigeleza ngeKhomishane.

I-Social Security, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, izinhlelo zosizo lokudla, kanye nezinzuzo zonokuhlangenwe nakho konke kuthonywe yizinqumo zomphakathi. Ukushintshela kulezinhlelo kungathinta ngokuphawulekayo ukulondeka okungokwezimali nezinga lokuphila lezigidi zamaMelika.

Imfundo Namathuba

Isimiso semfundo kazwelonke, kusukela ezindinganisweni zeK-12 kuya ezinsizweni zezezimali zasekolishi, sinqunywa yiSishaya-mthetho. Izinhlelo zabafundi zokuboleka imali, uPall Grants, ukucwaninga ngemali exhasa amayunivesithi, nokusekela izifunda ezifundani zendawo konke kuxhomeke ekwakheni umthetho wenhlangano nasemithethweni. Lezi zinqumo zithinta amathuba emfundo kanye nomthwalo wezikweletu zabafundi kubantu abayizigidi zaseMelika.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle

I-Constitution inikeza iKhongolose okuwukuphela kwamandla okumemezela impi. UMkhandlu uye wamemezela impi ngezikhathi ezingu - 11, kuhlanganise nokumemezela kwawo kokuqala impi neGreat Britain ngo - 1812. ISishaya - mthetho savuma ukumemezela kwayo impi okusemthethweni phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yavuma ukunquma ukugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi futhi iyaqhubeka ihlela isimiso sezempi sase-U.S. ngokukhipha nokuqondisa.

Ngalé kwemibuso yempi, iziKhomishane zithonya ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yangaphandle ngokulawula kwayo izimali zoMnyango woMnyango woMbuso, ukugunyazwa kwezindawo zangaphandle, kanye namandla esivumelwano seSigele sokuhlukanisa. Umbuso wobuKhomishane wokwengamela izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha nemisebenzi yezempi unikeza ikheli ekwakheni amandla okulawula ezindabeni zezokuphepha zesizwe.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Nomthetho Wamandla

Imithetho evikela umoya namanzi, ukulawula ukungcola, ukulondoloza amazwe omphakathi, nokulungisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu isuka eMkhandlwini. Isimiso samandla, kuhlanganise nokusekela amandla avuselelwayo, ugesi, nokwakheka kwegesi, kumi ngemithetho ye-conoration. Lezi zinqumo zithinta impilo yomphakathi, imithombo yemvelo, kanye nokugcinwa kwendawo esizungezile isikhathi eside.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nobulungisa

Umthetho weSishaya-mthetho weSishaya-mthetho uye wasiza ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omphakathi, kusukela eMthethweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi kuya eMelika ophethe uMthetho Wokukhubazeka. Imithetho ethinta amalungelo okuvota, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, ukwahlulela ngokungemthetho, kanye nethuba elifanayo lonke eligeleza ngeSishayamthetho. Ukwakhiwa kwejaji lesizwe kulolongwa amandla eSigebeqe agunyaza okwahlulela.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nomhlangano

Ukuqonda indlela uKhongolose asebenza ngayo kumane kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Ukuba izakhamuzi ezikhuthele kudinga ukubophana nenqubo yomthetho.

Ukusakaza: Isisekelo Somfanekiso

Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthonya uKhongolo-kahulumeni ukuvota. Njalo eminyakeni emibili, zonke izihlalo zendlu nezihlalo zeSigele zibekwa ekukhetheni. Lo khetho lunquma ukuthi ubani omele wena eSikhungweni soMkhandlu nokuthi iliphi iqembu elilawula igumbi ngalinye. Izikhundla zokucwaninga, amarekhodi okuvota, nezinto eziza kuqala zikusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezihambisana nezindinganiso zakho nezithakazelo.

Ukhetho oluyinhloko lubaluleke kakhulu ngoba lunquma ukuthi obani abazokhethwa abavela ebhokisini lokhetho. Ezifundeni eziningi nasezindaweni eziningi, oyinhloko onqumayo ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi uphumelele, okwenza ukuhlanganyela ezindlini eziphezulu kube okubalulekile ekuklanyweni.

Ukuxhumana Nabameleli Bakho

Amalungu e-Congress afuna ukuzwa kulawo amelelwayo. Ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho noma abasizi kungathonya izikhundla zabo namavoti. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo noMkhandlu kuhlanganisa:

• Izingcingo ze-Phone:[ Amahhovisi okushaya izingcingo angenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu ukwenza izwi lakho lizweke. Amalungu asebenza nge-staff alandela izingcingo futhi abikela ilungu ukuthambekela.
• Iposi:[ ileta nama-imeyili kukuvumela ukuba uchaze ukuma kwakho ngokuningiliziwe. Yiba oqondile ngenkinga, uchaze kahle ukuma kwakho, futhi uchaze ukuthi kukuthinta kanjani wena siqu.
• amahholo e-Towen kanye nemihlangano yomphakathi:[ amalungu amaningi aba nemihlangano yehholo lasedolobheni ezifundeni zawo lapho abaxhasi bengabuza khona imibuzo futhi baveze khona ukukhathazeka.
• [ Ukuhambela komsebenzi womsebenzi:[ Ukuhlangana nommeleli wakho noma izisebenzi zabo, kungaba eWashington noma emahhovisi esigodi, kungaba ngcono kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlelwe njengengxenye yeqembu.

Ukuhlala Nginolwazi Ngezinkinga Zomthetho

Ukuqapha okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqonda lokho okucatshangelwa uMkhandlu nendlela umthetho ongakuthinta ngayo wena nomphakathi wakho.

• .gov: Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngezimali, amarekhodi okuvota, imisebenzi yekomiti, nenqubo yokushaya umthetho.
• [ Iwebhusayithi ye-Conal: Ilungu ngalinye ligcina iwebhusayithi enokwaziswa okuphathelene nezikhundla zalo, izabelo zamakomiti, nemisebenzi yemithetho.
• imithombo: Ilandela izikhalo zezindaba ezinedumela elihle ezihlanganisa isenzo sobuhlanga kukusiza ukuba uqonde umongo kanye nemiphumela yezinkulumo zomthetho.
• Izinhlangano ezicacisiwe:[ Amaqembu agxile kolunye uhlelo ngokuvamile anikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwemithetho ehlobene namathuba okuqamba.

Izimpande Ezintekenteke Nokuzihlela

Kubalulekile ukuba umuntu ngamunye akhulume, kodwa ukuqapha okuhleliwe kungenza luphumelele nakakhulu. Ukuzihlanganisa nabanye abasho izinto ezikukhathazayo kukwenza uzizwe ungcono. Lokhu kungase kuhilele:

• Ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zokusekela izikhundla ezikhuthaza uKhongolose ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo
• Ukuhlela imikhankaso yokubhala izinhlamvu noma amabhange ocingo ukuze kuvezwe ukuxhumana okuhlangene
• Ukuya emibuthanweni noma imibhikisho ukuze kuboniswe ukusekela komphakathi noma ukuphikisa umthetho
• Ukusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze kubhekwe njengokuqashelwa ngezinkinga futhi kukhuthaze abanye ukuba bathintane nabameleli babo
• Ukufakazela ukuqulwa kwecala kwamaqembu lapho kuvela amathuba

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Nemikhankaso

Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingasekela abazozuza izindinganiso ezifana nezazo ngokuvota ngokuzithandela emikhankasweni, ngokwenza iminikelo, noma ukusiza ngokubhalisa umvoti nemizamo yokubuya. Ukuhileleka komkhankaso kunikeza amathuba okulungisa izikhundla zabazohlolwa nokwakha ubuhlobo namalungu esikhathi esizayo eSishaya-Mkhandlu.

Ukuqonda Izinkinga Zezishayabhuqe Zezingqungquthela

Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilindele izinto ezingokoqobo futhi zibone amathuba okuthuthukisa.

Ukuhlukanisa Nokuthambisa Ilanga

Ukwanda kokuhlukana kwabantu kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Amalungu ngokuvamile abhekana nokucindezela kweqembu lawo ukuba athathe izikhundla eziqinile, okwenza ukubambisana kwebhipartisan kube yinselele. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezwe kungaholela ekunqandeni inqubo, lapho umthetho obalulekile unqanda khona ngoba akukho mkhandlu ongaqoqa amavoti adingekayo ukuze uphumelele.

Nokho, ukubambisana kwe-bipartisan kusaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezingathathi hlangothi ezimcimbini wesiko noma lapho kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo. Ukuqonda ukuthi isigaba sobupartis siqala nini futhi kanjani kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zikhuthaze ukubambisana ezindabeni ezizikhathalelayo.

Indima Yemali Kwezombangazwe

Umkhankaso wokuqoqa imali udla isikhathi esibalulekile nokunaka kwamalungu eSishaya-mthetho. Isidingo sokuphakamisa imali yokukhethwa kabusha singathonya izinto eziza kuqala zemithetho futhi sibangele ukukhathazeka ngethonya lezicebi nezithakazelo ezikhethekile. Izakhamuzi ezikhathazekile ngalendaba zingasekela imizamo yezezimali yokulungisa futhi zinake imithombo yezimali yabafuna ukuvota lapho benza izinqumo.

Uhulumeni Ohlukene

Lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula iNdlu, iSigele, nobumongameli, ukudlulisa umthetho kuba yinkimbinkimbi. uhulumeni ohlukene ungaholela ekuhlelekeni kodwa futhi ungaphoqelela ukuvumelana nokubambisana ne - bipartisan. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni ohlukene othinta ngayo inqubo yokushaya umthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilungise izindlela zazo zokulawula nokulindela.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwemithetho Yanamuhla

Izindleko zanamuhla zivame ukuba namakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamakhasi, zibhekene nezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ubuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungakwenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi (neze-scern) futhi kuqonde ngokugcwele okushiwo umthetho. Ukuthembela kochwepheshe abathenjwayo, izinhlangano zezentengiselwano, kanye nemithombo yezobuchwepheshe kusiza ekulawuleni lobu bunzima.

Ukubaluleka Kokunakekela Ibandla

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kodwa engabonakali kakhulu ukuphatha igatsha eliphethe. Ngokuzwa, ukuphenya, nemibiko, uMkhandlu uhlola indlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezimisa ngayo imithetho futhi zisebenzise imali yokukhokha intela. Lokhu kuqondisa kusebenza njengenhlolo enzima kakhulu emandleni abaphathi futhi kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uzolandisa.

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuba iSishaya - mthetho sinikeze isikhathi nezimali zokuhlola imisebenzi ye-opera, ngisho noma ukwenza kanjalo kungavelisi izihloko eziphambili noma ukuthatha izikhundla eziphambili eziphambili. Izakhamuzi zingasekela ukuqondisa okuqinile ngokunaka umsebenzi wamakomiti, hhayi amavoti aphansi nje, nangokubeka amalungu awo icala ngemithwalo yawo yemfanelo.

Ingqungquthela Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha indlela izingqungquthela ezisebenza ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo kuyo. Amawebhusayithi e-Congregational, imithombo yezindaba, namathuluzi okuxhumana asebenzisa imishini yezokuxhumana kuye kwenza ukwaziswa kutholakale futhi kwakha izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana nabantu. Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo zaphansi kanye nokuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukubuka uMkhandlu zisebenza noma kuphi.

Nokho, inkathi yokuxhumana yanda kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuba umuntu ngamunye akhulume ngendlela ehlukile. I-Misformation ingasakazeka ngokushesha, yenze kubaluleke kakhulu ukwethembela emithonjeni enegunya yokwaziswa ngezenzo zomhlangano.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lomkhandlu

Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokuguqulwa kwezindawo ezihlangene njengekheli le-monibber, isimo sekomiti, imithetho yezimiso, kanye nokulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho negatsha eliphethe.

Ukuphumelela kweSishaya - mthetho kuxhomeke ekuthembiseneni kwezakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Uma abantu beqonda ukuthi uKhongolose usebenza kanjani, ukunaka lokho okwenzayo, nokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo enqubweni yentando yeningi, uMkhandlu ungaba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba uphendule futhi ube nesibopho sokulandisa.

Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Enqubweni Yokushaya Icala

ISishaya-mthetho asisona isikhungo esikude, esingabonakali − igatsha likahulumeni elihlangene ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi ngokhetho oluvamile nangokumelelwa. Wonke umthetho othinta ukuphila kwakho, kusukela kweyasekhaya kuya kwebalulekile, udlula kule nqubo yomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela uKhongolose olusebenza ngayo kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekulolongeni leyo mithetho.

Abaklami baklama i-Congress ukuba ilalele abantu kuyilapho inikeza ukuzinza nokucabanga. Lokhu kulinganisela kudinga ukuba nezakhamuzi ezikhuthele. Ngokuvota, ukuhlala unolwazi, ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho, nangokuhlanganyela enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, nifeza indima yenu esimisweni sethu sentando yeningi futhi nisize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni ubonakalisa izithakazelo nezindinganiso zabantu abakhonzayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathazekile ngokunakekela impilo, imfundo, indawo ezungezile, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma enye impikiswano, uMkhandlu ungaxoxa ngayo ngemithetho. Izindaba zakho zokuthembisana. Izwi lakho liyabalulekile. Futhi ukuqonda kwakho indlela uKhongolo-mthetho osebenza ngayo kuyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekulawuleni ngentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ukuze uthole futhi uxhumane nabameleli bakho, vakashela indlu yendlu. .Conrer.gov, ingosi esemthethweni ye-U.S. Congress. Ukuthola nokuthintana nabameleli bakho, vakashela i .gov ne SATE..