Izinqumo ezenziwa ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni zihlela cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ezingeni lomoya ophefumulayo ukuya endleleni ohamba ngayo, izikole oziqhubayo, kanye nokulondeka komhlalaphansi wakho. Lokhu kukhetha, ngokuvamile okwenziwa ngemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, ngemithetho, nangezindlela zokulawula, kungazizwa kukude futhi kungacatshangelwa, kodwa imiphumela yakho ishesha futhi isobala. Ukuqonda indlela izinga ngalinye likahulumeni elisebenza ngayo, kanye nendlela elisebenza ngayo, kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ukuthi kungani kunezinqubo ezithile zikhona futhi ungazithonya ngayo.

Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Sikahulumeni Ozimele

Uhulumeni kahulumeni, ogxile eWashington, D.C., unegunya ezindabeni ezithinta sonke isizwe. Izinqumo zawo zenziwa ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: igatsha lemithetho (iKonsoli), igatsha eliphethe (uMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni), negatsha lokwahlulela (izinkantolo zezenkantolo). Ngamunye ufeza indima ethile ekudaleni, ekusebenziseni, nasekuchazeni imithetho ebusa amaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-330.

]. [Indlu yabameleli neSigele] inomthwalo wokuhlela nokukhipha umthetho. Icala lingaqala kuzo zonke izitezi, ukubukeza amakomiti, ukuphikisana, nokulungisa, bese livunyelwa ngawo womabili amagumbi afanayo ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. UMongameli angasayina umthetho noma iveto; ingqungquthela ingaqala ngengxenye enkulu yamagumbi amabili kuwo womabili amakamu. Lenqubo, nakuba ngokuvamile ihlelelwe ukuvumelana nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe zikhona.

Lapho umthetho usumisiwe, izinhlangano eziphethe njengaseMnyangweni Wemfundo, i-Epagement Protection Agency (EPA), kanye noMnyango Wezempilo neMinyango Yesintu zikha iziqondiso eziningi zokuwusebenzisa. Lemithetho iphethe amandla omthetho futhi ikhishwe eFederal Register, enamathuba okukhuluma obala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceaiother Air Act inikeza igunya lokumisa izinga le-EPA lezinga lomoya elithinta ngokuqondile imishini yezemboni, umnotho wezimoto, ngisho nezinhlobo zemishini ongayithenga.

Izinqumo ezihlanganyelwayo zithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke ngezinhlelo ezithinta cishe isakhamuzi ngasinye. inikeza umshuwalense wempilo walabo abaneminyaka engu-65 nabadala nabasebasha abakhubazekile. inikeza amashumi ezigidi zaseMelika, ukukhubazeka, nezinzuzo zabasindayo. iMecare[[FLD]] inikeza umshuwalensel [[[FLT]] wempilo walabo abaneminyaka engu-65] nabadala futhi abancane abakhubazekile. izimali ezixhasa , ezisakazwa ngeminyango nangeminyango yokuncintisana, ithinta yonke into evela ezikonzweni zemfundo yesikole sekhefu yempela. Imithetho yesizwe inquma yokuba khona kwezempi, inqubo yezentengiselwa engokomthetho yezentengiselwayo, neyo, neyo, neyokuhleleko, yemisebenzi yezisebenzi.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni ubeka nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe ezindaweni ezinjengokuphepha kwezisebenzi (Occiation Safety and Health Administration, OSSA), ukuphepha kokudla nezidakamizwa (Umbuso weDismu, FDA), kanye nomthetho wezimali (Izenters and Exchange Commission, SEC). Lezizindinganiso zidala isisekelo sesivikelo, kodwa ngokuvamile zinezela ngezimfuneko ezengeziwe.

Indlela Izinqumo Ezinqunywa Ngomphakathi Ezenziwa Ngayo: Imali Nezenzo Eziqondisayo

Ngaphandle komthetho, izinqumo zikahulumeni zenziwa ngenqubo yonyaka yendlela yokuhlela imali kanye nezenzo zokuphatha. UMongameli ucela izimali ezikhokhelwayo kuKhomishane, khona - ke ehambisa izikweleti zokukhokhela izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Imali ehlelwayo inquma ukuthi imali engakanani esetshenziswa ekuvikeleni, ezisekelweni kwezakhiwo, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasemfundweni () ethinta umsebenzi, ukukhula kwezomnotho, nezinkonzo zomphakathi.

Iziqondiso eziphethe, umongameli we-tranda, nezenzo zokuphatha zivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Nakuba lezizenzo zingagumbuqelwa umqondisi olandelayo noma zibekwe inselele enkantolo, zinikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokuguqula isimiso esinjengenguquko yesimo sezulu, ukuphoqelelwa kokuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuthethelelwa kwabafundi.

Uhulumeni Wesinqumo

Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wezindaba eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kuhlanganise nemfundo, ezokuhamba, ukuphepha komphakathi, imishuwalense yempilo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezwe. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo, isishaya-mthetho, umbusi, nesimiso senkantolo. Imithetho yoMbuso (ngokuvamile) esebenza ingxenye yengxenye ezindaweni ezincane, shwá nemithetho yezobuciko esabela ezidingweni zesifunda nezindinganiso zezwe.

Izishaya-mthetho zesizwe zinikeza imithetho ezihlokweni ezisukela kubulungisa bobugebengu (iziqondiso zomthetho, izinqubo zamaphoyisa) ukuya emfundweni (izindinganiso zemfundo, amahlelo okuxhasa isikole) kanye nokunakekela impilo (inani elikhulisweyo, imishuwalense). Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho kahulumeni inquma iminyaka elinganiselwe yomshado, inkathi yokuphuza engokomthetho (iboshelwe ekuxhaseni kwemali esemthethweni epakene), kanye nemithetho yokulawula odokotela, othisha, nabagundayo.

Izimpawu ze-Govers noma i-veto umthetho wezwe, isikisela izimali zezwe, futhi ikhipha iziyalo zezikhulu ezingaqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zenze izenzo ezithile. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo zenza izinhlekelele zemvelo noma izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi, ngokuvamile zinegunya elikhulu lokuqoqa imithombo yemali, ukukhipha izikhala, noma ukukhipha izigwegwegwe. Phakathi nobha lwe-CHOID-19, ababusi kulo lonke izwe benza izinqumo ezibonakalayo ngokuphathelene nezesikole, imingcele yezebhizinisi, kanye nezifihlabuso zezentethele ezithinta ngokuqondile inqubo yezakhamuzi zansuku zonke.

Izinhlangano zesifundazwe (umzk., iminyango yezimoto, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, impilo yomphakathi) isebenzisa imithetho yezwe nezimiso zomphakathi. Zikhipha amalayisense, ukuhlola, ukuqondisa, ukuphoqelela izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, nokuphatha ipaki likahulumeni. Izinqumo zabo ngokuvamile zinemiphumela esheshayo kunemithetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, umnyango wezokuthutha unquma ukuthi uzolungisa nini ibhuloho, ukuthi ungalungisa kanjani izibani, nokuthi ungafakaphi izibani izibani zezimoto, futhi ufakaphi imikhondo yebhayisekile ethinta izikhathi zokuhamba nokuphepha.

Imali Kahulumeni Nezinqumo Zemali

Ohulumeni baphakamisa intela yemali eholwayo ngokuyinhloko ngentela yeholo, izintela zokuthengisa, nenkokhelo. Inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali inikeza leyo mali emfundweni (ngokuvamile izindleko ezinkulu kakhulu), ukunakekelwa kwempilo (i-Medicaid), izithutho, iziluleko, nezinye izinkonzo. Ukuhlelwa kwemali yoMbuso kuthinta ngokuqondile isigaba sekilasi, izimiso zokulungisa imigwaqo emikhulu, kanye nokutholakala kwezinkonzo zezempilo. Imithetho yentela yezentengo yezentengo (intela eqhubekayo noma ekhudlwanayo), intela ephakeme noma ephansi yentela yokuthenga, kanye nezinye izinkonzo. Ukuhlelwa kwemali ekhokhwashiweni kuthinta ngokuqondile izindleko zomsebenzi, noma intela ephansi lapho abantu bekhetha ukuphila nomsebenzi.

Ukuhlanganyela Phakathi Kohulumeni Bomphakathi NoMbuso

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni buyisici esivelele sokubusa kwaseMelika. UMkhandlu - sisekelo waseU.S. umisa isimiso sombuso esihlukanisa imibuso phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nemibuso. Eminye imibuso ixhomeke kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni (ngokwesibonelo, imemezela impi, ukukhokha imali), eminye ukuhlanganisa imibuso (isib., ukumisa ukhetho, ukumisa ohulumeni bendawo), kanye neminye imibuso ehlukahlukene iyahlanganyelwa (isimo sokukhokha, intela, izakhiwo).

Ubukhomanisi bomphakathi buyenzeka lapho womabili amazinga esebenza ndawonye ngeziza kuqala ezihlanganyelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni unikeza izimali zemigwaqo yase-highway Trust Fund ephakathi kwezwe, kodwa uphawula umklamo, ukwakhiwa, nokugcinwa kwaleyo migwaqo. Ngokufanayo, uMedicaid uxhaswe ngokuhlangene: uhulumeni uhlela izimfuneko ezibanzi nemali esetshenziswayo, kodwa uphethe inzuzo, nokuphatha. Lobunye busho ukuthi isinqumo eWashington esiphathelene namazinga afanayo singaphoqelela isimo ekwandiseni ukusebenzisa kwayo noma ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso saso.

Ngezinye izikhathi umthetho owenziwe ngecala ukhulula umthetho wezwe , okusho ukuthi awwnaw angedluli imithetho ephikisanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezwe wokufuduka uvala imizamo eminingi kahulumeni yokuhlela izimiso zokufuduka. Kwezinye izindawo, amazwe anethuba lokuzama. Lendlela yokuthatha i-“tecracy of democracy” iholele ezimisweni ezinjengezindinganiso zemoto yaseCalifornia (okungamukeleka amanye amazwe) kanye negunya le-Massachusetts, elisebenza njengesibonelo se-Afford Care Act.

Izingxabano phakathi kwezinqumo zikahulumeni nombuso zivamile. Izwe liye lamangalela uhulumeni kahulumeni ngemithetho yendawo ezungezile, ukugunyaza ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokugcinwa kwabantu abahlala kwamanye amazwe. Isinqumo somthetho sivame ukuxhomeke olimini oluqondile lwemithetho kahulumeni nemingcele engokomthetho emandla kahulumeni. Izakhamuzi zizizwa ngokuqondile lezi zingxabano: ngokwesibonelo, lapho imithetho kahulumeni ne-ohulumeni ihluka ensangu, izakhamuzi zingabhekana nokungaqiniseki ngezingozi ezingokomthetho. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe amaningi aye agunyazalela insanguvuse, kodwa ahlala engekho emthethweni ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, adala izingxabano zamabhizinisi, amabhange, nabathengi.

Fiscal Federalism noGrant-in-Aid

Iminikelo ye-Federal ezindaweni iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuthonya isimiso sikahulumeni. AmaGrant angahlukaniswa (ngenjongo ethile, njengokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu) noma iziphakamiso (kusetshenziswa okuningi, njengokuthuthukisa umphakathi). Uhulumeni kahulumeni uvame ukuhlanganisa izimo zokunikeza izimali zokwenza i-(ngokwesibonelo, ifuna ukuba amazwe aphakamise iminyaka engokomthetho yokuphuza afinyelele kuma-21 noma amukele izindinganiso ezithile zemfundo ukuze athole imfundo kahulumeni. Le mali “imicu efakelwe "enziwa" ivumela uhulumeni wamazwe ukuba alungise izinqumo zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokumisa imithetho yesizwe ngokuqondile.

Ubuhlobo Basendaweni YoMbuso

Phakathi kwezifundazwe, ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bendawo (amazwe, amadolobha, izifunda) bunezimo zikahulumeni wesifundazwe. Izwe linika ohulumeni bezindawo igunya labo ngomthetho-sisekelo nangezimiso. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingasusa imithetho yendawo ezindabeni ezinjengomholo olinganiselwe, ukuqasha, noma ukuvinjelwa kwesikhwama sepulasitiki. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isinqumo sedolobha sokuphakamisa umholo olinganiselwe singase sibhuntshwe umthetho kahulumeni onqabela izenzo ezinjalo zendawo. Ukuqonda lesi sigaba sisiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani imithetho ethile ihlukahlukahluka hhayi phakathi kwezindawo kodwa phakathi kwazo.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekwakheni Isinqumo Sikahulumeni

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezikahulumeni zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imithetho nasekunqumeni ukuthi iwumthetho - sisekelo ongokomthetho. izinkantolo zeFederal, kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme, zingashaya imithetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ephula uMthetho - sisekelo waseU. izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, ngokuvamile enikeza isivikelo esengeziwe esingaphezu kwesawohulumeni.

Izinqumo zenkantolo zingaba nemiphumela egcwele ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngokwesibonelo, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) ezisusiwe izikole zomphakathi, kuyilapho bergefell v. Hodges [2015] iqinisekisa umshado owengeziwe. Muva nje, izinkantolo ziye zaguqula izinqubo zokukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo okuvota, ukufinyelela, nokubekwa kwendawo ezungezile. Imithetho ingavimbela noma ibambezele iziqondiso zombuso, ibangela ukungaqiniseki kwezama amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingathonya Ngayo Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo

Izinqumo zikahulumeni azenzeki zingenalutho. Izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokuthonya le nqubo. Ukuvota kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, kuhulumeni, nakunoma iyiphi indawo kuyindlela eqondile yokukhetha abameleli abahlanganyela nawe kuqala. Ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe .(ucingo, i-imeyili, noma i-(ukuqinisekisa) izinqubo zomthetho zingathonya amavoti ezikweletini ezithile. Izinkathi zokukhulumela komphakathi zemithetho kahulumeni nezimiso zikahulumeni zivumela abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ukuba banikeze ukunikeza imvume okumelwe izinhlangano ziyicabangele.

Ngaphandle kokuvota nokuphendula, amaqembu omthetho angenisa inzuzo kanye ne-[FLT]] afeza indima enkulu ekwakheni isimiso sokulungisa. Izinhlangano ezigxile ekunakekeleni impilo, imfundo, indawo ezungezile, amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nezithakazelo zezebhizinisi, abenzi bomthetho, abenza ukucwaninga, futhi athumele ukusekela umphakathi. [[FLT:]] izicelo zokulungisa i-Balthiatry [[ kanye [FLT:] ne extransmes ezizweni eziningi zivumela ukuvuma noma ukulahla imithetho enjengentela, ukukhipha imithetho engokomthetho, ukukhokha imposiso engokomthetho, nenhlalo-yomthetho.

Ukuya emihlanganweni yomkhandlu wasedolobheni, ukukhonza ebhodini yesikole, noma ukuhlanganyela ekwakheni imvume yokulalela kungathonya izinqumo ezithinta indawo yakini ngokuqondile.

Ukuqonda Lenqubo Kuvikela Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani, futhi iziphi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo, phela zingenza izakhamuzi zibhekene nohulumeni. Uma inhlangano kahulumeni ibeka umthetho ongavumelani nawo, ungawubekela inselele ngezinkantolo noma unxuse ilungu le-Congress ukuba liwushaye umthetho. Uma isishaya-mthetho sezwe sinciphisa izimali zemfundo, ungahlela nabanye abazali nothisha ukuba bakhankasele umkhankaso wokulungisa. Isakhiwo se-unistism saseMelika siveza amaphuzu amaningi okungena, futhi izakhamuzi eziwaqondayo zingawasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Izibonelo Zezinqumo Zombuso NoMbuso Ezithinta Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

  • Imali ekhokhelwayo: I-Affordble Care Act ye-ace esungulwe intestry yempilo nezimali zokuxhasa. I-United States ikhetha ukuthi ingandisa iMedicaid ngaphansi komthetho yini. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu omdala othola imali ephansi esifundazweni esingandisa iMedicaid angase athole imfihlo yempilo, kanti umuntu ofana naye esimweni esingalingani ne-pasenti angase angabi. Abaphathi bemishuwa womshuwalense wezwe futhi bangalawula izintela nezimiso zezokuxhumana.
  • Imfundo: I-guverneral Act (ESA) idinga izimo zokuhlola abafundi nokubika ukwaziswa, kodwa isho ukunquma ngezindinganiso, izimiso zokulandisa, nezimfanelo zothisha. Ukuthatha kwezwe iCommon Core noma ezinye izindinganiso kuhlela lokho ingane yakho ekufundayo ngezibalo nangesiNgisi.
  • Ukuthumela : intela yentela ye-fretal phakathi kwemigwaqo emikhulu yasesifundazwe, kuyilapho intela yegesi nentela kahulumeni ikhokha eminye imigwaqo. Iminyango yezokuthutha inquma ngesivinini, indlela, nokutshala izimali zomphakathi. Isinqumo sokwandisa umgwaqo omkhulu noma ukwengeza umzila webhayisekili sivame ukwenziwa ezindaweni zikahulumeni noma endaweni, ngokuvamile ngemva kokuzwa nokuhlolwa kwendawo.
  • Ukuvikela [[FLT:]: Ukugcinwa komthetho kwe-Federal kusingatha ubugebengu obuphakathi kwezwe, ubuphekula, nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa. Amaphoyisa oMbuso agunyaza imithetho yomgwaqo futhi ahlole ubugebengu phakathi kukahulumeni. Iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo ilawula izigwebo zomthetho usuku nosuku. Izishaya-mthetho zihlela izijeziso zobugebengu, futhi ababusi bangahlehlisa izigwebo noma banikeze izintethelelo.
  • Imithetho[[FLT: 1]: I-EPA yesizwe imisa izindinganiso zomoya wezwe nezingamanzi. Izwe kumelwe lithuthukise amasu okufeza izinhlelo zokuhlangabezana nalezozindinganiso. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeCalifornia, zithatha imithetho eqinile yokukhipha izimoto. Ohulumeni bendawo balawula ukusetshenziswa kwendawo, ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, kanye nokwakha imithetho elawula yonke into kusukela emapakini asendaweni yakini kuya ekuphumeleleni kwesimiso sokufudumeza imoto ekhaya lakho.

Isiphetho

Ohulumeni abaphethe izinhlangano ezikude abasebenza ngokuzihlukanisa. Bayizimiso ezimiswe izikhulu ezikhethwe futhi ezimiswe nsuku zonke ezithinta umsebenzi wakho, impilo yakho, imfundo yezingane zakho, nokuphepha komphakathi wakho. Ngokuqonda izindima ezihlukene zombuso ngamunye kahulumeni .Izinga lokubeka imithetho, indlela uMongameli nezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziwasebenzisa ngayo, indlela izishaya-mthetho nababusi abamisa ngayo imithetho, nendlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo imithetho cishe uzuza umfanekiso ocacile wamandla athonya ukuphila kwakho. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ufunda ukuthi ungaqondisa kanjani izwi lakho futhi uvote uvote kanjani ukuze wenze umehluko.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela uhulumeni ophethe ngayo, vakashela .Gov's ukucazululwa kwamagatsha kahulumeni. Ukulandela umthetho nezimiso zikahulumeni, sebenzisa i-Chonal. Gov. Ukuqondisisa ezimisweni zesizwe, Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Gagislatures[ inikeza imithombo ebanzi. Ekugcineni, incazelo yeNdlutho ye-SM (izimo ye-SPN) esemthethweni ye-[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]]