Inqubo yezimiso zokuhlela imali e-United States iye yashintsha kakhulu kusukela ekusungulweni kwezwe. Ibonisa ukushintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala zikahulumeni nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziqondisa ukusebenza kwakhe. Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde indlela isimiso sobuhlanga esimi ngayo futhi sifakwe ngayo esimisweni se-U.S. namuhla, esihilela kokubili iSishaya-Mkhandlu noMongameli ngokwezimo ezilandelanayo, kusekelwe emalungiselelweni abhalwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule futhi kuye kwamiswa umthetho olandelayo, izinhlekelele zezomnotho, kanye nezingxabano zezombangazwe.

IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zenqubo Yohlelo Lohlelo Lokuhlela Imali

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza uhlelo lwenqubo yemali kahulumeni, ngokuyinhloko ngokunikezwa kwayo imibuso phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho noMongameli. ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana 7, sinikeza uKhongolo-mkhandlu "amandla esikhwameni," ukunikeza igunya lokusungula intela yemali nokuvumela izindleko. Okwamanje, uMongameli unendima yokushaya uhlelo lwemali, njengoba kuchazwe eSigabeni II. Lokhu kwahlukaniswa kwakuyisinqumo samaPrameya, owayesaba ukulawula izimali kungaholela ekubuseni ngobushiqela. Ngokuhlala intela nokusebenzisa amandla eNdlungwini yabameleli babantu. Ngokukhokha futhi bakhokhelisa intela futhi basebenzise amandla endlu yombuso cishe kubantu.

Amandla Ombuso: ISiphakamiso I Nemvelaphi KaClaus

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye yesi-8 ibala amandla eSishaya-mthetho, kodwa ehlanganisa amandla okufaka nokuqoqa izintela, imisebenzi, izikhokhiso, nezikhundla, ukuze kukhokhelwe izikweletu futhi kulungiselelwe inhlalakahle evamile. Ingxenye 9 ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo: "Ayikho imali ekhukhweni lemali, kodwa eConvertive of Appropriation enziwa ngoMthetho. Le lungiselelo liklanyelwe ukuqinisa ukukhonzwa kwemithetho yokulawula izindleko. I-Origiodia (Ingxenye I-Dicioce I, Ingxenye 7) imisa ukuthi zonke izikwele zokunyusa imali kumelwe zivele eGweni yabamele, nakuba iSigelethi senze iphiso noma ivumelane nokuhlanganisa nomthetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme ayikaze ibe nethuba lokuchaza la magama ngokuningiliziwe, kodwa ithonya lawo elisebenzayo licacile: ISishayamthetho sigunyaza wonke amaRandi uhulumeni kahulumeni asebenzisa imali, ngaphandle kwesilinganiso esilinganiselwe kakhulu. Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwagunyazwa ngezindleko zeminyango ekhethekile nezinjongo. ISishaya-Mkhandlu saqala ukusebenzisa inqubo yokuhlela imali ehlangene, nebanzi.

Indima KaMongameli: ISiphakamiso II Nohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Olumisiwe

ISiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo sabela uMongameli umsebenzi "Ukunakekela ukuba iMiyalo iqedwe ngokwethembeka," esihlanganisa ukukhipha izindleko zoMkhandlu ugunyaziwe. UMongameli futhi unamandla okutusa izinyathelo zoMkhandlu, kuhlanganise nezihlongozo zohlelo lokuhlela. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo awudingi ngokuqondile ukuba uMongameli anikeze izimali eyodwa, ezihlangene. Lemfuneko yavela ku- ku-BP no-Accounting Act ka-1921[FLT], okwamisa inqubo yezimiso zokuhlela inzuzo yezimiso zemali yanamuhla. Ngaphambili-1921, izinhlangano ngazinye zathumela izicelo zazo zokuxhasa imali ngokuqondile eMkhandlwini ngaphandle kokuhlela umnyango omkhulu. I-1921 yasungula i-Actalbian of the Office and Dricationsting, OMB) futhi yafaka umphangameli wemali elungiselelweni emhla nesimiso sonyaka wonke. Igunyazwe noma umongameli womthetho womthetho wokugcina.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Omthetho - sisekelo Afingqiwe

  • [ Amandla oMkhosi: Indlu iqala izikweleti zemali; iziKhomishana zivumela zonke iziphakamiso (Iziqephu I, isiqephu 7-9).
  • [[QURT:0] Indima ephambili: UMongameli ufaka ukutusa kohlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lwemali nezimpawu noma u-vetoes izindleko zokushaya i-appriations (I-Article II, Ingxenye 3).
  • I-Bodget Errorst: I-Hlaybian ne-Accounting Act ka1921 yamisa indima kaMongameli ekunikezeni uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali olunobunye futhi yadala i-OMB.

Intuthuko Engokomlando: Kusukela Ezokuhlobisa Nge - Ad Hoc Kuya Ekuhlelweni Kwamabhange Okusetshenziswa Kwawo Ngokwemali Okusezingeni Eliphakathi

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenqubo yokuhlela imali kahulumeni kuveza ukukhula kukahulumeni kahulumeni ngokwawo. Kuyi republic yokuqala, uhulumeni kahulumeni wawumncane, futhi iziphakamiso zazilula, zaziyizinhlu ezihlelwayo. I-Congress yathatha izenzo zomuntu ngamunye ukusekela imisebenzi ethile ethile, cishe unyaka owodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. UMongameli uThomas Jefferson wafuna ngokudume ukulinganisela imali kahulumeni elinganiselwe, ephikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni wezezentengiselwano. Lokhu kwaqhubeka phakathi nekhulu leshumi elinethoba, ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi nezimpi.

IRepublic yokuqala: Laissez-Faire kanye ne "Umbono weTaberar"

Kusukela ngo-1789 kuya ku-Monist Congress, uMkhandlu owenziwe ngaphandle kwencwadi engokomthetho yokuhlela imali. UNobhala weNdawo yezimali wayezonikeza izilinganiso zemali nezindleko, kodwa kwakungekho mfuneko yokuba uMongameli anikeze icebo elibanzi. Kunalokho, uKhomishano wacabangela izindleko zokuhlela njengokudingeka. Umzamo wokuqala ohleliwe wokuhlela imali wafika nemibiko ka-Alexander Hamilton njengoNobhala wezimali, kodwa ngisho nalapho, le nqubo yahlala ihlukene. Ngama-1850, ukuqina kwemisebenzi kahulumeni ebanzi, izimali zemali, impesheni, nokwanda kwempi kwathatha izicelo zenguquko, kodwa kwashintsha kancane.

Inkathi Eqhubekayo Nomthetho Wokusetshenziswa Kwemali Ngo - 1921

Inkathi yenguquko yafika ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Imithwalo yemfanelo ekhulayo kahulumeni, ukukhushulelwa kwentela yeholo (ngemva kokuhlelwa kweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithupha se - 1913), kanye nezindleko ezinkulu zeMpi Yezwe I kwasusa inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali emingceleni yayo. Umongameli uWilliam Howard Taft, umsekeli wekhono lokulawula, wamisa iKhomishane ye-Economy ne-Esperity ngo-1910, eyatusa ukuba kube nemali elawulayo. Nokho, iSishaya-Mnyango samelana nokulahlekelwa kwaso amalungelo aso. Sathatha isiphithiphithi sezimali sempi lapho izinhlangano zibekwa ngokwehlukana, lapho izicelo ezingahambisani, ziphula i-logja.

Ngo-1921, uMongameli Warren G. Harding wasayina i-Balbate and Accounting Act, eyadala i-Bureau of the Bacter (BB) phakathi koMnyango Wezimali (kamuva washintshelwa eHhovisi Lezezikhungo ZobuPhosana) kanye ne-General Accounting Office (GAO, manje iHhovisi Le-Hulumeni Lemali) njengenhlangano ezimele yokuhlola izimali. Ngokokuqala, kwadingeka ukuba uMongameli anikeze imali eyodwa eMkhandlwini. Lesi senzo futhi sanqabela izinkampani ukuba zikhale ngokuqondile eMkhandlwini wezimali, igunya lemali ephethe isakhiwo senqubo yemali yanamuhla futhi sahlala ingashintshiwe iminyaka engu-50.

Inqubo Yanamuhla Yohlelo Lohlelo Lokuhlela Imali: UMthetho Wohlelo Lohlelo Lohlelo Lomthetho Ka - 1974

Ngasekupheleni konyaka ka-1960, ukungezwani phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nemithetho elawula imali nokulawula kwemithetho kwase kukhule. Umongameli uRichard Nixon wavame ukunqanda ukusebenzisa − , iziphakamiso ezaye zasetshenziswa yiSivumelwano ezaziye zabangela ukuba iSishaya-mthetho siqinise igunya laso lomthetho-mthetho. Umphumela waba uMthetho wokulawula Umthetho noMnyango wokulawula izimali wango-19679, okwaye kwabangela ukuba inqubo yokukhokha inqubo yemali inciphe kakhulu. Isenzo samisa iNdlumo yeNd ne-Couragetalment Office (CO) ukuze kulungiselelwe ukuhlaziywa kwendlela yokuhlela nokuhlela izimali. Futhi salinganisela ikhono lomongameli lokuhlela izimali ngokuvumela ukumiswa kwemithetho yemvume nemithetho yemithetho ye-RGeneralticstions.

Isinqumo Sohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokubuyisana

Phakathi kwesenzo sango 1974 kunesinqumo somthetho wesinqumo somthetho . [Isinqumo sesikhathi esidluliswa ngawo womabili amagumbi ahlela ukusetshenziswa kwemali, inzuzo, kanye nokungabi namali kwezisulu zonyaka ozayo ozayo neminyaka eminingi ngaphambili. Ngokungafani nezindleko zokushaya izithuba, isinqumo sokuhlela uhlelo lokuhlela asayinwanga nguMongameli futhi asinawo amandla omthetho. Kunalokho, sisebenza njengepulani eqondisa umthetho olandela. Isinqumo sibuye simise izindleko ezigunyazwayo nezingalo ezigunyaziswayo nezingalo zemali ekomitini ngayinye, sivimbele noma isilinganiso esisodwa semali evunyelwe kakhulu.

Isenzo sango-1956 sadala futhi inqubo yokuhlanganisa [ evumela uMkhandlu ukuba ushintshe imithetho ekhona manje cishe njengemithetho yentela noma izinhlelo ezisemthethweni, ukuhlanganisa izindleko zohlelo lokuhlela. Ukubuyisana kucatshangelwa ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihleliwe, ukulinganisela impikiswano ne-Prinebusters eSigeqeni. Lenqubo isetshenziselwa izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo, kuhlanganise ne-Thekix Cuts noMthetho ka-2017 noMthetho ka-Afford Carect. Nokho, ukubuyisana kulinganiselwa ngaphansi kwemiyalelo ethinta ngokuqondile noma inzuzo, futhi okubizwa ngokuthi "Umthetho" we-Umthetho" owenqabela izinhlelo ezingaphezulu.

Indima Yehhovisi Lohlelo Lohlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali Lomphakathi

I-CBO inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuzimele, okungangeni kwezimali kanye nezindaba zezomnotho. Ilinganisela izindleko zomthetho, ilungiselela izinqumo zesikhathi eside zemali esetshenziswayo, futhi ihlola imibiko kaMongameli. Imibiko yeCBO igxeka kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zemali, njengoba inikeza abamisi-mthetho isisekelo esiqinile sokuthi izindleko ezihlongozwayo zingalinganiswa. Umqondisi weCBO umiswe nguSishayamthetho wendlu noMongameli owesikhathi eside esiphansi weSigebengu, futhi ihhovisi liye lathuthukisa idumela lokunemba nokungakhethi. Ngokwesibonelo, izindleko zeCBO zinikeza izilinganiso zemali ezihlongozwe ngezimali zempilo ngo-2009,2010 u-2010 u-Afford Carence Act.

Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemishini: I - PAYGO Ne - Secreator

Isenzo sango-1959 ekuqaleni sasingenawo amathuluzi aqinile okuqinisekisa, futhi izikweleti zakhula ngokushesha ngawo-1980. UKhomulo waphendula ngomthetho owengeziwe: Banced Balting Balten Department and Emergency Deficit Control Act ka 1985 (I-Gram-Rom-Roundman) (Izimpondo-HM) kanye ne-[[FLT] i-FFT] ne-[FFFT-gorn] [[act:] i-offat-oggnmentmentmentations, ifuna ukuba noma isiphi isikhwazo sentela noma isikwe, (BEA) noma ihlelwe izinhlelo zezinhlelo ze-'isikwenzi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.[FFF] futhi izimpawu ezihlukene ezisetshenziswayondlayo ezisekwele kakhulu.[10] [uhluzo-uhlu oluphansi] [enyiswe kakhulu] [uhlu] [uhlu] kodwa u-uhlu oluphansi lwezi

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezimo Ezingefani Zomthetho - sisekelo

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka enguquko, inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwemali iyaqhubeka ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu. Izikweletu ze-GDP njengengxenye enkulu, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwenkinga yezezimali nemqedazwe ye-COVOID ka-19 ka-2008. Ukuhlaliswa kwezombangazwe kuvame ukuholela ezimalini zezimali ezithatha amashumi ambalwa, ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni, nokuncishwa kwezingxoxo zamatshe. Ukungezwani komthetho ngokomthetho phakathi kwamandla eSikhwama semali nomphathi omkhulu kaMongameli kusalokhu kuyisihloko esiyinhloko.

Igunya lomthetho: I-mpoundment ne-Unitary Guide

Isenzo sonyaka ka-1956 sancishiswa ukubekwa kwesikhundla somongameli, kodwa ababusi baye baqhubeka behlola imingcele yayo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abaphathi baye basebenzisa izinguquko ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kokuba bagunyazwe ngokuqondile yiKhomishane yokulawula, nokuzinqumela kokwakha ukuthonya ukusetshenziswa. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme i-Creator v. Idolobha lase-New York [195] [195] liqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli akanakwenqaba ukusebenzisa imali efanelekile ngaphandle kokuba igunyaziwe ngokuqondile yiKhomisha. Nokho, impikiswano iphikelela ngokuthi uMongameli unegunya elisekelwe eMthethweni umthetho ongokomthetho wokuyeka ukuchitha ingxenye "inakekela" isikhala. Ihhovisi Leze ngoMongameli ngaphansi kukaDonalddold Trump] liphikisa umbono omkhulu wokunganteli. I-Pricialdern i-Consticialstion ibeka futhi i-od proviortivementsstion ngokulungisames.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Abakhi bemithetho babhekene nezithiyo ezingokomthetho kanye nezithiyo zezombangazwe. Basungule ithuluzi lokusebenzisa imali esetshenziswayo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa "iziqu zokusebenzisa" izikhombo zokusebenzisa amakhefu, ukusebenzisa izikhombo ezisezisekeni, ukushintsha kwezindleko eminyakeni ezayo, nokusebenzisa umehluko phakathi kwemvume nemithetho ye-appropriation. I-CBO ne GAO njalo ibika ngemikhuba enjalo, kodwa ihlala isabalele. Ityala likahulumeni manje lingaphezu kwezigidi zezigidi ezingu-R3, kanye ne-Congralion Bacture Office ihlela ukuthi ngaphansi komthetho wamanje, isikweleti siyoqhubeka sikhula ngokushesha kunomnotho. Lesi simo siphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ingabe inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali ingasekela ukugcinwa ngaphandle komthetho womthetho noma inguquko enkulu.

Enye inselele ekhulayo yokusetshenziswa kwemali edinikiwe (izindleko ze-autod ) njenge-Social Security, Medicare, ne-Medicaid ) ukuthi ikhula ngokuzenzekelayo unyaka ngamunye ngaphandle kokuzwana kwaminyaka yonke. Le zinhlelo ziveza imali ecishe ibe ngamashumi amabili nantathu emali esetshenziswa uhulumeni futhi isebenza ngemoto, izenze kube nzima ukulawula inqubo yohlelo lokuhlela imali yaminyaka yonke. Ukusebenzisa imali, imfundo, izakhiwo, nesayensi, kuye kwabangela ukushukuma kwemizwa phakathi kwezinto eziza kuqala. Izinhlelo zemali eziphumelelayo ziye zathembela kakhulu ekubuyisaneni izinto eziza kuqala, ukususa umoya we-bissispartic owenziwa yi- 1974.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ohlala Njalo Womthetho - sisekelo

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenqubo yesimiso sokuhlela imali kahulumeni kusukela enqubeni ye-hoc appropriation kuya esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi, semithetho-omthetho kubonakalisa ukukhula kwesizwe nendima eyandayo kahulumeni. Izisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo (*Izisekelo) zeSikhwama semali nendima kaMongameli ekuphumeni imithetho, kodwa umthetho olandelayo ugcwalisiwe emininingwaneni. I-Decatence kanye no-Accouncingment of 1921 yemali ebhaliswe phakathi kwe-panment, kuyilapho i-Congralional Bacment ye-Act ka- 1974-Reasservel Grevociation Act enegunya lomthetho kanye nesikhundla senhlangano esinezelwe ngo-CBO. Kamuva kuve kuve kusungulwe inqubo yokugcinwa kwemithetho yokunqanda amaphutha, nakuba ukuphumelela kwazo kuye kwaba nokungalingani.

Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile kubafundi besimiso somphakathi nokubusa. Inqubo yemali kahulumeni ayiwona nje umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe kodwa inkundla eqinile lapho izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, amandla ezombangazwe, namaqiniso angokomnotho zihlangene khona. Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezikhulayo zezomnotho (izikweleti, inani labantu asebekhulile, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nomncintiswano wembulunga yonke) nokuncintisana kwesidingo sembulunga yonke ("isidingo sokukhanya gcaba, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, inqubo yemali esebenzayo. Izihlongozo zokushintshashintshashintsha imingcele yemali ehlangene nezokusetshenziswa kwemali kwezikhulu zenkampani ezizimeleyo. Inguquko ephumelelayo iyakuhlobana nokuhlukaniswa komthetho wezwe lonke lapho kufunwa izomnotho kwanamuhla. Inqubo ebekwe ngo-1789, futhi ilungiswe phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka iyaqhubeka inikeza impikiswano yalenkulumo-mpikiswano.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[FLT: 0] i-Contrionation Acudition Office yohlelo lokuHlahlela Imali , i-Ofini ye-Government yesikhathi [, futhi [[FLT:] inikeza amabhukwana amanje ohlelo lwezinqumo [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] i-Cultumgate cocation of thegement [Foct:]. [[FLT]] Ihhovisi lokuphathwa kwemithetho nohlelo inikeza amabhukwana amanje kanye nemininingwane yomlando. Ukunyukela okujula kakhulu esimweni sesenzo sonyakazonyakazonyakazo 1974, bheka [FLT]