Izisekelo Zegunya Lombuso Ozimele Nezithiyo

Uhulumeni kahulumeni wase-United States usebenzisa isilinganiso esikhulu segunya elithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekuqondiseni kwezentengiselwano kuya ekuziphatheni kwesimiso sakwamanye amazwe. Nokho isakhiwo sombuso siklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukubekwa kwamandla kunoma yiliphi ihlelo elilodwa noma izinga likahulumeni. Lokhu kucindezeleka okunamandla phakathi kokufinyelela nokwehla okuphakathi akukona okungaphazamiseki emklamweni womthetho-mthetho; kuyisici esiyinhloko sokubusa kwaseMelika. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabaphathi bezakhamuzi, ukuqonda kokubili izinga namandla akhona nemingcele kahulumeni kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni kolwazi ngokuphila komphakathi.

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe futhi unikeza uhlelo lapho igunya likahulumeni lisebenza khona. Unika amandla athile kuhulumeni wezwe kuyilapho ugcina amanye ezifundazweni noma kubantu. Lengxenye yayingeyiyo inqubo yangemva kokucatshangelwa; yayiwumkhiqizo wokuzicabangela okukhulu phakathi kwabahleli, ababengabaza kakhulu igunya eliphethe ngemva kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani. Umphumela yisimiso [ se-festerism [ elinganisela ubunye besizwe ne-inkululeko yendawo, idala uhulumeni onamandla futhi ocindezelwayo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Yamandla Kahulumeni

Isivumelwano Somthetho - sisekelo Nempikiswano Yomphakathi

Izimpande zemibuso kahulumeni kahulumeni zisebuntwaneni obusemthethweni, owabuthelwa ngo-1787 futhi wagunyazwa ngo-1788. Abakhi bezakhiwo bahlangana ePhiladelphia benomgomo wokwakha uhulumeni wezwe ophumelela kakhulu kunalowo owamiswa ngaphansi kweZihloko zeConfederation, ezazibonakale zibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba zibhekane nezinselele zezomnotho nokulondeka ezibhekene nesizwe esisha. Izihloko zazidale ukuhlangana okukhululekile kwemibuso kahulumeni ophethe ongekho gunya lentela, ibhizinisi, noma ukuphakamisa ibutho. Ukuvukela kukaShays Relection ngo 1786 kwagcizelela ukuphuthuma kwenguquko, njengoba uhulumeni wesizwe ungenakuzivimbela ukuvukela ngaphandle kokubambisana ngokuzithandela kwemibuso.

Izimpikiswano eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo iFederal Federalists, ezazisekela uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla, ngokumelene noAnti-Federalist, owayesaba ukuthi uhulumeni onjalo uzonyathela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nobukhosi bombuso. Ukuhlehla okwavela kwakuyisimiso sobuhulumeni [ , lapho uhulumeni wesizwe wanikezwa khona amandla athile kuyilapho wonke amanye amazwe ayengawaphathiswanga uhulumeni wombuso. Leli lungiselelo labekwa ngokusemthethweni kuhulumeni we-Federalist Papers, ikakhulukazi u-No. UJames Magenicom, owathi amagunya agunya agunya agunyaziswa kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni aye "ficd nochazwa" kuyilapho lawo ayeselelwe ezindaweni ezisezweni "ulterreaw and geverdever"."."""

Inqubo yokuhlambulula yayiyimpicabadala, futhi isithembiso seBhili of Rights sasetshenziswa ekutholeni imvume emihlanganweni yezwe engaqiniseki. Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo, zagunyazwa ngo - 1791, zabeka imingcele ecacile ekwakheni uhulumeni futhi zavikela inkululeko eyisisekelo. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine, ikakhulukazi, sagcizelela isimiso sobuhulumeni ngokuzigcinela izifundazwe nabantu bonke abanikezwanga uMthetho-sisekelo eUnited States.

Amandla Anamandla: Igunya Lenhlangano Elinamandla

Isihloko I, Isiqephu 8

UMthetho - sisekelo ubala imibuso ethile yeSiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8. Lemibuso iyisikhombo segunya likahulumeni futhi ihlanganisa amandla okubeka nokuqoqa izintela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula ezentengiselwano nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe naphakathi kwemibuso, imali, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yeposi, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokunikeza ibutho lemikhumbi. Abahleli bamazwe babala ngamabomu lamandla okuchaza izinga lesenzo sikahulumeni nokuqinisekisa imibuso ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ngeke udlule indima yawo emisiwe.

I-Commerce Claus, enikeza uMkhandlu amandla "okulawula ukuhweba nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, naphakathi kwamaZwe amaningana, naphakathi kwamaNdiya," ibiyindaba yokuchazwa okukhulu futhi ibe ngenye yemithombo emikhulu kakhulu yegunya likahulumeni. (192]) kanye [iNkantolo ePhakathi ka-20], ukufunda kweNkantolo Ephakeme yeCentry Clause evumela uKhongolo ukuba ilawule yonke into kusukela ebudlelwaneni bemisebenzi ukuya elungelweni yomphakathi ukuze ivikele imvelo. Icala elinjenge-[FLD] v.[FLT] i-FLT] ibonise i-Extenth projective yeNkaliso leNkathi yeNkathi ye-Extaawon.[5] [19]] [iertive]) [ience]

Ukusekela nokusebenzisa iMimandla ePhakathi kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu segunya elibaliwe. UKhongolose lungakhokhisa futhi lusebenzise imali yenhlalakahle yalo lonke, futhi luye lwasebenzisa leligunya ukuthonya isimiso sikahulumeni ngokuhlanganisa izimo ekusekeleni imali. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni ubeke izimali emigwaqweni emikhulu exhasa izifunda ezikhundleni ezikhulisa iminyaka engokomthetho yokuphuza kuleyo-20 futhi lunemfundo esekelwe ekusekeleni imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi. Le "Igunya lesikhwama" liye laba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa izinjongo zesizwe.

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe Nezokuzivikela Kwezwe

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhulumeni okhethekile igunya lobuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe nesizwe. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMyaleli kuNdoda yamabutho ahlomile, uxoxa ngeseluleko nemvume yeSigele, futhi wamukela amanxusa. Umbuso unamandla okumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, nokunikeza ibutho lempi. ISigqizo seMpi seSigqi sango sika-1973, samiswa phezu kukaMongameli Nixon's iveto, ufuna ukuchaza imingcele yegunya lomongameli lokubeka i-U.S. Amabutho amabutho okulwa ngaphandle kokugunyaza i-aunion, nakuba izimpi zingasamukeleki, nakuba izimpikiswano zemibuso yempi ephethe iyaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo NoKhisimusi Odingekile Nofanele

Imfundiso Yamandla Asetshenziswayo

Ngaphandle kwemibuso ebaliwe, uhulumeni kahulumeni uhlela futhi amandla ashiwoyo angaziwa ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa athathwe ngokunengqondo emibusoni ebaliwe. Isisekelo somthetho sisekelo samandla ashiwoyo yi- Nacessary neFather Claus [, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi u-Ellastic Claus, obonakala ekupheleni kweSiphakamiso I, i-I ngxenye 8. Lombhalo unikeza igunya "lokwenza yonke iMithetho edingayo nefanele ukuthwala amagunya angaphezulu, kanye nawo wonke amanye amandla abekwe ngumthetho obekwe nguhulumeni wase-United States, noma kunoma yimuphi uMnyango noma i-Ampereal prota."

Icala leNkantolo evelele eliyingqophamlando uMcloch v. Maryland (1819) yamisa imfundiso yemibuso eqondene nayo. Impikiswano yayiwukuthi uMkhandlu wawunegunya lokuqasha ibhange lesizwe, amandla angekho ndawo eshiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni. IJaji elinguJohn Marshall, elibhalelwe iNkantolo, lisekela ukuthi amandla okushaya ibhange ayeboniswa amandla abekwe amandla abekwe amandla ahlukene emali, ukuboleka imali, nokulawula ibhizinisi. UMarshall wamemezela ngokudume ukuthi "amandla okuhlanganisa intela yokubhubhisa" nokuthi "uMthetho-sisekelo, ekuwulweni kwayo okudingekile nakwenziwa kahle, unikeza amandla okukhetha noma iziphi izindlela ezifanele zokusetshenziswa kwemibuso yawo."

I-Federal Reserve System kusuka ekusungulweni kwe-Federal Reserve kuya ekusungulweni kwe-Social Security nemithetho yezindinganiso zezisebenzi. Ukunwebeka kwale mithetho ye-partime kuye kwaba umthombo wempikiswano eqhubekayo, futhi abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iye yenza ukuba uhulumeni ukwazi ukumelana nombuso kanye nabasekeli baqhubeke besekela ukuthi kubalulekile ekulawuleni kwe-social Security nemithetho yezisebenzi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwegunya Likahulumeni

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

I-Bill of Rights ibeka imingcele eyisisekelo emandleni kahulumeni ngokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala senqabela ukwenza imithetho ephathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo noma ukunqanda inkululeko yokukhuluma, iphephandaba, ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, noma ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali. ISichibiyelo Sesine sonogadale sivimbela ukuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanele yomthetho futhi sivikele ukuncitshiswa komthetho futhi sifaka izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Lezi zisivikelo zibopha isibopho kuhulumeni futhi ziqiniswa izinkantolo.

Ukufakwa kweBill of Rights isivikelo ezizweni ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, inqubo eyenzeka kancane kancane phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, iye yanweba lemingcele kuhulumeni wombuso ngokufanayo. I-Duetiod Procession Claus [ ne- i-Equal Provice Provice Claus [ I-ELTY] yeSiphetho se-14 se-E] se-Exption se-Drandment se-DCreate se-activection se-acted actives zomthetho nes zombuso.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nobukhosi BukaHulumeni

ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcinelwe izifundazwe futhi wonke amagunya angagunyazwanga i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kulungisa akuyona nje indlela yokucabanga ngemva kokucabanga; kuyisimiso sesisekelo sobuzwe baseMelika. United States v. Lopez [1995], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanxusa iSiphendu seshumi ukuba ishaye umthetho owenqabela ukuphatha izibhamu ezisezikoleni, iphethe ukuthi umthetho wegunya eleqile leKhomisha ngaphansi kweKhosi lika Clausleas. Lesi sinqumo saphawula ukushintshwa okuphawulekayo eNkantolweni yeNkanto, njengoba sasingazange siqede umthetho kahulumeni owezwe wonke ezindaweni zokuthengisa kusukela i-Celaucascle.

Isinqumo Lopez salandelwa iUnited States v. Morrison [2000], lapho iNkantolo yashaya khona ilungiselelo lobuKhosi Obulwa Nabesifazane [i-Lobu - Act] evumela izisulu zobudlova obubangelwa ubulili ukuba zisheke enkantolo kahulumeni. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi umthetho wezentengiselwano odlulele ngamandla entengiselwano negunya lawo ngaphansi kwengxenye 5 yeSiphendulo se 145. Lezi zinkantolo zibonisa ukuthi iSiphendulo seshumi siyaqhubeka sibeka imingcele enengqondo enegunya likahulumeni, ikakhulukazi lapho uMkhandlu uzama ukulawula imisebenzi engahlobene kakhulu nentengiswayo.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa amagunya kahulumeni kahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu: i-pactical, isikhulu, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile nekhono lokuhlola amandla abanye. UKhongolo lwenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli angawakhipha. UMongameli ukhipha imithetho, kodwa loMkhandlu uyayifanelekela imali futhi angasusa uMongameli. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho futhi zingayimemezela ukuthi ayigunyazi, kodwa uMongameli umisa abahluleli bombuso ngeseluleko nangemvume yeSigelethi, futhi ungayishaya imvume. Lesimiso se-Profesting siwafanele izimali futhi singasusa i-pastryssss. [[FLT.[FLD:] ikla:1] iklate futhi ikhiphe isilinganiso. [igesahlu elizimele livimbela noma elinye igatsha kuhulumeni futhi livikele inkululeko kubantu ngabanye.

Isimiso se asilinganisi [[FLT: 1] silinganisela izinga uMkhandlu ongase ubeke ngalo igunya lawo lokushaya umthetho egatsheni eliphetheyo. Nakuba umbuso wanamuhla uxhomeke ezinhlanganweni ezisebenzisa ukwahlulela okuqinile ekusebenziseni umthetho kahulumeni, izinkantolo ziye zathi iziKhongozelo kumelwe zinikeze "isimiso esingaqondakali" sokuqondisa isenzo somphathi. INkantolo Ephakeme ayizange inciphise umthetho wemithetho kahulumeni ezisekelwe kwezindawo ezingagunyazimthetho kusukela [nama] Refining Co. v. Ryan[FL: 35] [1935]) [[FLT])] futhi [FLT:] i-Prectum.[5]

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Amandla Ezinkantolo

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunamandla ezinkantolo zikahulumeni okunquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zokuphatha ziyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Lombuso wamiswa ecaleni eliyingqophamlando Marbury v. Madison (103] [1803]), lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall amemezela khona ukuthi "kuyindawo eqinile nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi ilungiselelo le-Judiciary Act lika-1789 yayiyi-octritualitunical ngoba yandisa igunya lokuqala leNkanto engaphezulu kwalokho uMthetho-mthetho-sisekelo owavumelayo. Isinqumo saqinisekisa ukuthi igunya lomnyango wokwahlulela ukuchaza umthetho-mthetho nezenzo zeze ukwedlula imingcele ye-Congresstyracy.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela akubhekiseli nje ezenzweni zoMkhandlu kodwa futhi nasezenzweni zegatsha eliphetheyo nasemithethweni yemithetho ephikisana noMthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho kahulumeni. u-Clause[ weSiphakamiso VI] uqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, nezivumelwano ziwumthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi abahluleli baboshwa yiyo ngisho nalapho imithetho kazwe iphikisana. Cooper v. [195]] [i-Aaglot:58], iNkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi izikhulu ziboshwe yincazelo yeNkathi yeNkakhulu [FL:] Brow.vvv [FFFFF5]]

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela ayisici esibucayi egunyeni likahulumeni, kodwa akunamingcele. Izinkantolo zilinganiselwe ekunqumeni amacala angokoqobo nezimpikiswano; azikhankanyi imibono elungile. ifuna ukuba umkhohlisi abonise ukulimala okuqinile okungacatshangelwe emagameni ommangalelwa futhi okungalungiseki ngesinqumo esihle. [[FLT]] ifuna ukuba imfundiso ephikisayo ibonise ukuthi kumele ukuma [[[FLT:] kunezimpikiswano ezithile, njengokuziphatha kwenqubo yangaphandle nengagunyaziwe, kubekwe emagatsheni ezombangazwe futhi kungafaneleki ngokwesinqumo sokwahlulela.

Umkhuba Wokulwela Uhulumeni: Ukungenela Kwamandla Ezwe NoMbuso

UClaus Onedumela Elibi Nokukhululwa

I-Supremacy Claus imisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho wezwe ophikisanayo. Uma iSishayamthetho simisa umthetho owephula umthetho wezwe ngokuqondile, umthetho wezwe awusebenzi. Ngisho nalapho ukukhululwa kungacaci, izinkantolo zingathola ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni unqunywa ngokuqondiswe ukuthi uma uphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni noma uma umthetho kahulumeni uthatha wonke umkhakha wemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, arzora v. United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yashaya izinhlelo eziningana zomthetho wokufuduka eGariya, iphethe ukuthi uhulumeni unegunya elikhulu phezu kokufuduka nomthetho awukwazi ukuphazamisa izinto eziphambili zikahulumeni.

Imfundiso ye evikelayo yezoburhulumente ilinganisela ikhono lezindawo lokukhokha intela noma ukulawula uhulumeni kahulumeni ngokuphambene. Mcloch v. Maryland[, iNkantolo yathi isifundazwe asinakukhokha ibhange likahulumeni ngoba "umandla okukhokha intela ahlanganisa amandla okubhubhisa." lesi simiso sivikela uhulumeni kuphazamiso futhi siqinisekise ukuthi imisebenzi kahulumeni ingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo kuso sonke isizwe.

Ukubambisana

Ezindaweni eziningi zokubusa, ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni basebenza ndawonye ngezimiso ze- cobatifticialism [. Uhulumeni kahulumeni uvame ukunikeza izimali ukuze kusetshenziswe izinhlelo zikahulumeni, uhlanganisa izimo ezifuna ukuba izifunda zivumelane nezindinganiso ezithile. I-Ceac Air Act, i-Cec Water Act, ne-Areversement yemfundo ekhubazekile izibonelo zemithetho kahulumeni exhomeke ekusebenzeni nasekuqinisisweni kwemithetho. Lobungane buvumela uhulumeni ukuba uxazulule izinkinga zesizwe kuyilapho uhlonipha i-Equast nomthetho we-ogamessage.

Nokho, ukubambisana kwe-constalism nakho kuye kwabangela impikiswano. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamelana nemibandela kahulumeni yokuxhasa ngemali njengendlela yokuphoqelela elulaza ubukhosi bukahulumeni. Nationalal Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)], iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ukuthi ilungiselelo le-Affordable Care Act lisongela ukugodlela yonke iMédicaid ukuxhasa izimali ezizweni ezingazandisangazandisanga izinhlelo zayo njengezinto ezizimeleyo. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi ngeke iphoqelelwe ukuba ithathele icala lokuhlanganyela esimisweni esisha sikahulumeni ngaphansi kosongo lokulahlekelwa yinzuzo eselelwa isimiso esikhona ngenxa yesimiso esihlukile ngokuphelele.

Izimpikiswano Ezingaphezu Kwezinga Eliphakathi

Isimiso Sokunakekelwa Kwempilo

I-Affordble Care Act ka-2010 yabangela ukuphikisana okukhulu ngemingcele yegunya likahulumeni. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme NFIB v. Sebelius wasekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye lokusebenzisa igunya elingokomthetho lamandla akhokhelayo kodwa igunya elilinganiselwe leSishaya-Mnyango lokusekela ukuxhaswa kwezimali ze-Medicaid. Icala laqokomisa ukungezwani okusemhlanganweni we-athoni kanye nokungavumelani okuqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ungakwazi kangakanani ukusekela umthetho ngokusekela izimo zokusebenzisa imali.

Impikiswano ngokuphathwa kwempilo iyaqhubeka iyindawo ebanzi ezingxoxweni zegunya likahulumeni. I-Protoals yesimiso esisodwa esikhokhela noma ukhetho lomphakathi iphakamisa imibuzo ngendima kahulumeni kahulumeni emakethe yezokwelapha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlola kwezwe ngenqubo yokwelapha, njengokukhula kweMedicaid ngaphansi kwe-ACA kwezinye izizwe kodwa hhayi ezinye, kubonisa ukuqina kwemithetho ye-construnistism kulendawo.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Imithetho yendawo ezungezile iye yaba umthombo wempikiswano engapheli phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe. I-Ceather Air Act ne-Celean Water Act inikeza igunya elikhulu le-Ndevironmental Protection ukuba limise izindinganiso futhi liqiniswe, kodwa izifundazwe zinomthwalo wokusebenzisa eziningi zalezi zinhlelo. I-Obama's Clean Power Plan, efuna ukulawula ukukhishwa kwecarbon ezikhungweni zamandla kagesi, yabekelwa inselele yi-scedne ye-omspect yezwe futhi ekugcineni yavinjelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme. I-Trump i-olllement yemithetho yezemvelo ne-Biden yesimiso esisha sokuqondisa isimo sezulu iphinde ibangele izimpikiswano ngokuphathelene ngokulingana kombuso kahulumeni negunya.

Igunya eliyingqayizivele leCalifornia ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Air Act ukuze lizibekele izindinganiso zayo siqu zemoto, ezinye izifundazwe ezingase ziyithathe, liye laba yimpikiswano enzima kakhulu. I-EPA ngaphansi kwe-Obama ne Biden yanika abaqondisi be-California imvume yokuphoqelela ukuba basebenzise izindinganiso eziqinile, kuyilapho umphathi weTrump wafuna ukuziqeda. Izimpi ezingokomthetho phezu kwegunya lase California zibonisa ukuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwamandla kahulumeni ne-ohulumeni enqubeni yendawo ezungezile.

Ukuthuthela Ezindaweni Ezihlukile Nokulondeka Komngcele

Isimiso sokuhlanganisa abantu siyisici segunya likahulumeni elikhethekile, kodwa imibuso iye yafuna ukufeza indima ephambili ekuqikelelweni kwamandla. i-S.B. 1070, eyayifuna ukugcinwa komthetho wezwe nesomthetho wendawo ukuze ihlole isimo sokufuduka kwabantu abahlangana nabo futhi babanjwe, ibangele isiphepho esingokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme i-arizona v. United States[FLT] yahlasela izinhlelo eziyinhloko zomthetho, iqinisekisa futhi igunya elikhulu likahulumeni ekuthutheleni kwamanye amazwe. Noma kunjalo, iyaqhubeka nokukhipha imithetho ehlobene nokufuduka, njengokufuna ukuqinisekiswa okungokomthetho ngenxa yomsebenzi noma ukuthola izinzuzo, nezinkantolo ziqhubeke nokuncintisana nemingcele yezenzo zezwe kulomkhakhankani.

Izimiso zezikhulu zezokufuduka ze Biden, kuhlanganise nendlela yazo yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho emngceleni oseningizimu nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezinjengoDefered Action for Childhood Agewals (DACA), ziye zabhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezivela kubameli-wonke. Lamacala aphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngesikhundla segunya eliphethe ekunyanzelweni kwezokufuduka nendima efanele yezwe enkambisweni kahulumeni eyinselele.

Isiphetho

Ukufinyelela kukahulumeni kukhulu, kunwetshwa kwezentengiselwano, intela, isivikelo sesizwe, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nokufuduka. Nokho uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho owenziwe ngokuwuzungezile ubeka imingcele ephawulekayo egunyeni likahulumeni. Imibuso ebaliwe yeSishaya-Mkhandlu, iSiphendulo samaLungelo seshumi, iSiphendulo seMibuso, namandla okwahlulela konke kusebenza ekuvaleni kwemithetho-mthetho. Isimiso somthetho, kanye nesabelo saso esicophelelayo semibuso phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni, sisalokhu siyisicici esiyinhloko sesimiso esiyinhloko sokubusa kwaseMelika.

Ukuqonda ukulinganisela phakathi kwegunya nomngcele kubalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifisa ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo enqubweni yentando yeningi. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngezindaba ezinjengokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile, nokufuduka zibonisa ukusebenza okuhlala njalo kwemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokuphathelene nesikhundla segunya likahulumeni. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka siguqula, umbango phakathi kwesenzo sobuzwe nokuzibusa kwezwe kuyohlala kusezinhliziyweni zokuphila kwezombangazwe kwaseMelika, ibekela isizukulwane ngasinye inselele ukuba sisebenzise izimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo ezimweni ezintsha futhi silondoloze ukulingana okungantengantenga okuxhomeke ekutheni iRepublic ixhomeke kuso.