Umqulu Ohlala Njalo: Indlela Isimemezelo Sokuzibusa Esithonya Ngayo Ukubusa KwaseMelika Namuhla

ISimemezelo se - Independent, esasayinwa ehlobo lika - 1776, singenye yezinkulumo zezombangazwe ezinamandla kakhulu ezake zabhalwa. Nokho, kumehlo anamuhla singabonakala njengencwadi ewuthuli (iphepha elivalelwe emabhokisini engilazi, amaholide esizwe, nezigqizo eziyisisekelo zesikole. Lombono ululaza imfuno yaso ebalulekile, amandla aphilayo. ISimemezelo sokuzibusa asisona nje isitifiketi sokuzalwa kwesizwe; siyindlela yaso esebenzayo yokusebenza. Sinikeza uhlelo lwefilosofi, amagama engokokuziphatha, nendinganiso enkulu yezimiso zomthetho womthetho womthetho wezwe eUnited States.

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uyipulani engokomthetho futhi iNkantolo ePhakeme ingumhumushi wokugcina walowomthetho, iSimemezelo siyikhampasi yesizwe yokuziphatha. Indinganiso uhulumeni ngokwawo ahlulelwa ngayo. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni we-Idependence wase-U.S. namuhla oqhubeka ngayo uhlela i-U.S. udinga ukubheka ngalé kwemikhosi yesine futhi ubheke emibonweni yesisekelo eshukumisa umthetho waseMelika, ezombangazwe, kanye nesazi sobuzwe.

I - DNA Ewumfanekiso: Ukulingana, Amalungelo Emvelo, Nesivumelwano Sezenhlalo

Izigaba zokuqala zeSimemezelo, ezabuthelwa ngokuyinhloko uThomas Jefferson, zingamazwi acashunwe kakhulu naphikiswayo emlandweni wezombangazwe zaseMelika. Zakhipha imibono eyinkimbinkimbi yezihlakaniphi zokukhanyiselwa njengoJohn Locke esivumweni sokholo esifingqiwe, esinethonya ngokuyisisekelo esachaza injongo kahulumeni.

Iqiniso Elivelele Lokulingana Komuntu

Ukugomela "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" kwakuwukuhlasela okuqondile emiyalweni yobubhishobhi neyamaculo yekhulu le-18. Yamemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu ozalwa enelungelo laphezulu lokubusa abanye. Lomusho owodwa wamisa ukulingana njengesimo esingokwemvelo sesintu kanye nomthetho wezombangazwe wesizwe esisha. Kuhulumeni we-U.S. namuhla, lesi simiso siyisisekelo seSisekelo soMvikeli Olinganayo ka Claus weSiphendulo se-14, okufuna wonke umbuso ukuba unikeze isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho kubo bonke abantu abasebusweni bawo. Uhulumeni uhlale ulinganisela ngokumelene nalendingathwini. Ukulingana kobulili, ubulili, ukufuduka, ukufuduka, nelungelo le-LBT+ zonke isisekelo salokhu kuchaza ukuthi "ubufakazi obungalingani" imibandela yemithetho ehlukene. Uma uhulumeni uhlela imithetho elawula ngokuvumelana.

Amalungelo Angenakuphucwa Namandla Alinganiselwe

Isimemezelo esidume kakhulu sichaza "Ukuphila, Inkululeko nokuphishekela Injabulo" njengamalungelo angenakumukelwa. Ukukhethwa kwegama "elingenakumukelwa" kubalulekile; kusho lamalungelo angenakunikelwa, adluliswe, noma athathwe. Lefilosofi ibeka imingcele eqinile emandleni kahulumeni. Uhulumeni akayena umniki walamalungelo; umgangatho [ [wabo].

  • Ukuphila kuvikela ukulondeka komzimba kanye nokuba khona kwezakhamuzi, ukutshela imithetho ngobudlova bamazwe nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngesijeziso sentambo kanye nokukhishwa kwesisu.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Imithetho yeNkantolo eyimfihlo: Ihlela uhide lwenkululeko, kusukela ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesi-1 senkulumo nenkolo kuya ekuqinisekiseni iSichibiyelo sesihlanu seNkantolo ePhakamileyo ngenqubo efanelekile. Imithetho yezemfihlo, ukuzibusa komzimba, nokuzikhethela komuntu siqu (njengaku [[FLT:]]] Gristold v.Connecticut[ kanye [[FLT:]] no-[Obergefell v. Hodges[FL:5]]) ngokuvamile ilandelanisa uhlu lwazo oluqondile lwalo lwalo, ukuqonda inkululeko.
  • I-Pursuit of Hope: Igama elibanzi kakhulu kune "impahla" (igama iLocke elisetshenziswe). Lisho ilungelo lokufuna ukwaneliseka komuntu siqu, ithuba lezomnotho, nokuphila ngokwezindinganiso zomuntu siqu, uma lingaphucwa amalungelo abanye.

Ukuvunyelwa Kobukhosi Obubuswayo Nobuthandwayo

Impikiswano yeSimemezelo yokuthi ohulumeni "basebenzisa [e] amandla abo alungile ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo" itshe likahulumeni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Lesimiso sokubusa okuthandwayo simi ukuthi igunya lombuso lisuka kubantu, hhayi enkosini noma esigabeni esibusayo. Lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokwakhiwa kukahulumeni wase-U.S.:

  • I-democratic Evolution:[ njalo, ukhetho olukhululekile, nolungakho luyinqubo eyinhloko yokuthola imvume.
  • Uhulumeni omelelayo:[ Izakhamuzi ziphathisa izikhulu ezikhethiwe igunya lokuphathisa izikhulu ezizolandisa kuzo.
  • I-Acttitugation: Umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo uqala nge "Thina bantu," futhi ukuqanjwa kwawo kwadinga imvume yemihlangano ekhethekile ezifundazweni.

Izimpi zanamuhla ezingokomthetho zokulawula, imithetho yokuvota, nezimali zomkhankaso, ngomqondo ojule kakhulu, zilwa ngokuthi u "uvuma" unikezwa futhi ulinganiswa kanjani. Lapho izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi amavoti azo aphucwa noma izwi lazo alinakwa, ziphikisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi uhulumeni uphule intengo yesisekelo seSimemezelo.

Ukusuka Esahlulelweni Kuya Omthetho: Ukwakha Umthetho - sisekelo Nencwadi Yamalungelo

Uma uBufakazi buyifilosofi "ngenxa yeni" yomzamo waseMelika, uMthetho-sisekelo usebenza "ngendlela." Abakhi be-flamers bahlangana ePhiladelphia eminyakeni engu-11 kamuva ukuze bakhe isimiso somthetho esikwaziyo ukuqaphela umbono weSimemezelo oweqisayo. Incwadi abayikhiqizayo igcwele izimiso zango-1776.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Njengokuzivikela Okungokomthetho

Ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kweSimemezelo noMthetho-sisekelo yiSigqizo samaLungelo. Phakathi nempikiswano yokunqanda i-Anti-Federalist kwaphikisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwesivikelo esiqondile, uhulumeni omusha onamandla wezwe uzokuwanyathela ngokungenakugwenywa amalungelo anganqamukiyo esimemezelweni. ISimemezelo sokuqala sokuqala seshumi ngokuyisisekelo siwuluhlu olungokomthetho lwamalungelo uhulumeni owenqatshelwe ngokuqondile ukuwaphula. ISichibiyelo so-1 sivikela inkululeko kanembeza, inkulumo, nenhlangano. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ukulondeka kokuphila nempahla ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo. ISiphendulo sesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu "ohlulwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." iSiphendulo se-9 se-Remedition sithi ukuhlelwa kwelungelo elithile lokungabekwa "ukuhlenga, noma ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu abancishiwe" sinikezwa ngokuqondile yilungelo lefilosofi.

Izindlela Zokuqondisa Ezingathandeki

Uhlu olude lwezikhalo ezimelene neNkosi uGeorge III kusimemezelo lwasebenza njengecebo elibi loMthetho-sisekelo. Ukusetshenziswa kabi ngakunye kwachazwa kwakuwukusetshenziswa kabi kwabafera-mafare babezimisele ukuvimbela. Ukukhononda kokuthi iNkosi yayine "Izindlu Zokumela Ezincishisiwe" kwaholela ngokuqondile eSigabeni I, iSigabeni 4, esiqinisekisa ukuba imihlangano yasikhathi sonke yeSishayamthetho. Izikhalo zokuma amabutho ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho zathonya zathonya ilungiselelo lomthetho lokuthi amasosha angaphansi kwegunya lezakhamuzi futhi ukudluliswa kwemithetho yebutho akunakuhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili. Isikhalo ngo"Sikhalo esiphathelene nokumiswa kwenhlangano ezimele yemithetho yezomthetho ephethe ngezindlela eziyishumi zokubulala abahluleli. Umthetho umshini uveza inqubo engokomthetho eminingi, engokomthetho ukuze kwenziwe isaziso esingenakuphinda izikhalazo.

ISichibiyelo Se - 14: Ukuvala Igebe

Intuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-mthetho ehlanganisa iSimemezelo sokubusa kwanamuhla yiSichibiyelo se-14, esamukelwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango. Izigaba zaso `Privigeges', i-Curtive Proced, ne-Ulwenzile(Umthetho) ehloselwe ukusebenzisa izimiso zeSimemezelo sokulingana nenkululeko ezindaweni. Uhambo lwaqala ngo-1776 lwabekwa ngokomthetho ngo-1868, lunikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho se-Civil Rights Movement, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Bill of Rights, kanye cishe nomthetho wonke oyinhloko wezenhlalo olawula ikhulu lama-20 nelama-21. [[FLT:]

Isimemezelo Somlando Ongokomthetho Nowezombangazwe

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, lesiSimemezelo siye saba isikhali sokugcina esingadingi impendulo ezikhathini ezibucayi kakhulu zesizwe, esisetshenziselwa ukuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo nokugcina uhulumeni elandisa ezimisweni zawo eziphakeme.

ULincoln, Ikheli LaseGettysburg, Nendawo Yokusungulwa

UMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wabuye waqonda ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi isizwe sikhona. Wabheka lesiSimemezelo hhayi nje njengesimemezelo esingokomlando, kodwa njenge-"schoomar" yeRepublic. EGettysburg, wachaza kabusha i-Union "ebekwe eMvukweni, futhi wanikezela emyalezweni wokuthi bonke abantu bayadalwa balingana." Waphikisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuwumthetho, kodwa wawuwumphefumulo. ISimemezelo sakhe iProclation and iZinziso zeMpi yempi kwakuyimizamo yamabomu yokususa isizwe sobugqila nesimiso somthetho ekugcineni sivumelana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha zonyaka ka-1776.

Frederick Douglas ne-"Promsory Scopent"

UFrederick Douglas, ummisi omkhulu nomphathi omkhulu, wasebenzisa lesiSimemezelo ngomphumela obhubhisayo. Enkulumweni yakhe edumile ka-1852, "Isigqila siyini isigaba sesine sikaJuly?" wabiza uDeclaration "Ukusindiswa" kwezimiso zenkululeko yezombangazwe nobulungisa bemvelo. Wafuna ukuba isizwe siphile ngokuvumelana namazwi aso siqu okusungulwa. Ukusebenzisa kukaDouglas uSimemezelo kwabonisa amandla aso njengethuluzi lokubhikisha nenguquko. Wasekela uhulumeni ezimisweni zaso ezimisiwe, icebo elalizosetshenziswa kamuva uMartin Luther King Jr.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nezinkantolo

Ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, uBufakazi baba yithuluzi lokuziphatha le-Civil Rights Movement. UMartin Luther King Jr. ngokudume ngokubhekisela kulo njenge "profession" e "Nginephupho" emazwini akhe "Inaloso", bephikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni wayengenakho ngokwehluleka ngesibopho sakhe sokuvikela amalungelo okuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo kubo bonke abantu. Lokhu kucindezela kokuziphatha kwabangela ukushisekela kwezombangazwe ukulwela amalungelo esizwe ngo-196494 kanye neSivumelo samalungelo eSivumelwaneni sonyaka ka-65. Ngokungazelele, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukunikeza izimiso zomthetho ezingokomthetho. [[FLT:] Brown v. i-Emfundo yezemfundo [FFLDiglo Resourcence] [Foct:5] [194], iNkakhulu leNkakhulu leNkakhulu lezelele lezelele lezenteko yezentengosivuvuvu leze-S] kuqonde yalo ngokomthetho.[196]

Ibhizinisi Elingaphendulwanga Nokungaphendulwa

ISimemezelo Sokuzibusa akusona insalela engaguquki; siyisiko lokuphila elisalokhu libumba izimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu uhulumeni waseU.S. namuhla. indaba yaseMelika iyimpikiswano eqhubekayo ngencazelo yemfundiso yaso eyisisekelo.

Umsebenzi Ongachithwa Wokulingana

Ukungqubuzana phakathi kolimi lweSimemezelo somhlaba wonke nokuhluleka kwesizwe ngokomlando kuseyidrama eyinhloko yokubusa kwaseMelika. Inkulumo ethi "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" ibiyinkundla yempi kusukela ekuqaleni. Izimpikiswano zanamuhla:

  • Imizamo yokuvimbela ukufinyelela ibhola lomthetho ibekelwe inselele njengokwephula "imvume yababuswayo" isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. Hoker [2020], eyafaka ingxenye yesihluthulelo ye-Voting Rights Act, yabangela impikiswano eshubile ngokuthi uhulumeni uyawufeza yini umsebenzi wakhe wokuvikela amalungelo alinganayo.
  • Ubulungisa obungalawuleki Ushintsho: Ukuboshwa kweMikhosi yeMikhosi nokungalingani kohlanga egwetshweni kubekwa njengokwephulwa kwesithembiso seSimemezelo se-"Liberty" nesivikelo esilinganayo.
  • Ukungalingani okungokomnotho: "Ukuthenga Injabulo" kuyacelwa kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zethuba lezomnotho, ukufinyelela emfundweni, kanye nenetha lokuphepha kwezenhlalo.
  • Ukungena: Ulimi loMmemezelo lusebenza jikelele futhi lungathuthwa, lusebenza ku-"yonke imiyalo"" lokhu kusetshenziswa abasekeli ukuphikisa ubuzwe nokuphathwa kobuntu kwabafuduki, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla esingokomthetho.

Ilungelo Lokuhlala E - Alter Noma E - Abolish

Ukugomela okunamandla kakhulu kwalesiSimemezelo kuyilungelo labantu loku "lisusa noma lokuqeda" uhulumeni oba ubhubhisa izinjongo zawo. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza izindlela ezingokomthetho zokushintsha ngokhetho nangokulungisa, lesi simiso esiguqulayo sisenamandla kakhulu esikweni lezombangazwe zaseMelika. Sinikeza ukuthethelela kwefilosofi ekuphikiseni, ukungalaleli kwesizwe, nokuphenywa okuyisisekelo kwegunya lombuso. Kusukela emzabalazweni we-Civinic Rights ezins ezinkweni zanamuhla, lelilungelo lokuphindisela emuva kuhulumeni libonakala njengefa eliqondile kuMsunguli.

Ithonya Lomhlaba Wonke Namalungelo Abantu

Uhulumeni wase-U.S. ngokomlando uye wasebenzisa ulimi lweSimemezelo sokuhlela isimiso saso sangaphandle, sikhuthaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi namalungelo abantu kwamanye amazwe. Isimemezelo sathonya ngokuqondile iSimemezelo saseFrance samaLungelo Omuntu nowabantu ngo-1789 futhi muva nje, iSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu ngo-1988. Igunya likahulumeni wase-U.S. esisesigabeni somhlaba wonke lihlobene nokwethembeka kwalo okucatshangelwayo kulezi zimiso. [[FLT:] Funda ISimendelo Sendawo Yonke Samalungelo Abantu engosini ye-mfashini ye-UN ukuze ubone umbhalo nefilosofi yazo eziqondile.

Inkolelo Ephilayo Edinga Ukutholakala ERepublic Evamile

ISimemezelo Sokuzimela asiwona umthetho omelwe uphoqelelwe izinkantolo, kodwa isivumo sokholo esinikeza indinganiso ephelele yokuba ngokomthetho kuso sonke isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika. Sitshela abantu, nabaholi babo, lokho isizwe okumelwe sibe yikho. Itekisi eliyisisekelo elichaza isivumelwano sezenhlalo yaseMelika: uhulumeni uvikela amalungelo ethu, futhi nathi siyavumelana.

Isizukulwane ngasinye sisebenza umsebenzi wokuchaza nokusebenzisa izimiso zalesiSimemezelo ezinkingeni zaso. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza isisekelo salo msebenzi, kodwa unikeza injongo. Uyisisekelo sezifiso eziphezulu zesizwe futhi isilinganiso sokuhluleka kwaso okukhulu kakhulu okulinganiswa ngaso. Uma nje i-United States isakhona, uhulumeni wayo uyokwahlulelwa hhayi ngamandla ayo noma ingcebo, kodwa ngokuthembeka kwalo eqinisweni elisobala lokuthi bonke abantu badalwa belingana futhi baphiwe amalungelo angenakungenakwephucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, nokuphishekela injabulo. Lokhu kuphila, okusebenzayo, futhi okuhlala njalo ngefa leSimemezelo se-Desclation of Independetion.