Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siyisimiso esiyisisekelo ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni waseMelika. Siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekuqoqeni amandla angavinjelwa, lesi sici sivumelanisa nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kusalokhu kuyisici esichazayo sedemokrasi yase-U.S., esiqondisa ukusebenza kwansuku zonke kukahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe kanye nemiphumela yokuthonya isimiso. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezizinqubo zisebenza kanjani, kanye nemiphumela yazo yangempela yomhlaba, kubaluleke kangakanani kubafundi bezezezezezembubhishobhi, umlando, nesayensi yezombangazwe.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okunzulu kwemiphumela ye-cheke kanye nokulinganisela kuhulumeni waseMelika. Sizohlola izimpande zayo ezingokomlando, sihlole inqubo yayo eyisisekelo, sihlaziye imiphumela yayo ekulandiseni nokubopha i-glack lock, futhi sicabangele izinselele zanamuhla. Ekupheleni, uyoba nombono obanzi wesizathu sokuba abakhi be-flames babheke lesi simiso njengesibalulekile nokuthi siyaqhubeka kanjani sizivelela.

Ukuqonda Kuyakuhlola Futhi Kulinganisele

Amasesha nezilinganiso zibhekisela ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo ezivumela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni − isikhulu, i-progin, ne-castival j(ukulinganisela amandla abanye.) Lesi simiso sifakwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi sibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa komthetho nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokungafani nokuhlukaniswa okumsulwa kwemibuso, lapho amagatsha esebenza khona ngokuzehlukanisa, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwakha igunya elihambisanayo kanye nokwengamele.

Lomqondo uvame ukuqhathaniswa nezimiso zempoqo lapho amandla ekhona. Emfanekisweni waseMelika, alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kohlobo oluthile lokuvunyelwa noma ukwengamela komunye.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

Ukuze siqonde ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kudingeka kuqala sicacise izindima zegatsha ngalinye:

  • Igatsha eliphetheyo: Liqondiswa ngumongameli, leligatsha liphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni, liqhuba isimiso sakwelinye izwe, liyala amabutho ahlomile, futhi lengamele isigaba sikahulumeni. Isekela likamongameli neKhabhinethi lisekela umongameli.
  • Igatsha elinomthetho: Isishaya-mthetho, esikhiwa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli, sinamandla okwenza imithetho, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa inzuzo, nokuphakamisa izikhulu zikahulumeni. Siqinisekisa futhi ukumiswa kokwahlulela nokuphatha futhi sihlanganisa izivumelwano.
  • Igatsha elinomthetho: Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, eziholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, zichaza imithetho, zibukeza izenzo zobuphathi, futhi zinqume ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho ngokubukeza.

Lamagatsha awahlukene emsebenzini kuphela kodwa futhi ancikene ngokuhlola. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi angakhipha umthetho weveto, isishaya-mthetho anganqoba ama-veto ngo-3,2%, futhi amajaji angashaya imithetho njengengavumelaniyo.

Umlando: Umbono Wesakhelo

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babethonywe kakhulu ongqondongqondo abakhanyiselwe, ikakhulukazi uBaron de Montesquieu, owasebenza Umoya woMthetho [ (1748) baphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko ingalondolozwa kangcono ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kahulumeni. Amakoloni aseMelika ayebonele mathupha ngegunya lesikhulu esilawulayo elingavinjelwe ngaphansi kweNkosi uGeorge III, eyakhuthaza isifiso sawo sesimiso sokubusa esahlukene.

Phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ka-1787, izihambeli zaphikisana ngokuthi zingawuhlela kanjani uhulumeni omusha. Inselele yayiwukwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukuze ugweme ubuthakathaka bezihloko zeConfederation kuyilapho uvimbela ubushiqela. Ikhambi lalingekuko ukuhlukanisa okuphelele kwemibuso kodwa isimiso esihlangene lapho igatsha ngalinye lalizohlola ezinye. Njengoba uJames Madison abhala ku Fideralist No. 51, "Umthetho kumelwe wenziwe ukuba ulwe ukulwa nomfuno yentando."

Amaphepha Ohlelo Lokuhlela

Ku Umdwebi womthetho No. 51, uMadison wachaza isidingo sokuhlola nokulinganisela: isakhiwo sikahulumeni kumelwe sinikeze "ngezithakazelo ezingafani nezimbangi" ukushiyeka kwezisusa ezingcono. Waphikisa ngokuthi igatsha ngalinye kufanele lizimele futhi libe nezindlela zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezisusa zomuntu siqu zokumelana nokungezwani nezinye. Lesimiso sisakhonjwa namuhla ezingxabanweni zomthetho-sisekelo.

Iphepha lomphakathi [[FOLT:1] lisalokhu libalulekile ukuze liqonde injongo yokuqala engemva kokuhlola nokulinganisela. Bachaza indlela i republic enkulu engalawula ngayo amaqembu ancintisanayo ukuze avikele amalungelo amancane futhi aqinisekise ukuzinzile.

Imishini Eyinhloko Yamasheke Nezilinganiso

Ezinye zibhalwe ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, kanti ezinye zivele zavela. Ngezansi ziyizinqubo ezibaluleke kakhulu:

  • IVEto Power: Umongameli angakhipha noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho. Nokho, uMkhandlu ungalawula i-veto nenani eliyizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuzo zombili izitobhi. Lamandla okuhlola ayayehlisa futhi avimbele umongameli ekwenzeni umthetho kungakaze kwenzeke.
  • Jodicial Review: Imiswe ku Marbury v. Madison (103), izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nemithetho. Lokhu kungokunye kokuhlola okunamandla kakhulu, njengoba kuvumela ijudicary ukuba ilahle izinqumo ezenziwa amagatsha akhethiwe.
  • Isivumelwano: Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuphela (ukuletha amacala kumongameli, isekela likamongameli, nomphathi-mthetho. ISigele sibe sesithatha icala futhi singasusa izikhulu ngevoti eyisithathu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zingabekwa icala "ngobugebengu obukhulu nangabenzi bomthetho abangafaneleki"."
  • ISiqinisekiso soMgunyazo: ISigele kumele siqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli eKhabhinethi, izinkantolo zikahulumeni, nezinye izikhundla eziphakeme. Lokhu kuhlola kunikeza isishaya-mthetho indima ekulolongeni isikhulu nesahluleli.
  • [ I-Ratiation: Umongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa zidinga ukuvota okumabili amathathu eSigele ukuze zisebenze. Lokhu kuhlola kuvimbela umphathi ukuba enze izibopho zangaphandle ngaphandle kwemvume enkulu yemithetho.
  • amandla entengo: uhulumeni ulawula imali echithwayo nentela. Ayikho imali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle komthetho wokukhipha izicelo. Lokhu kunikeza isishaya-mthetho igunya kumthetho wesikhulu nezinto eziza kuqala.
  • u-Vitoes:[ Njengoba kuphawuliwe, uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa umongameli we-veto, udinga ama-paletiss amakhulu kuwo womabili amagumbi. Lomshini ulondoloza ukulingana kwamandla ngisho nalapho umphathi engavumelani noMkhandlu.

Ezinye izihlolo zethukela zihlanganisa indima yemithombo yezindaba ekudaluleni ukuxhashazwa, umbono womphakathi olawula imiphumela yevoti, neqiniso lokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme inganwetshwa noma ihlelwe kabusha yiKhomishane (nakuba kuqabukela yenziwe). Isimiso sizimisele ukunciphisa ithuba lokubusa elinye igatsha.

Ithonya Kuhulumeni WaseMelika

Ithonya le-checks nokulinganisa kuhulumeni waseMelika likhulu futhi linezici eziningi. Kwesinye isandla, isimiso sikhuthaza ukulandisa, sivimbela ubushiqela, futhi sikhuthaza ukuyekethisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungaholela ekuboshelweni nasekungasebenzini, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zokuhlukana kwezindawo. Ukuqonda zombili izinhlangothi kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwesimiso sonke.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukulandisa

Uma elinye igatsha lidlula igunya lalo, elinye lingangenela. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli osebenzisa kabi iziyalezo zokuphatha angabhekana namacala enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi uKhongolo lungahlola futhi lubambe izikhulu. Inqubo yokuziphendulela iyinqubo yokugcina yezikhulu eziphakeme.

Lokhu kulandisa kudlulela nasejajini. Amajaji azimele ukuphila konke, kodwa angalahlwa ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi. ISishaya-mthetho silawula futhi ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni futhi singalinganisela indlela amacala aqulwa ngayo.

Ukuvimbela Ubudlova

Ngokusakaza amandla emagatsheni amaningi, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisiza ekuvimbeleni noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo nenkululeko yezakhamuzi. Abakhi bamafulegi babezazi kahle izingozi zamandla alinganiselwe, bephile ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani. Baklama isimiso lapho ngisho nomongameli odumile engenakuwushintsha khona umthetho noma acindezele ukungavumelani ngaphandle kokumelana nokuphikiswa komthetho noma izinkantolo.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zibonisa lokhu kuvikela. Phakathi nehlazo laseWatergate, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayala uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi aqoshiwe, neKomiti Yendlu Yamaculo YaseHouse ivume ukukhishwa kwezincwadi zomthetho.

Ukubambisana Okukhuthazayo Nokuhlehla

Isidingo sokubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha singaholela ekuqondiseni umthetho onengqondo kakhulu nezimiso. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kukhuthaza ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla, okungaphumela ekubusweni okuphumelela kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho odlula kokubili indlu neSigele ngokusekela i-bipartisan futhi usayinwe ngumongameli cishe ungaba nethuba lokuthenga okuningi, unciphise ithuba lokubhekana nenselele esheshayo noma engokomthetho.

Le nqubo yokuqinisekisa ikhuthaza ukubambisana: Omongameli bavame ukuxhumana nezigebengu zabo bobabili abantu ngaphambi kokumisa inkantolo ePhakeme, futhi abakhohlisi bavame ukulinganisela ukuze baqinisekiswe. Nokho, emashumini eminyaka amuva lokhu kubambisana kuye kwaba yingxabano.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nokugxeka okukhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi singaholela ekungagculini kanye nasekulawuleni kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini zikahulumeni ohlukene. Uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukene, angaphumela ekuthatheni impumelelo lapho kungenziwa lutho khona. Le ntambo ingakhungathekisa izakhamuzi futhi iholele ekudumazekeni uhulumeni.

Impi Yezombangazwe

I-Gridlock mhlawumbe iyisisombululo esivame kakhulu sokugxekwa kwemishini nama-scheck. Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela ngo-2022 kuya ku-2022, i-United States yabhekana nokuvalwa okuningana kukahulumeni ngenxa yezingxabano zemali phakathi kwendlu ehamba-hamba ne-Riphabliki nomongameli we-DEmocratic noma i-eye-democratic. Izinkonzo ezibalulekile zaphazamiseka, futhi umphakathi wathukuthela. Ngokufanayo, iSigele i-Piapnbuster @a ithuluzi hhayi ekuqaleni eMthethweni kodwa manje itshelishini enkulu .

Izazi ziphikisana ngokuthi i-gridlock iyisixhuzu noma isici. Ezinye ziphikisa ngokuthi abakhi be-flash benza ushintsho ngamabomu ukuze bavikele umthetho osusukile. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlaliswa kwamazwe kwanamuhla kuye kwenza isimiso sokuphazamiseka. Njengoba isazi sezezombangazwe uFrances Lee siphawula, "Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisebenza kahle kuphela uma amaqembu ezombangazwe ezimisele ukuhlehla.

Amandla Okuxhashazwa

Nakuba amasheke namakali kuhloselwe ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa, kungasetshenziswa futhi ukuze kuzuze abashokobezi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugodla kuye kwasetshenziswa njengesikhali sezombangazwe. Ngo-1998, uMongameli uBill Clinton wabekwa iNdlu yeRepublica elawulwayo ukuze iphathwe futhi ivinjelwe ngokungemthetho okuhlobene nehlazo lomuntu siqu, [1]a inyakazisa abaningi bebhekwa njengenomgomo wezombangazwe. Muva nje, uMongameli uDonald Trump wabekwa kabili yiDémocracratic House elawula iRhoogracray, kanye noRepublicans amangalela uDemocrates ngokulwa kwenqubo yokulwa kwezikhali.

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungasetshenziswa kabi futhi. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zidlulela phambili ngokushaya imithetho esekelwe ezincazelweni zemibono kunokuba icacise isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuyi- Citizens United v. FEC [2010] iyisibonelo esivelele lapho abagxeki bethi iNkantolo ithe izimali zezentengiselwano zamazwe athengelé kwalokho okwakuhlosiwe nguMthetho-sisekelo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezimo Ezishintshayo

Ukuphakama kweziqondiso zezikhulu, ukuvela kwezigaba zamandla kusuka eSishaya - mthetho kuya ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, nethonya elandayo lemali kwezombangazwe konke kuye kwavivinya uhlelo lokuqala.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Aphethe

Abaholi bawo womabili amahhovisi baye basebenzisa iziyalezo zokuqondisa, izimemezelo, nememoranda ukudlulisa iziKhomishane ezindabeni ezinjengokufuduka, ukulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile, nokunakekelwa kwempilo. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu ziwumthetho-mthetho-(ne) ziyithuluzi lokuqondisa umsebenzi wamagatsha aphethe, banganweba imingcele yegunya lomongameli. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo ziye zabulala ngokuphamazela okungaqondi ukuthi umnini wenkonzo ukhona, kodwa umthamo omkhulu wesisebenzi esiphezulu uye washeshisa ukulingana negatsha eliphethe.

UKhongolose uphendule kancane. Igatsha lomthetho ngokuvamile alinayo intando yezombangazwe yokubuyisela kumongameli beqembu labo, futhi usongo lwe-veto lwenza kube nzima ukuqeda. Lokhu kungalingani kuye kwaholela ezinye izazi ukuba zimeme u-"Rebalting" wamandla, mhlawumbe ngokuqinisa ngamandla i-Chonrogional Review Act[ noma ngokulinganisela ikhono likamongameli lokumemezela izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba inkundla yempi ehlolwayo nelinganiswayo. Njengoba inamandla okuqeda imithetho, ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo kuphikiswa kakhulu. Ukumiswa kwamajaji kuye kwabekwa kakhulu, futhi iqembu ngalinye lifuna ukumisa igebe lomthetho ngokwezizukulwane. Ukumiswa kwangonyaka ka 2016 kubizwa ngokuthi ukumiswa kweziqu zeGarrick Garland' ngumthetho weSigele, kulandelwa ukuqinisekiswa okusheshayo kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020, kuqokomisa indlela i-cheke engenziwa ngayo izikhali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNkantolo ngokwayo iye yaba nesibindi kakhulu. Ngamagama amuva, iye yagumbuqela izenzakalo ezithathelwe isikhathi eside zokukhishwa kwezisu (] Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[]), amalungelo empumulo ([] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruten], nomthetho wokuphatha ([[FLT:]]st Virginia v. [[FLT:]]]). Lezi zinqule impikiswano ngendima efanele yokuhlola. Ukuhlola, bheka [FLT]

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwemisebe YasePartisan Nokuncipha KwamaNorm

Mhlawumbe inselele enkulu kakhulu yokuhlola nokulinganisela namuhla ukuncishiswa kwemithetho. Lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe ebhekana njengezinsongo ezikhona, isimiso sokuzinqanda siphunyuka. iSigele sigcina iziphakamiso zokulawula, ezaziyivelakancane, manje siyinqubo; i-monilbuster isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela zonke izinhloso zomthetho; futhi izinsongo zokwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme noma ukuhlanganisa ngemithetho emisha iqeda isimiso sokuzimela.

Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso sidinga inguquko. Iziphakamiso zihlanganisa ukuqeda i-monilbuster, imingcele ebeka imingcele yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, ifuna izikhulu ezinkulu ngezenzo ezithile zobuphathi, kanye nokuqinisa amandla eSishaya- mthetho ukuba agcine umongameli enecala. Abanye baxwayisa ngokuthi ukuhoxa ngesakhiwo soMthetho-sisekelo kungaba nemiphumela engalindelekile.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siseyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Nakuba siletha izinselele ``igrick', ukuxhashazwa kwabaxhaphazeli,'ukungafezeki kweqembu ("indima ekukhuthazeleni ukulandisa nokuvimbela ubushiqela ibalulekile. Abakhi besimiso esizomelana nakho kokubili uvivinyo lwesikhathi nokucindezela kwe-conotionalism. Ukuthi sisasebenza, nakuba kungaphelele, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu- 230 kamuva kuyisiqinisekiso somklamo waso.

Ukuqonda izinhlolo-zici kanye nokulinganisela kubalulekile kubafundi nakothisha bomlando, umthetho, nesayensi yezombangazwe. Akusona nje isimiso sezimiso ezingabonakali kodwa uhlelo oluphilayo olulawula zonke izimpi ezinkulu zezombangazwe e-United States. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlola iNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuvalwa, noma ukuqulwa kwecala likahulumeni, ukuhlulwa komthetho nokulinganisela kuyasebenza.

Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka siguquka, kanjalo ukuchazwa nokwenza uhulumeni olinganiselwe. Inselele yezakhamuzi nabenzi bomthetho iwukuvikela injongo eyisisekelo yesimiso ($_ukulawula ubushiqela nokuvikela inkululeko) kuyilapho ivumelana namaqiniso anamuhla. Kulowo mzamo, abantu abafundile bayakwazi ukugcina.