Okwenza Ukuzilawula Nokulinganisela Kube Yisekela Lombuso Wentando Yeningi

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela uyisimiso esiyisisekelo sentando yeningi, siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awagxili egatsheni elilodwa likahulumeni. Lesimiso sikhuthaza ukulandisa futhi sivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, siwenza ube isici esibucayi somphakathi wentando yeningi osebenzayo. Ngaphandle kwalendawo eqinile, izingozi zedemokratial ezingeneka ngokubusa ngempoqo, lapho umthetho uthatha khona ukubusa komuntu oyedwa noma iqembu. Ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izilinganiso nokulinganisela okusebenzayo kusebenza kanjani futhi kungani zibalulekile kunoma izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuvikela amalungelo azo futhi zigcine uhulumeni unecala.

Ukuqonda Kuyazihlola Futhi Kuzinzile: Umshini Womthetho - sisekelo

Phakathi nendawo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kubhekisela ezimisweni ezivumela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni ukuba lilinganisele amandla amanye. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu futhi liqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo ezakhamuzi avikelekile. Imfundiso yokuhlukanisa imibuso, ekwazi ukulandelela emibhalweni ye-Montesquieu futhi kamuva efakwe eMthethweni woMyalo, ihlukanise amagunya kahulumeni abe amagatsha amathathu alinganayo. Igatsha ngalinye lithola isilinganiso esihlukile semibuso, kodwa futhi lihlanganyela nasekusebenziseni abanye ngemithwalo yemfanelo ehambayo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

E - United States, uhulumeni uhlukaniswa waba amagatsha amathathu, ngalinye linendima yalo eyinhloko:

  • [ Igatsha elinomthetho: Isibopho sokwenza imithetho. Isishaya-mthetho (Indlu yabameleli neSigele) siphethe amandla esikhwama semali, singamemezela impi, futhi sinegunya lokunikeza izikhulu zikahulumeni.
  • Igatsha elisebenzayo:[ Icala lokumisa imithetho. UMongameli uyala amabutho ahlomile, angashaya umthetho, futhi amise amajaji ahlangene namakhathemende (azithoba ekuqinisekisweni kweSigele).
  • Igatsha eliphethe i-judicial: Isibopho sokuchaza imithetho. Izinkantolo ze-Federal, eziholwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, zinamandla okubukeza kokwahlulela,(] ikhono lokushaya imithetho ephula umthetho.

Igatsha ngalinye linemithetho eqondile nemithwalo yemfanelo, futhi lisebenza ngokwalo. Lokhu kwahlukana kubalulekile ekulondolozeni uhulumeni olinganiselayo. Kodwa ukwehlukana kukodwa akunele, kodwa amagatsha futhi angakwazi ukuhlolana. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli angakhipha isikwele esidluliswa yi-Congress, kodwa iKhongolo ingakudlulisa lokho ngenani elikhulu eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izikhundla. INkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela ukuthi umthetho awuthathi umthetho owe-stitunion, kodwa i-Congress ingaveza ukuvuselelwa kokugumbuqela. Lokhu kwenza isimiso sokuhlolwa nokulinganisa amandla kungabi yisimiso esiqinile.

Umshini Wamasheke Nokulinganisela

Ngaphandle kokuhlukana okubanzi kwemibuso, kunezindlela ezithile zokuphoqelela ukulandisa. Phakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi:

  • I-Veto Power:[ uMongameli angawenqaba umthetho, aphoqelele uMkhandlu ukuba uphinde uphinde ucabange. Lokhu kuvimbela igatsha lemithetho ukuba limise imithetho isikhulu esibheka njengengahlakaniphile noma engekho ngokwemithetho.
  • qinisekisa: Ukumiswa kukaMongameli konobhala bamakhabethe, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa kumelwe avunyelwe iSishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kunikeza igatsha lemithetho isisho kulowo osebenzisa amandla ombuso nokwahlulela.
  • Ukuhlela nokususa: Indlu ingamphazamisa uMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, noma umahluleli kahulumeni ngenxa "yomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma amanye amacala amakhulu namacala angafanele." ISigele siqunga icala futhi singasusa isikhulu ngevoti eliyizi-mitha ezimbili.
  • Jodicial Review: Kusukela Marbury v. Madison (103), izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinamandla okunquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu zivumelana yini nomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuyinhlolo-nqununu enamandla kuzo zombili iziKhongolo kanye noMongameli.
  • Amandla entengo: uhlela ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Ayikho imali engathathwa kuBeki yemali ngaphandle komthetho odluliswa yi-Congress. Lokhu kulinganisela ikhono lomphathi lokuxhasa izivumelwano ngaphandle kwemvume yemithetho.
  • [ Izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ezixoxwe nguMongameli zidinga iseluleko nemvume yezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi akabophi isizwe ezibopheleleni zangaphandle ngaphandle kokusekela okukhulu.

Lezi zinqubo azizona nje ezicatshangelwayo; ziye zahlolwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli uAndrew Jackson waveza ukumiswa kwe-Second Bank yase-United States, kodwa ukubona iSishaya - mthetho sihluleka ukumelana naye. Muva nje, ukuvinjelwa kohambo lukaMongameli Trump kwabekelwa inselele enkantolo futhi ngokwengxenye kwavinjelwa noma kwaphazanyiswa abahluleli bezwe abahlukahlukene, okubonisa ukugcinwa okuqhubekayo kwesenzo sesikhulu nokuhlolwa kokwahlulela.

Ukubaluleka Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela Ekulondolozeni Inkululeko

Amasheke nama - accounter afeza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi ongenakuthathwa kalula:

  • [ Ukususwa kokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla: Ngokunika igatsha ngalinye ikhono lokuhlola elinye, alikho igatsha elingabusa. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuvela komashiqela noma iqembu lomashiqela.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye:[ Lesimiso sisiza ekulondolozeni amalungelo ezakhamuzi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa kahle futhi akukho gatsha likahulumeni elingazifunela abantu noma amaqembu.
  • [ Ukuqinisa ukuhlelwa kwe-Collation: Isidingo sokubambisana phakathi kwamagatsha kukhuthaza ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla, kuphoqelela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zisebenze ngaphesheya kwemigqa yezombangazwe ukuze zifinyelele imiphumela.
  • Imali eqanjwe nge-akhawunti:[ Igatsha ngalinye liba nesibopho sokulandisa kwabanye, likhuthaza ukuba sobala kwezenzo zikahulumeni. Uma elinye igatsha lidlula, elinye lingalithatha icala.
  • Ukungaguquguquki: ngokunciphisa inqubo ye-gastion nokufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kunciphisa ingozi yokunganaki noma imithetho emisiwe ngokushesha engabangela umonakalo wesikhathi eside.

Ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisela, kunengozi yokucindezelwa nokucindezelwa, njengoba umlando uye wasibonisa njalo. Ngisho nasebudenariyoni, ukufakwa kwemibuso yentando yeningi kungaqeda inkululeko. Cabangela ukwanda kwamandla okubusa ngaphansi kukaMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt phakathi neMpi Enkulu Yomnotho neMpi Yezwe II. Nakuba izenzo zakhe eziningi zazithandwa, zaqala futhi ukuphikisana ngemingcele yegunya lomongameli. INkantolo Ephakeme ekuqaleni yashaya izinhlelo ezimbalwa ze-New Decial, isikhumbuzo sokuthi ngisho nangezikhathi zenhlekelele, uMthetho-sisekelo ubeka imingcele.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando: Indlela Ohulumeni Abaye Bashintsha Ngayo Indlela Abalinganisela Ngayo

Kuwo wonke umlando, ohulumeni abahlukahlukene baye benza ukuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze kulondolozwe ukuhleleka nokuvikela izakhamuzi.

  • IRiphabliki yaseRoma: yamisa isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi lapho ama-const, iSigele, nemihlangano yahlolana khona. Abameli bayala ibutho kodwa bakhonza unyaka owodwa kuphela; iSigele salawula imali; futhi lemihlangano yashaya imithetho. Lesimiso savimbela noma ubani ukuba alawule iRepublic amakhulu amaningi eminyaka.
  • Umthetho-sisekelo wase-United States: wakha uhlelo lwamabomu lweziphetho zomthetho, izikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela. Abahleli, bethonywe yizazi zokukhanyiselwa kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu kwe-coloning neNkosi uGeorge III, baklama uhulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe. I-Federalist Papers (ikakhulukazi u-No. 10 no-No. 51) bachaza ukuthi ukuhlola nokulinganisela kungalawula kanjani ukubusa kanye nesifiso.
  • I-United Kingdom: Ilapho intula umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe, i-UK isebenza ngesimiso sobukhosi bephalamende, kodwa ngokuhlola okunjengeNdlu Yobukhosi elinganiselwe, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela yiNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nokumiswa kwemithetho yenkosi (manje eyinqubo). Emashumini eminyaka amuva, i-UK iye yabona ukuphikisana phakathi kwesikhulu (isikhulu sesikhulu nesikhulu sombuso) kanye nesikhulu somthetho wecala ngezindaba ezinjenge-profectionary yePhalame ngo-2019, okwathiwa yiNkanto engekho emthethweni.
  • Imishini ye-Modeln Democracies: Amazwe amaningi namuhla aye athatha izimiso ezifanayo, ngokuvamile ngezindlela ezingafani. UMthetho weSisekelo waseJalimane umisa uhlelo oluqinile lukahulumeni oluneNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo ongashaya umthetho. Isimiso seFrance esinezikhathi ezingephi ngaphambi kokuba sithathe umthetho sihlanganisa umongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile, undunankulu ozakuphendula epalamente, neSishaya-mthetho esibukeza imithetho.

Lezi zibonelo ziqokomisa ukuthi izinhlolo-masi akuyona indlela eyodwa elinganayo. Zidinga ukulungiswa njalo nokuzivumelanisa. Uma elinye igatsha lidlula, elinye kumelwe liphendule. Uma isimiso sesiqinile, izakhamuzi kumelwe zifune inguquko.

Izinselele Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, izinhlolo - vo nokulinganisela kubhekene nezinselele ezingathi sína embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla:

  • [[FLT: 0] Parisan Polarection: amaqembu ezombangazwe avame ukubeka kuqala izithakazelo zawo phezu kokuhle okuvamile, okuholela ekuboshweni kwe-grid. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili amagatsha aphethe ne-provicol, bangase banganqikazi ukuqondisa. Uma ukulawula kuhlukene, izithiyo zingaphazamisa uhulumeni.
  • Impumelelo engaphezulu yokufinyelela: Omongameli noma abaphathi-magunya abasebukhosini bangazama ukwandisa amandla abo angaphaya kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile bebhekisela ekulondekeni kwesizwe noma izidingo eziphuthumayo. Ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zezwe, izimemezelo zokusayina, kanye nemibuso yempi enwetshwe ngokuphawulekayo. Ukucwaninga kweBrennan Center yeSikhungo sobulungisa kuveza indlela bobabili uRepublican noDemocratic negunya elikhulu ngayo phezu kwengxenye yekhulu elidlule.
  • I-Judicial Activis vs. I-Divictt yokwahlulela: Izinkantolo zingaweqa imingcele yazo, zithonye izinqumo zezimiso kunokumane nje uchaze imithetho. Impikiswano ngokuhlola okufanelekile kokwahlulela iyaqhubeka. Okwamanje, ukuhlasela kwezombangazwe ngobunono bejaji kungawenza buthaka amandla ayo okuhlola amanye amagatsha.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Norms: Ngisho noma zikhona izinhlolo ezingokomthetho, bancike ezimisweni namasiko angabhaliwe. Uma lezozimiso ziwohloka (umz., ukwenqaba ukuhambisana nama-tophona, ukubekwa indinganiso yendima evamile), isimiso singase singasebenzi ngendlela ehlosiwe. Inkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Congregational Servanial iphawule izimo ezikhuphukayo zokungahambisani nezicelo zobungameli.
  • I-Discope and Displant: Izakhamuzi eziphathwe ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo zingalahlekelwa ukholo ezinhlanganweni. Uma umphakathi ungakholelwa ekugunyazisweni kwezinkantolo noma ekungakhethi kokhetho, sonke isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siyaxega. Lokhu kungaholela kumjikelezo lapho igatsha ngalinye lithi elinye lingekho emthethweni, lisusa ukuqina kwentando yeningi.

Impilo yokuhlola nokulinganisela akuxhomekile nje kuphela emklamweni womthetho kodwa nasemkhubeni wezombangazwe kanye nokuzimisela kwabaholi ukuhlonipha imingcele.

Ukutadisha Icala: Iziqondiso Zokuqondisa Nempi Yokulwela Ukubusa

Enye indawo lapho kuhlolwa khona amasheke namazinga okusetshenziswa kweziyalezo zokuqondisa. Nakuba uMongameli enegunya lokunikeza iziqondiso egatsheni eliphetheyo, lemiyalo kusamelwe ivumelane nemithetho edluliswa yiKhomishane noMthetho-sisekelo. Lapho uMongameli uFranklin Roosevelt eyala ukuvalwa kwempi yamaJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela isenzo [[FL:] [[FLT]] Khorema v. United States[FLT] [1944] [isinqumo] (444)] [a kamuva silahlwa kakhulu njengesehlulelo lokuhlola kokwahlulela. Muva nje, uMongameli Obama's abaphathi bezenzwe enkantolo, futhi umahluleli wezwe elivamile uvinje, uvimbeka inse inqubo emishayisekalela iNkadelela iNkakhulu embusweni yezombangazwe.

Ukuqinisa Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Indima Yomphakathi Nemfundo

Ukuthuthukisa ukuqashelwa kokuhlola nokulinganisela kubalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi enempilo. Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi luyikho konke okulawula imingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo. Nazi izindlela eziningana zokuqinisa lokhu kuqonda nokuqinisa isimiso:

Ukuzuza Imfundo Efundiswa Yimfundo Efundiswa Uhulumeni

Izikole kufanele zifundise abafundi ngokwakheka kukahulumeni nokubaluleka kokuhlolwa nokulinganisela kusukela ebudaleni obuncane. ICurricula kufanele idlule ngalé kokuthatha ngekhanda amagatsha amathathu futhi ihlanganise nezifundo zecala zokuthi amasheke aye asetshenziswa kanjani (nenye) futhi uma ehlulekile. Izinhlelo ezinjenge iCbics, ezasungulwa yiJaji leNkantolo Ephakeme uSandra Day O’Connor, zinikeza imithombo yamahhala yemfundo yomphakathi. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kufanele zigunyaze ukuba abafundi besikole esiphakeme baphumelele ukuhlolwa kwezezezezwe elifana ne-U.S.

Ukunikeza Izingxoxo Zomphakathi Nezivumelwano

Izindawo zokuxoxa nomphakathi zinganikeza iziteji ukuze izakhamuzi zingene kulemiqondo. Amahholo edolobha, ukuqulwa kwamacala ezindaba, nemihlangano kahulumeni yendawo kunikeza amathuba abantu abavamile ukuba babone amasheke nezilinganiso ezisebenzayo. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda indlela yokucela abameleli bazo, ukuthatha izingxoxo zomphakathi, noma ukumangalela okungenacala ukuze ziphikise izenzo ezingekho emthethweni zikahulumeni, ziba yingxenye yenqubo yokuhlola zona ngokwazo. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano Yabesifazane ibambe izenzakalo zezemfundo zamavota abavoti ezichaza izenzakalo ezichaza izenzakalo zokuvoti nje kuphela kodwa ukulingana kwegunya kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni.

Ukulandisa kwemithombo yezindaba kanye nokubika ngeqiniso

Izintatheli zingaqokomisa izimpikiswano ezihlobene nokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukuthuthukisa ukuqapha komphakathi. Imibiko yokuhlola ukuphaphanyiswa kwezikhulu, ukwehluleka kwemithetho, noma izingxabano zokwahlulela zesithakazelo ifeza umsebenzi obalulekile wokugada inja. Izindaba zingachazeli nje kuphela lokho uhulumeni akwenzayo kodwa nemingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo ezenzweni zakhe. Isibonelo, lapho umongameli ekhipha uhlelo lwezikhulu, izintatheli kufanele zicacise lokho ukuhleleka okungakwenzi futhi zingakwazi ukukwenza ngaphansi kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Ingosi yeSiqikili seZibonelo sezeli inikeza umbhalo ogcweleyo woMthetho-sisekelo kanye ne-andondo, okwenza kube lula ukuba izikhulu zezindaba nezakhamuzi zibhekisele kumalungiselelo angokoqobo.

Izinqubo Zokulungisa Izinkinga Zanamuhla

Kungase kudingeke izinguquko zokwakha ukuze kubuyiselwe ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izinketho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqinisa i - Powers Resolution yeMpi ukuze kudinge ukuvunyelwa kwenhlangano ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubophana kwezempi okuqhubekayo.
  • Ukumisa imithetho elinganisela ukusetshenziswa kweziyalezo zezikhulu ukuze kushintshwe izinqubo ezinkulu, kudinga ukuvota kwenhlangano.
  • Ukusebenzisa izimiso zokuziphatha ukuze kuncishiswe izingxabano zesithakazelo futhi kuqinisekise ukuzimela kokwahlulela.
  • Ukushintsha inqubo yokuvota ukuze kuncishiswe ukungenela kwabavoti abavotiyo futhi kwandise ukuhlanganyela kwabo, okuqinisa ngokungaqondile icala lokulandisa kwenhlangano.

Lezinguquko azizona ezinkulu; ziwushintsho oluqaphela ukuthi abakhi be- 18-century abanakulindela zonke izinsongo zesimanje. Isimiso esivumelanayo esingazivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho silondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo sibalulekile. USA.gov inikeza ukucaciswa okucacile kwendlela amagatsha asebenza ngayo phakathi [, okuwusizo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isakhiwo samanje.

Isiphetho: Ukuvikela Amasheke Nokulinganisela Kuvikela Intando Yeningi

Amasheke namaqiniso abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwanoma yisiphi isigaba sentando yeningi esinethemba lokuhlala. Baqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asakazwa futhi akukho muntu oyedwa ongabusa uhulumeni. Njengezakhamuzi, kuwumthwalo wethu ukuqonda nokusekela lezi zimiso zokulondoloza izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Amalungu eSivumelwano akholelwa ukuthi isifiso sokuvelela kumelwe siwenziwe ukuze kulwelwe nesifiso sokubusa. Ukuqonda kuhlala kuyiqiniso namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo ngo1787. Kodwa ukuhlola nokulinganisela akukona ukuzibulala. Sidinga ukunakekelwa njalo, ukuqapha, ukuqapha, nokubopha okudiliselwe umphakathi ukuba wonke amagatsha aphendulelwe. Uma sivikela ukuzibusa kwe-judia, uma sigcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni usebenzisa igunya lawo, futhi lapho sivotela ngolwazi lwethu lwendlela ekusebenzela ngayo, asikwenzi ezombangazwe. [FF] [0] uMthetho we-National uveza ukuthi ukulinganisa ukufaneleka komthetho we-Edivoluntelse.[1]