Table of Contents
Ezimisweni zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, ukusakazwa kwegunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu ahlukene, isikhulu, neyahlulelo − kuveza isisekelo sokubusa okunesibopho. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, okuqale kwashiwo isazi sefilosofi esikhanyiselwe uMontesquieu, kuvimbela noma iyiphi into ekugcineni ukulawula okunganqandeki. Ngokubeka ukumiswa komthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho, nokuchazwa komthetho ukuze kuhlukanise izinhlangano, ukwakheka kwentando yeningi kwakha isilinganiso esinamandla esaziwa njengetshekelelwa nezilinganiso. Ukuqonda lezizindima akudingekile kubafundi bezakhamuzi kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifisa ukuzihlanganisa nohulumeni wazo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okuqinile kwegatsha ngalinye, imisebenzi yazo, ukusebenzelana, ukuhlangana, nokuvikela okugxekayo.
Igatsha Elingokomthetho: I - Engine - forming Yokwenza Imithetho
Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokwenza, ukuphikisana, nokumisa imithetho ebusa isizwe. Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, liyindikimba yama-badamal − ehlanganiswe amagumbi amabili − ehlelelwe ukulinganisela phakathi kwezithakazelo ezisekelwe emphakathini nasezifundeni zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United States Congress ihlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele, kanti iPhalamende lase-United Kingdom lihlanganisa iNdlu yamaCommons neNd House. Nakanjani izakhiwo, imisebenzi eyisisekelo sendlu yomthetho ihlala ikhona: ukumelela, ukuqondisa, ukugunyaza, nokugunyaza.
Izakhiwo Zemithetho
Ama-Badameral anezihlalo ezihlukene ezikhethwe abantu abazodwa ezibekwe abantu abahlala egumbini eliphezulu kanye negumbi eliphansi, ngalinye elinezisekelo ezihlukile zokhetho nobude. Igumbi eliphansi . njengendlu yabameleli base-U.S. likhethwe ngokuqondile ngabantu, elinezihlalo ezahlulwa abantu. Amalungu asebenza izintambo ezimfushane, ngokuvamile iminyaka emibili, aqinisekisa ukuthi ahlala esabela emoyeni. Igumbi eliphezulu (lifana neSigelethi (ngokuvamile limelela izikhundla noma izifunda ezilinganayo, ngeminyaka emide eyisithupha eU.S.) ukuze anikeze ukuqina nokuqhubekela phambili. Amanye ama-demodefase, njengaseCanada, amisa amalungu egumbini eliphezulu kunokuba awakhethe, avumela ukuba kube nobuchwepheshe nokuzibusa. Izimiso zokuzimela, ezitholakala emazweni anjenge-New Zealand naseSweden, ahlanganisa wonke amandla alinganayo, kodwa awenziwa awe isinqumo esiphinzile sombuso wendlu esiphinzile.
Umtapo womtapo namandla
Ukwenza umthetho: Igatsha lemithetho liqala, liphikisane, lilungisa, futhi livote ezikweletini. Noma yiliphi ilungu lingase lihlobise umthetho, nakuba izindleko eziningi zisuka emakomitini lapho ochwepheshe bezihloko zihluza khona ulimi. Inqubo ihilela ukufundwa okuningi, ukuzwa, namakomiti engqungquthela ukuvumelana phakathi kwamagumbi. Ngemva kokudlula zombili izindlu, isikweleti sihamba siye kumphathi wenkampani ukuze sivume noma sikhululwe.
Incazelo: Imithetho isebenza njengezwi labameleli babo, isekela izidingo zendawo lapho icabangela izithakazelo zombuso. Bahlangana nezakhamuzi, baphendulele ekubuzeni, futhi balethe izinkathazo zesifunda esigabeni sezwe. Lokhu kuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwababuswayo nohulumeni kuyisici esibonisa ubugunya bentando yeningi.
Ukudlulisa: Ngokuqulwa kwezindaba zekomiti, ukuphenya, nezicelo zezincwadi, igatsha lemithetho liqondisa ukumiswa kwegatsha eliphetheyo lemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iSishaya-Mkhandlu singaphatha izikhulu zesikhulu se-potena, siqhube ubufakazi, futhi siqalise imibuzo emangalelwayo. Lo msebenzi wokuqondisa uqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi uhlala enecala kubameleli babantu. Ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuqondisa ukuphatha i-buphathiswa [[FLT:]USA.USA.
Amandla e-Bridge: Imithetho ibambe “amandla esikhwama.” Kumelwe ivumele zonke izimali ezisetshenziswa uhulumeni nentela. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uhlongoza uhlelo lwemali, kodwa izimpikiswano zendlu yomthetho namavoti kuyo. Ngaphandle kwemvume yemithetho, akukho mali engakhululwa, inikeza isishaya-mthetho isilinganiso esikhulu somthetho phezu kwesimiso semithetho.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Engeziwe
Izishaya-mthetho eziningi ziqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu, izivumelwano ze-rafy, kanye ne-(in faunce system) zenza ukuba kube namandla okukhipha izikhulu eziphethe noma ezahlulelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigele sase-U.S. siqinisekisa izahlulelo zeNkantolo Eziphakeme nonobhala bamakhathemende, ne House iqala izivumelwano zokungagunyazi. La mandla aqinisa ukuncintisana phakathi kwamagatsha.
Igatsha Eliphethe: Lisebenzisa Imithetho Yesizwe
Igatsha eliphethe libekwa icala lokumisa imithetho, ukuqondisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, ukuphatha inkambiso yangaphandle, nokuphatha isivikelo sombuso. Liqondiswa umongameli (kuzimiso zomongameli) noma undunankulu (ezimisweni zephalamende), osekelwa ikhabethe nenhlangano enkulu. Ukuphumelela kwesikhulu kuxhomeke ekhonweni laso lokuguqula inhloso yomthetho ibe isenzo esiqinisekile.
Isakhiwo Sombuso Ophethe
Ezimisweni zobumongameli njenge-United States, umongameli uyinhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni, okhethwe ngokuzimele. Umongameli umisa amakhathenel-* abaholi beminyango ephethe njenge-Defense, State, ne-Moothers(izihloniphi zokuqinisekiswa kwemithetho ye-accomparation. Ngaphansi kwekhathe lobukhabethe uqamba amanga i-buthorime, izinhlangano, izikhomishane, namahhovisi amisa izinhlelo ezisukela ekulondekeni kwezenhlalo kuya ekulawuleni indawo ezungezile.
Izimiso zePhalamende njenge United Kingdom ziveza undunankulu ongumphathi kahulumeni, kuyilapho umongameli wenkosi noma wemikhosi ekhonza njengomphathi kahulumeni. Undunankulu uvame ukuba umholi weqembu elikhulu esigungwini somthetho, uqinisekisa ukuhleleka okuseduze phakathi kwezinhlelo zezikhulu nezokushaya umthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemibuso kungasheshisa ukuhlelwa komthetho kodwa kunganciphisa ukuqina kokuhlolwa nokulinganisela.
Ama - coral Nemisebenzi
I-Leaw Inflactment: Isikhulu siqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho iyakhishwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhipha imithetho, ukuqupha, ukwephula, nokwengamela izinhlangano zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango weSishayamthetho uphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho i-Evironmental Protection Agency isebenzisa umoya ohlanzekile nemithetho yamanzi.
Izindaba neTreaties: Umphathi umelela izwe ekukhulumeni ngezizwe, ukuxoxisana, nokuyala amabutho ahlomile. E-United States, izivumelwano zezimpawu zikamongameli, kodwa udinga i-ratiation (amavoti amabili-3). Isikhulu sikhipha neziyalo zokuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho, nakuba iziqondiso ezinjalo zingashintshwa yizikhulu zesikhathi esizayo noma zihlatshwe izinkantolo.
Veto Power: Ezimisweni zobumongameli, umphathi angawukhipha umthetho odluliselwe yi-Congress. Lokhu kusebenza njengesehlo esikhulu: isishaya-mthetho singakhipha i-veto ngobukhulu obungama-mitha amabili kuphela, okunzima ukufinyelela. Ngaleyondlela iveto iphoqelela umthetho we-pactial ekumiseni imithetho isikhulu esithatha imithetho njengesinye noma engekho ukuhlakanipha.
I-Protosal: Umphathi uvame ukulungiselela futhi anikeze uhlelo oluningiliziwe kumphathi wendlu yomthetho, ehlela izinto eziza kuqala onyakeni wemali ozayo. Nakuba isishayamthetho kumelwe sivume, icebo lomphathi lilawula impikiswano futhi lihlele imingcele eyisisekelo.
Izinselele Zanamuhla
Igatsha eliphethe liye lakhula kakhulu futhi lakhula kakhulu phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Lokhu kwanda kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka ‘ ngombuso ophethe” [1] qhaqha, abaqondisi abaphethe igunya elibalulekile lokwenza imithetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kululaza ukuqulwa kwentando yeningi, kuyilapho abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa kwanamuhla okuyinkimbinkimbi kudinga ubuchwepheshe. Ukuqondisa okulinganiselwe kwendlu yomthetho nokuhlolwa kokwahlulela kusebalulekile ekugcineni amandla empathinti.
Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza UMthetho Nokuvikela Amalungelo
Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, lixazulule izingxabano, futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Lisebenza ngesigaba sezinkantolo, kusukela ezinkantolo zokwahlulela zendawo kuya enkantolo ephakeme yezwe. Ukukhululeka embusweni wezokwahlulela. /ukukhululeka ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe / kuyadingeka ngenxa yobulungisa obungakhethi kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye.
Isakhiwo Se - yudiciary
Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi inesimiso senkantolo esinezingxenye eziningi. Phansi kunezinkantolo eziqulwayo, lapho kuqulwa khona icala, kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, futhi amajaji anganquma amaqiniso. Ngaphezu kwazo kunezinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo ezingokomthetho. Ezingaphezulu zihlala inkantolo ephakeme (noma inkantolo engokomthetho), eyenza izincazelo zokugcina zemithetho-sisekelo futhi ilungise izinqumo eziphikisanayo ezinkantolo eziphansi. Abahluleli bamiswa ngokwesiko yisikhulu futhi baqinisekiswe yisishayamthetho-mthetho-mthetho, noma kwamanye amazwe, ekhethwe yi-agekhomfeclo engokomthetho engokomthetho ezimele.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yamakhoba
Imithetho edluliswayo: Izinkantolo zicacisa incazelo yezimiso nezimiso lapho kuphakama izingxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthetho uthi “izithuthuthu zenqatshelwe emapaki,” inkantolo kumelwe inqume ukuthi izithuthuthu zikagesi zilingana yini njengezimoto. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza uqinisekisa ukusebenza okungaguquguquki komthetho.
[[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lejaji linegunya lokumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokubusa ngokungekho semthethweni. Lomandla, amiswa e-United States `Marbury v. Madison [1803] [izikhotha], ivumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede izenzo zikahulumeni eziphula umthetho wemithetho-mthetho. Izindlela ezifanayo zokubukeza zikhona ezindaweni ezizimele, nakuba ngezahlukahluka: iNkanto ePhakathi ye-UK ingakhipha “izingahambelana ze-cawashi kulokhu okungahambelanayo” kodwa ayikwazi ukushaya umthetho oyinhloko ngenxa yobukhosi bephalamende.
Isinqumo: Izinkantolo zinikeza ukungathathi hlangothi ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwabantu, izinhlangano, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokuqulwa kwecala lombango nobugebengu, zikhipha izahlulelo, umonakalo, izijeziso, nokukhipha izijeziso.
Ukuvikela Amalungelo: Ijaji livikela amalungelo ayisisekelo anjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, nenqubo efaneleyo. Izehlakalo ze-Landmark njenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] iqeda ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga, kuyilapho MARAP v. Arizona[[[FLT:] [196] zasungula amalungelo okumangalelwa. Ngokubeka imithetho engokomthetho, izinkantolo zisebenza njengesivikelo sokuvikela isigaba sobushiqela.
Ukuzimela Nokwahlulela
Ukuze basekele ukungakhethi, abahluleli bavame ukujabulela ukumiswa noma izintambo ezithatha isikhathi eside nesivikelo ekuncipheni kweholo. Nokho, bahlala benesibopho ngezinqubo ezinjengokuhlolwa kokuziphatha okubi nokuhlolwa komphakathi ngemithetho yabo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokuzimela nokuziphendulela kubucayi; ukuncishiswa kakhulu kungabangela ukungakhathaleli, nakuba ukulawulwa okukhulu kakhulu kwezombangazwe kuqeda ukwethemba. Ingxoxo ebanzi yokuhlola ukwahlulela, i-Cornell Information ye-Legial Institute ekuhloleni kokwahlulela [[[FLT: 1]] iyinzuzo enhle kakhulu.
Izivivinyo Nokulinganisela: Indlela Igatsha Elingenela Ngayo
Amasheke nezilinganiso yizindlela ezenza igatsha ngalinye likwazi ukulinganisela amandla amanye. Kunokuba kube umbono nje ocatshangelwayo, lokhu kuhlangana kwenzeka nsuku zonke ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.
| Branch | Check on Others | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Legislative | Oversees executive actions; approves appointments and treaties; can impeach and remove; controls funding | Congress holds hearings on presidential conduct |
| Executive | Vetoes legislation; appoints judges; commands military; conducts foreign diplomacy | President vetoes a bill passed by Congress |
| Judicial | Declares laws unconstitutional; reviews executive orders; interprets legal disputes | Supreme Court strikes down a statute |
Izivivinyo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa amandla omthetho okunqoba i-veto (ifuna ukuqashelwa kwezikhulu), amandla omphathi okukhipha ukuxolelwa (ukungagwetshwa kokwahlulela), namandla okwahlulela okumemezela izenzo zokubusa ngaphandle kwemithetho. Lokhu kugunyaza ukubambisana nokuhlehla, kuvimbela noma yiliphi igatsha ekubuseni abanye.
Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zamasheke Asebenzayo
Ngo- 1974, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. yayala uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi eWatergate, egomela ngokuthi akukho muntu ophethe ongaphezulu komthetho. Isenzakalo saholela ekuyekeni kukaNixon, ebonisa ukuhlola kokwahlulela nokulawula amandla. Muva nje, uMkhandlu uye wasebenzisa igunya lawo lokuhlola izenzo zegatsha eziphethe, futhi amongameli baye basebenzisa ama-vetoes ukuze bahlele umthetho. Ngempela, isimiso esiqinile semishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela sidinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ngawo wonke amagatsha nezakhamuzi abakhonzayo.
Ukubaluleka Kokuhlukana Kwamandla
Ukuhlukana kwemibuso akusona nje isici sokwakha, kodwa kuyisisekelo sikahulumeni olinganiselwe nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya, idemokrasi ivimbela ukufakwa kwamandla aholela ekubushiseni. Izibonelo ezingokomlando, njengemibuso yenkosi ephelele yaseYurophu nemibuso yanamuhla elawulwa yi-autocratics, zibonisa lokho okwenzekayo lapho igatsha elilodwa libusa. Ngokungafani, idemokrati elondoloza ukuhlukana okuhle nokulinganisela ithambekele ekuvikeleni amalungelo ngokuphumelelayo futhi ikhuthaze ukuzinza kwezombangazwe.
Izinzuzo Zezakhamuzi
- Isivikelo ekuxhashazweni: Akukho mdlali ongabopha, intela, noma izakhamuzi ezithule ngaphandle kokuhlola kwamanye amagatsha.
- Ukukhokha umbango: Igatsha ngalinye lingadalula futhi lilungise ukuziphatha okubi kwezinye, kugcine uhulumeni ebonakala kahle.
- [ I-Ivolution:[ imiqondo eminingi yesinqumo iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ixabana kakhulu ngaphambi kokumiswa, ukunciphisa izinqubo ezicanucayo noma eziklanywe kabi.
- [ Isivikelo sobujudicici:[ izinkantolo ezizimele zingavikela amalungelo amancane emizwa eminingi noma ukuphamba kwezikhulu.
Izinselele Nezimo Ezibucayi
Ukuhlukana kwemibuso kungadala futhi i-roupy, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zomongameli lapho isikhulu nendlu yomthetho elawulwa khona amaqembu ahlukene. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi impumelelo iyashesha futhi ukusabela kwenhlekelele kungase kwephuze. Nokho, abasekeli baphendula ngokuthi ukubusa okunejubane, ngamabomu kungcono ukuba kwenziwe ngokushesha, kungavinjelwe. Isihluthulelo sisekulondolozeni ukulinganisela okuvumela uhulumeni ophumelelayo ngaphandle kokwehlisa inkululeko.
Amagatsha Amathathu Asemdlalweni: Umbono Oqhathaniswayo
Nakuba isiko le-branch elingu-3 liyindawo yonke entando yeningi, ukusetshenziswa kwalo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. E-United States, ukuhlukana okucacile kukhona ngeziphetho eziqinile. Ezimisweni zephalamende njengaseJalimane noma eNdiya, umphathi uphuma kusishaya-mthetho, efinyeza ukwahlukana kodwa aqinise ukubambisana. I-judicary ezimisweni ezinjalo ngokuvamile inezikhundla eziqinile zokubukeza. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza izakhamuzi kunoma yiziphi izakhiwo zentando yeningi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi izici eziyingqayizivele zesimiso sazo siqu zithinta kanjani ukubusa. Ukuthatha i-presencence. IS.IT ye-International IState ye-DCOM [FLD]
Isiphetho
Ukuqondwa okuphelele kwamagatsha omthetho, abaphathi, nahluleli kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukene, kodwa liboshelwe ndawonye ngesimiso sokuqondisa okungabo abaqaphi abamelene nomthetho ozimele. Ngokutadisha lezi zindima, isikhulu sezisebenzi, futhi izakhamuzi eziphethe ziyalichaza, lapho zihlolana futhi zilinganisa. Lolu hlelo oluhlangene, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi lunezinkinga futhi lucobopha, luvikela inkululeko futhi luqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala unecala kubantu. Ngokufunda lezi zindima, abafundisi banganika izizukulwane ezilandelayo amandla okuba zibophezelwe, izifundi ezifundile izimiso zentando yeningi. Njengo, umsebenzi wethu uhlala ukhona uma uzaziswe, uvota, futhi ubamba wonke amagatsha ahlala ezizukulwaneni.
Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, uMthetho-sisekelo weNational Archives imininingwane yokuhlukanisa kwasekuqaleni kwe-U.S. amandla, kanye ne- Conreg. i-gov i-projects ye- ikhanyisa indlela izikweletu eziba ngayo umthetho.