I - Vehicles Reshape City Ehlela Nokusebenza KukaMasipala

Izimoto ezizimele zimelela ukushintshwa kwemisebenzi yasemadolobheni, okudinga ukuhlelwa kokuqondisa idolobha ukuba kuvele kunqamule iminyango eminingi. Ngokungafani nentuthuko yezokuhamba ezinzileyo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zokuzifaka ezithintayo ezithinta ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, ukulawulwa kwemininingwane, ukuphepha komphakathi, izimali zikamasipala, kanye nenqubo yendawo ezungezile. Ukuhlakanipha kokusebenza kwazo zonke izinkonzo zedolobha nokugcinwa kwemishini yezokuthutha izimoto kuzokulungisa izimoto. Amapulani kumelwe asebenze manje ukuze asungule izakhiwo, izisekelo zokuqondisa izakhiwo zomphakathi, izakhiwo zomphakathi, nezindinganiso ze-data ezizoqondisa lolu shintsho. Nakuba isikhathi sokuthola abantwana kusalokhu kungaqinisekile, isisekelo sesikhathi sesikhathi sokuhamba semoto sesikhona kakade emadolobheni njengasePucie, iSan Francisco, ne-Austin, izakhiwo eziwusizo ze-Astensic.

Izakhiwo Zasemadolobheni Nezwe Kusetshenziswa Izimo Ezishintshayo

Ithonya elisheshayo nelibonakalayo lezimoto ezizimele ekuhleleni idolobha ukuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo ezingokoqobo. Amadolobha anikezela ingxenye enkulu yendawo ezimotweni ezipakiwe, okuyindlela yokusebenzisa i-AV engashintsha ngokuyisisekelo.

Ingxenye Ehlukanisayo Yezakhiwo Zasedolobheni

Ukuhlola okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge International Transport Forum kubonisa ukuthi imikhumbi yempi ezimele inciphisa isidingo sokupaka ngamaphesenti angu-60. Emadolobheni amaningi ase-US, indawo engaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-30 isetshenziselwa imigwaqo nezindawo zokupaka izimoto. Njengoba ama-AV eqeda isidingo sokupaka izimoto ngamahora aphezulu eduze kwezindawo eziminyene, abahleli bedolobha bangabuyisela lezi zindawo ukuze kutholakale izindlu ezithengwayo, amapaki, noma intuthuko yezentengiselwano. Lokhu kudinga ukushintshwa kwemithetho yokupaka elinganiswayo manje yesilinganiso sentuthuko entsha, inguquko eseyiqalile kakade amadolobha amaningana.

Ukuphathwa Kwesimiso Somhlalaphansi Ngokunamandla Njengengxenye Encane

Umngcele usuka ephethelweni elilula lomgwaqo uye enkundleni yomphakathi egcwele. Nge-AVs iwisa abagibeli ngaphambi kokuqhubekela ekupakani kude, ukuphakama komngcele wenqanwa kuyakhula. Uhlelo lokulawula idolobha kumelwe luthathe indawo njengendawo yemishini ye-mitameter, usebenzisa izinzwa nezici ezinamandla zokwahlukanisa indawo yokugibela amaveni ahambayo, izithuthi zezentengiselwano, kanye nokupaka i-microbial. Izinhlelo ze-atlorip eWashington DC ne-Seattle zizama ukuvimbela imingcele yangempela yendawo yokuhlala, ivumela amadolobha ukuba alungise inqubo ye-prigilla nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso ezisekelwe emifanekisweni efunwayo. Le mininingwane i-dneidne ithuthukisa indlela yokuhamba yezimoto futhi ikhiphe inzuzo entsha ye-massace.

Umgwaqo Ovuselelwe Nokuklanywa Kwe - lane

Ama-AV kulindeleke ukuba ashayele ngokunembe kakhulu nangokubikezela kakhulu kunabashayeli abangabantu, enze abahleli bedolobha bakwazi ukuphinde bahlole ububanzi bemizila ehambayo. Imigwaqo ye-Barrow ingathola indawo yemizila evikelwe ngebhayisekili, imigwaqwe ebanzi, noma amaphasishi anikezelwayo ebhasini esheshayo. I-National Association of City Transportation Accounter Accompligist ikhiphe iziqondiso zokuklama imigwaqo ehlanganisa izimoto ezixubile, kuhlanganise nezimoto ezihambayo. Amapulani edolobha anezinqubo zokuklama kumelwe afake lezindinganiso zendlela emigwaqweqweni ethuthukisini ezindaweni ezithuthukile manje, njengoba i-AVs emishayo engcono izoba yizindleko futhi iphazamisa kakhulu.

Ukulawulwa Kwezimoto Nenethiwekhi

Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo ezingokoqobo, i-AV iqala amakhono amasha okulawula ukuhamba kwezimoto ngezinga le-nethiwekhi. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezimoto nesisekelo sezakhiwo, yaziwa ngokuthi imoto entweni yonke noma ubuchwepheshe be-V2X, kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokulawula amadolobha kahle ngenkathi yokuzisebenzela.

Ukuphathwa Kweqembu Eliphakeme Nokwenqabela Uhulumeni

Izimoto ezizimele zingakha ama-platoon, zigcine amabanga aseduze ngesivinini esiphakeme ukuze zinciphise ukudonsa nokuthuthukisa ukunyakaza kwemoto. Ukuhlela ukuqondisa idolobha, lokhu kusho ukuthi amaphasishi emigwaqo emikhulu angathwala izimoto eziningi ngaphandle kokwanda okukhulu. Nokho, kudinga futhi ukutshala i-AV yemizila enikezelwe nezindlela ezixhumana ngezimoto ezidlulayo. Abaqondisi kumelwe bahlole amandla emigwaqo ehambayo futhi baqaphele izindawo lapho ukubhoboza okuzicupha kunganikeza khona inzuzo enkulu, ukulinganisela izidingo ze-actomu nezimoto ezivamile phakathi nenkathi yoshintsho.

Izimpawu Zezimoto Ezinamandla Ezinikeza Ithemba

Izimpawu zezimoto zakudala zisebenza ngemishini emisiwe noma izinto eziyisisekelo zolwazi. I-AV ingadlulisa indawo yazo nendlela ehloselwe ukuqondisa izimoto, ivumele izimpawu zokwakha amaza aluhlaza anciphisayo. Lokhu kusebenza kwangempela kunciphisa izikhathi zokuhamba, kunciphisa imishini yokusebenzisa uphethiloli, futhi kunciphe intuthuko. I-Pittsburgs kakade isithumele izimiso zokulawula izimpawu ezisetshenziswayo ezisebenzisa umshini ofunda ukwenza isikhathi esifanelekile, futhi ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwe-AV kungathuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo lezi zimiso. Onjiniyela bezimoto ba-amzamfunayo i-data edingekayo ukuze basekele leli zinganga lokusebenza.

Ukunqamuka kokuzala okungapheli kanye nokuxhumeka kokuqala kokugcina kwemilenze

Imikhumbi-moya ezimele inikeza ikhambi lenselele yokuqala yokugcina yamakhilomitha ekhona elokhu ilinganiselwe kade yokuhamba komphakathi. Ngokuthumela izimoto ezincane, ezizimele ezixhumanisa izikhungo ezinkulu zokuthutha nezindawo zokuhlala nezezentengiselwano, amadolobha anganweba ukufinyelela kwezimiso zawo zokuthutha ngaphandle kwemisebenzi emikhulu ebizayo. Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kufanele kuhlanganise imigwaqo enikezelwe noma izimpawu eziza kuqala zalemikhumbi ehambayo, ziqinisekise ukuthi zinikeza okunye okunokwethenjelwa ekusebenziseni imoto yangasese. Ukuhamba ngebhayisekile ngebhayisekili nangezinhlelo zezimoto zezimoto zezimoto kuthuthukisa ngokwengeziwe ukusebenza kwalemisebenzi yemisebenzi.

Ukwakhiwa Kokwaziswa Nezinqubo Zobuchwepheshe

Izimoto ezizimele zisebenza njengemishini ehambayo, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okukhuphukayo ezimweni zomgwaqo, ukuhamba kwabantu, ukwephuka kwezimoto, kanye nezici zendawo ezungezile. Lo kwaziswa kuwusizo kakhulu ekuqondiseni idolobha, kodwa futhi kubangela izinselele eziphawulekayo, ukulondeka, nokulingana.

Ukumisa Izindinganiso Zokwaziswa KukaMasipala

Abahleli bamadolobha kumelwe bagunyaze ukuba kunikezwe ukwaziswa okunemithetho esemthethweni ehlangeneyo esemthethweni elungiselelwe abasebenzisi be-AV. Ngaphandle kwezimfuneko ezicacile, omasipala basengozini yokuvalelwa ngokwaziswa okunemininingwane enzima kuyilapho izinkampani ezizimele zilawula ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze ziqondise ukuphumelela. Ukushintshela kokwaziswa komphakathi kuvumela amadolobha ukuba aqaphele ukusakazwa kwemikhumbi, ukunqandwa kwezokusetshenziswa kwemikhumbi, nezenzakalo zokuphepha ngesikhathi sangempela. UMnyango Wezokuthutha we-US ukhiphe isiqondiso sokuzithandela sokuhlanganyela izimoto ezihamba ngezimoto, kodwa amadolobha kudingeka adlulele ezindinganisweni ezisemthethweni ezivikela izithakazelo zomphakathi kuyilapho kuvunyelwa ukusungula.

Amawele Angokwezinombolo Asetshenziselwa Ukulingisa Amadolobha

Ukulawula ukuhlanganiswa kwama-AV endaweni yasemadolobheni eyinkimbinkimbi kudinga amathuluzi okulingisa ayinkimbinkimbi. Ubuchwepheshe bamawele emishini benza umfuziselo wedolobha ongasetshenziswa abahleli ukuhlola isikhathi semoto, izindlela zokusabela okuphuthumayo, nokuminyana kwezindawo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izinguquko ezweni langempela. Amadolobha anjengeHelsinki ne-Singapore asungule amawele anezilinganiso ezihlanganisa ulwazi lwangempela lwezinzwa nezimoto, avumela abaphathi bedolobha ukuba bahlole imiphumela yemisebenzi yemikhumbi ehambayo ekuqhubekeni kwayo yonke indawo. Ukukhomba kusici esisemfazameni sokwenza ukulungiswa kwedolobha okusheshayo.

Ukuba Sesimweni Esiqinile Nokuzinza Kwesimiso

Njengoba ama-assel exhumanisa nemisebenzi ye-AV, angaba izisulu zokuhlaselwa kweze-inthanethi. Isimiso sokuphathwa kwezimoto noma imikhumbi yezimoto entengantengayo ingaphazamisa ezokuhamba kulo lonke idolobha. Abahleli bodolobha kumelwe basebenze ngeminyango ye-IT nezokuphepha ukuze bakhe izimiso eziqinile ezingabona futhi zisabele ngokushesha. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa imithetho yokulawula imishini elawulwa yimishini, ukuvikela iziteshi zokuxhumana phakathi kwezakhiwo nezimoto, nokuhlola njalo. Izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe obuqinile kumele zihlanganiswe nezimfuneko zokusetshenziswa kwanoma yiziphi izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezihlobene ne-AV.

Imisebenzi Yokuqondisa Neyomthetho Yabaphathi Bedolobha

Indawo elawula izimoto ezizimele isahlukene, imithetho eminingi yombuso nohulumeni isasekelwe ekuhlolweni komshayeli ongumuntu. Uhlelo lokulawula idolobha kumelwe luxazulule leligebe ngokwakha imithetho yendawo elawula ukusebenza kwe-AV.

Ukuqamba Amanga Nokuphepha

Njengoba abashayeli beshintshana besuka kubenzi bemishini beya kuba abakhi bezinhlelo, izikweleti zezingozi ziba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Abahleli bedolobha badinga ukusebenza nezinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni ukuze bachaze izakhiwo ezicacile ezinecala lokusebenza kwe-AV emigwaqweni yomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumisa izimfuneko zokuphepha zezimoto ezingenawo amasondo okuqondisa noma amasondo. Izindinganiso ezisekelwe emsebenzini, kunokuba zisekelwe ezindinganisweni zemishini, zivumela ukusungula izinto ngesikhathi kuqinisekwa ukuphepha komphakathi. Amadolobha angadinga ukuba abaqondisi be-AV badlulisele imibiko yokuphepha efana nalabo kakade abafakwe yizinkampani ezifana no-Howeymo no-Cruse.

Ukuzingela Iqembu Eliyimpondo

Izindawo ezivamile zidinga inombolo ethile yezindawo zokupaka ezindaweni zokuhlala noma zezentengiselwano. Ngokushintshwa kwemikhumbi ezimele, amadolobha kudingeka ahlaziye lezi zimfuneko zihlanganisa izindawo zokulayisha nokucela abagibeli. Abakhi bokwakha bangakhetha izindawo ezithile ezizohamba lapho abagibeli bekwazi khona ukungena ezikhungweni ezizimele, ukuthutha izinkonzo zokuthutha, nokuthutha umphakathi ngokuthutha ngaphandle komthungo. Lezi zikhungo ziba izisekelo zokuthuthukisa ukuthutha, amanani ekwandiseni impahla nokusekela intuthuko ekwandiseni kwempahla.

Ukulawula Ukushintsha Kwezimoto Okuxubile

Inkathi yoshintsho lapho izimoto ezizimele nezihamba nabantu zihlanganyela umgwaqo kuyoba yinselele enkulu kakhulu kubaphathi bedolobha. Abahleli kumelwe balindele ukuminyana okwengeziwe emingceleni yezindawo zenkonzo ze-AV futhi bangadideka ezindaweni ezisezandleni ze-AV. Ukuhlukanisa izimpawu, imizila enikezelwe, nemikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi kudingekile ukuze kusizwe bonke abasebenzisa imigwaqo bavumelane. Amadolobha kufanele aqale ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphansi, aqale ngezindawo ezilawulwayo ezinjengezigwegwegwe ezinikezelwe noma amagceke ngaphambi kokuba anwele emigwaqweqweni emikhulu yedolobha.

Ukulingana Nokubambisana Kwezenhlalo Embubhisweni Ozimele

Ubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezizimele bukwazi ukuhlanganisa ibhuloho noma ukwandisa igebe lezokuhamba, kuye ngokuthi ipulani lokuphatha idolobha litholakala kanjani futhi likwazi ukukwazi kanjani ukulisebenzisa.

Ukuzihambela Kalula Nokuthuthuka

I-AV inikeza ithuba elinzima lokunikeza izinkonzo ezithengwayo, ezishiywe nge-paratranstit kubantu asebekhulile nabakhubazekile. Izimiso ze-paratransit zakudala ziyabiza ukuze zisebenze futhi zidinga uhlelo lwangaphambili, zinqanda ukuvalela ukuma nokuzimela. Imikhumbi-mbhuduli ekwaziyo ukufinyelela ingenzeka inganikeza umnyango wendlu ngezindleko eziphansi, ivumele amadolobha ukuba andise ukukhetha kokuhamba kwalabo abangakwazi ukushayela. Abalungiseleli hlelo kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi lezi zinkonzo zihlanganisiwe emacebweni okuhlela ama-AVroudament asekuqaleni, kunokuba isetshenziswe njengenkongezo emuva kwe-maketmarket-on.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Ethathelwa Ifa

Izimali zamadolobha zincike kakhulu emalini evela kumamitha okupaka izimoto, ifaksi lokupaka imoto, intela yemoto, nezindleko zokubhalisa. Ukuhlanganisa imikhumbi yempi ezimele, ikakhulukazi izimoto zikagesi, kuyoqeda lemithombo yenzuzo ngokuphawulekayo. Abahleli bezezimali basedolobheni badinga ukuhlola ezinye izindlela ezinjengokukhokha intela ehambayo, ukuminyana, noma izindleko zokuhamba ngebanga eliphansi kwabasebenzi bemikhumbi abazimele. Lezi zinqubo ziklanyelwe ukugwema imiphumela ekwakheni okuthola izakhamuzi kuyilapho zisafuna inzuzo edingekayo yezokuthutha nokuzigcina.

Imisebenzi Nemfundo Yokuqeqeshelwa Umsebenzi

Ukushintshela ezimotweni ezizimele kuthinta imisebenzi engxenyeni yezokuhamba, kuhlanganise nabashayeli bamatekisi, izisebenzi zokuthutha izimoto, nezikhulu zokumisa izimoto. Ukuhlelwa kwezisebenzi zasedolobheni kumelwe kuhlanganise izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izisebenzi ezilungiselela izisebenzi ezithintekayo ukuze zikwazi ukusingatha izindima ezintsha ekuqondiseni imikhumbi, ukuhlaziywa kokwaziswa, nokunakekelwa kwezakhiwo. Izinhlangano ezisebenza emakholijini omphakathi kanye nabaphathi bezokuqeqesha zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe be-AV zihlangane kakhulu kunokuba zihlanganiswe kakhulu phakathi kwezinkampani zezobuchwepheshe nabathengisi bazo.

Ukulondolozwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nokulawulwa Kwamandla

Ithonya lendawo ezungezile lezimoto ezizimele lixhomeke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini nakumandla. Abahleli bamadolobha bangasebenzisa imishini yokuqondisa i-AV ukuze ikwazi ukubhekana nemiphumela eqinile.

Ukwaziswa Nokufakwa Kwemigqa Eyingozi

Izimoto eziningi ezizimele zenzeka uma kuqhathaniswa nogesi owenziweyo, okusho ukuthi imikhumbi yempi ye-AV izofaka imfuno enkulu kugesi. Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kumele kuhlangane nemishini elawulayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zemvelo ezihambayo zisakazwa ngokulinganayo nokuthi i-grid ingaphatha imithwalo ephezulu. Izimiso ezihamba ngokushelela ezihambisana nesizukulwane esivuselelwe zinganciphisa ukukhishwa kogesi nokuncishiswa kwezindleko zokusebenza. Abaqondisi bangahlanganisa imishini, ugesi, kanye nabasebenzi bemikhumbi yempi abazimele ngokunciphisa intengo yemvume noma ukungena kuqala emizini enikezelweyo.

Ukusingatha Isidingo Esincishisiwe

Nakuba izimoto ezizimele zingahlelwa kahle ukuze ziphumelele, ukuhamba okushibhile nokungcono kungaholela ekufunekeni, lapho abantu behamba kaningi noma amabanga amade, behlela noma yiziphi impumelelo. Abahleli bamadolobha kumelwe baqaphele lengozi ngokuhlela izimiso ze-AV ezihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa nokuthuthukisa i-Preaced ne-injini ephambili. Ukulungisa imoto, ukumisa i-patroli, nokusebenzisa izimiso zendawo kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-AV yezobuchwepheshe isekela ukuhlanganiswa, i-acronate ehambayo kunokukhuthaza ukuvalwa kwe-macan.

Ukuzivivinya Ngebhayisikili Nezindlela Zokusekela Ukuphila

Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kuhlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwe-injini ethwala abantu abaphila nge-AV ekwenzeni izinqumo zezesisekelo se-AV. Ukukhiqizwa kwezinzwa, ama-computer, namabhethri adingekayo kuma-AV kunemiphumela ephawulekayo yendawo ezungezile. Abaqondisi bangadinga abaqondisi bemikhumbi ukuba babike ngemishini eqinile enjengamakhilomitha ahambayo emgibeni ngamunye, igesi ephumayo ngemoto ngayinye, nendlela yokuyiguqula izimoto ukuba ihambele ezinkonzweni ezihlanganye. Le mimende inikeza isisekelo sokuhlola ukuthi i-AVracdation iyaqhubekela noma iyayinciphisa imigomo yesimo sezulu sedolobha.

Ukulungiselela Ikusasa Elizibusayo Lasedolobheni

Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimoto ezizimele ekuhleleni idolobha kuyinselele yokuhlela izinhlangano ezidida ukubambisana phakathi kweminyango yezokuthutha, ukuhlukana kobuchwepheshe, ukuhlukanisa ulwazi, izinhlangano zomphakathi ezisebenzayo, nabahleli bezezimali. Ngokugxila ekuqondiseni ukulawulwa kwemininingwane, ukutholakala okungaguquguquki, izakhiwo ezivumelanayo, namandla, amadolobha angaqondisa lobu buchwepheshe ukuze buzuzise umphakathi. Imisebenzi yokulungisa imishini, amathuluzi okulungisa, kanye namasu ahleliwe ekwazi ukuphumelela ukuphumelela lapho ukunqoba impumelelo nenzuzo enikezwa yi-AVs. Intuthuko yezimiso zokusebenza namuhla inquma ukuthi izimoto ezizimele ziba ithuluzi lokusiza umphakathi ukuba umphakathi osuphenyathe kakhulu noma umthombo omusha wezinto.