Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Intando yeningi, eyisisekelo sayo, ixhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni kwezakhamuzi zayo ngenkuthalo futhi ngolwazi. Impilo yanoma isiphi isimiso sobuntando yeningi ayilinganiswa kuphela ngokuphindaphinda kokhetho noma isimo sezinhlangano zalo, kodwa ngezinga lokuzicabangela komphakathi kanye nekhono labantu lokwenza izahlulelo ezicatshangelwe ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zezenhlalo nezezombangazwe. Izinsika ezimbili zisekela leli gunya: isakhamuzi esifundile nesimiso sezokuxhumana esiqinile, esizimele. Uma lezinsika ziqinile, idemocrefecracy; lapho zinte, isimiso siba sengozini yokungaqondisiwe, ukunganaki, nokunganaki, nokuthambekela kombuso we-athoricial.

Ubufakazi obungokomlando bubonisa ukuthi idemokrasi enezinga eliphakeme lokufinyelela imfundo ithambekele ekutholeni ukuzinza okukhulu kwezombangazwe, amazinga enkohlakalo, kanye nokulawula okuphumelela kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okuqhathanisa [umphakathi: 0] we-Economist Intelligence Unity Democracy Index [[[FLT: 1]] njalo ihlanganisa izinga lemfundo ngokuzimela kwentando yeningi. Lokhu kuhlangana akuzenzakaleli ngengozi — imfundo inikeza amathuluzi okuhlakanipha adingekayo ukuze ihlole izimpikiswano, ukuqonda isimiso sokuhweba, futhi imela ukunxenxanxanxa imizwelo noma ubandlululo.

Izakhamuzi Ezifundile Njengesidalwa Esinentando Yeningi

Kudinga ukutshala ngamabomu izimiso zemfundo ezibeka kuqala ukucabanga okugxekayo, ulwazi lomphakathi, nokucabanga okungokokuziphatha. Uma izakhamuzi zinalemincintiswano, zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukufeza imithwalo yazo yemfanelo yentando yeningi.

Ulwazi Oluhlangene Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Ukucwaninga kwe- National Envotion Studies ye-American Instruction] kubonisa ukuthi abavoti abanolwazi oluphezulu lwezombangazwe bangavota ngokungaguquki, bathintane nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, futhi bahlanganyele ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganyela kwakha indida enikeza imvume: izakhamuzi eziboshelwe ukubuswa kangcono, futhi izinhlangano ezisabelayo ziqinisa ukwethenjwa kwezemfundo nokuhlanganyela. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemfundo nokukhetha kusobala ikakhulukazi okhethweni bendawo, lapho abavoti abafundileyo bengathonya ngokuqondile khona izimiso zebhodi yesikole, izahlulelo, nezingathakazelo eziphambili zomphakathi.

Ukucabanga Okubucayi Nokumelana Nokuyenga

Enye yemiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu yemfundo ephambili ikhono lokuhlukanisa ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa nenkulumo - ze. Kulenkathi yemikhankaso eyinkimbinkimbi yokuguqula ulwazi, lelikhono liye laba isidingo ukuze kuqhubeke idemokrasi. Izimiso zemfundo ezifundisa ukuhlolwa komthombo, ukuzwa okunengqondo, kanye nokufundwa kwezibalo ziveza izakhamuzi ezingasakwazi ukuxhashazwa izitha zakwamanye amazwe noma abadlali bezezezemfundo yasekhaya abafuna ukululaza izimiso zentando yeningi. Amazwe anjengeFinland, [FLT:] [FLT] afunda imithombo yezindaba ngapha nangapha nangapha kwezifundo zayo, kubonisa indlela izimiso zemfundo eziphambili ezingakha ngayo ukuzivikela okungahlanganyelwa nokunga

Ubudlelwane Nokubekezelelana

Imfundo futhi ithuthukisa ukwethembana kwezenhlalo okudingekile ukuze idemokrasi isebenze. Uma izakhamuzi zihlangana nemibono ehlukene ezimisweni zemfundo, zihlakulela uzwela nokubekezelela umehluko. Lenhloko- dolobha yezenhlalo ivumela ukuvumelana nokubambisana phakathi kwezombangazwe, ubuzwe, nenkolo. Ucwaningo oluvela e- Prew Research Center[ lubonisa ukuthi abantu abanemigangatho yemfundo ephakeme bathambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni izindinganiso zentando yeningi njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, amalungelo amaphandle, nokuthutha ngokuthula amandla.

Imithombo Yezindaba Njengefa Lesine

Isingathekiso sephephandaba njenge "isiqeshana sesine" sithatha indima ebalulekile yemithombo yezindaba ekulandiseni ngentando yeningi. Ngaphandle kokubika nje izenzakalo, iphephandaba elikhululekile lisebenza njengesehlo kumandla, indawo yengxoxo yomphakathi, kanye nomzila wamazwi ahlukahlukene.

Ukuqashelwa Kwe - Journalog Nokulandisa

I-Applicationism ilokhu ingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okudalula ukonakala, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokungabi nabulungisa. Ihlazo le-Watergate, iPentagon Papers, kanye nezambulo zamuva kakhulu ezimayelana nezinhlelo zokuhlola konke kubonisa indlela ukuminyana kokubika okungaphoqelela ngayo ukubonakala ezinhlanganweni ezinqikazayo. Lapho izinhlangano zezokuxhumana zifaka imali ekuhlolweni okude, zidala ithonya elivimbelayo: izikhulu zomphakathi ezaziyo izenzo zazo zingase zingacubukiswa kakhulu ukuba zingene ekuziphatheni okubi. I-Interravents of Suctigatives Nots (ICIGLT) ibonise indlela ukuhlanganisa intela nokukhipha imali okungakaze kutholakale ngayo emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuqalisa Inkulumo Yeningi Ne - Agenda

Ama-media aveza izinto ezingokoqobo; abumba izinto ezizonakalelwa umphakathi. Ngokunquma ukuthi yini okufanele imbozwe futhi ibhalwe kanjani, izintatheli zithonya lokho izakhamuzi ezikucabangayo nendlela eziziqonda ngayo izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lamandla ahlelayo anomthwalo omkhulu. Uma imithombo yezindaba ihlela izinto ezivusa imizwelo ehlukile, ingaguqula izinto eziza kuqala emphakathini futhi ibangele uvalo lwezimiso ezincane kuyilapho idebeselela izinsongo zesimiso sokusebenzela. Ngokuhlukile, ukuvezelelwa kwezindaba kungaphakamisa izihloko ezinganakwa njengobumpofu bezingane, ukubola kwezakhiwo, noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, iphoqedisi ukuba abenzi bezimiso zokuzikhulumela.

Izindlela Zokukhipha Izwi

Imithombo yezindaba yasendulo iye yakhipha imiphakathi emincane ehlukile noma ejwayelene nayo, kodwa imishini yezobuchwepheshe iye yaveza amathuba amasha amaqembu angaphansi kwezikhululo zawo. Izindawo zomphakathi, umsakazo wezezentengiselwano, i-optional, nemikhankaso yezenhlalo yezokuxhumana ivumela abashisekeli, imiphakathi yomdabu, kanye nezilimi ezincane ukuba bafinyelele izilaleli ngaphandle kwabagcini bamasango. Nokho, lokhu kuhlelwa kwe-democracy nakho kuletha izinselele: amathuluzi afana nawo agunyaza amazwi aphansi angabangela futhi ukuzonda inkulumo nozungu. Isihluthulelo siwukuthuthukisa isayensi yezindaba ehlobana imingcele yezindaba ehambisana nomthwalo womhleli.

Izinselele Zokwakha Ezentando Yeningi Nezemfundo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, kokubili izinhlangano zemfundo nezokuxhumana zibhekene nezinsongo ezakhiweni ezilulaza imisebenzi yazo yentando yeningi.

Inkinga Yokungaqondi

Ukwaziswa okungamanga kusakazeka ngokushesha kakhulu kuneqiniso kuma-commust communment, ngokokucwaninga okukhishwe ku- ubuchwepheshe nguVosoughi, Roy, no-Aral. Lokhu kudala indawo lapho ukuqamba amanga kungasakazeka khona kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba izijeziso zezentengiselwano zifice. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezibalo ngokwezimo ze-algorithm ukuze kubambe abantu abasengozini abachaphazeleke ngokunga-mfakelwa ngokhetho, impilo yomphakathi, 2016 U.S. ukuphazamisa kokhetho, ukulwa nenkulumo eqambayo, kanye neCHOVAD yenkulumo -19 kubonisa indlela imikhankatho yokwaziswa ebonakalisa ngayo ukuncipha kwezeka kwezethemba abantu ezikhungweni zobukhompuyusayo nolwazi.

Ukungalingani Kwemfundo Njengosongo Lwentando Yeningi

Lapho amathuba emfundo esakazwa ngokungafani, ukuthatha isinyathelo ngentando yeningi kuyantengantenga ezindaweni ezinelungelo. Izikole ezicebile ziveza izakhamuzi ezikulungele kangcono ukusebenzisa izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuyilapho izikole ezinezinkulu zishiya abaningi bengenawo amakhono omphakathi adingekayo ukuze bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo ononya: izimiso ezisiza abacebile bazuze kakhulu ngokufundiswa, kuyilapho izidingo zemiphakathi ephansi zingenawo amathene. PISA izibalo [ ku-OECD] zibonisa njalo ukuthi amazwe anemfundo ephakeme kakhulu futhi athambekele ekutholeni ukwaneliseka kwentando yeningi kakhulu nekwezombangazwe.

Ukuqinisa Imithombo Yezindaba Nethonya Lombuso

Ukufakwa kwemisebenzi yezezindaba kunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwemibono futhi kubeka inzuzo ephambili kunenkonzo yomphakathi. Uma inani elincane lezinhlangano lilawula izikhangiso ezinkulu zezindaba, lingavimbela izindaba ezisongela izithakazelo zazo futhi zikhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa okusekela uhlelo lwazo lwezombangazwe. Ukuwa kwamaphephandaba endawo — ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi "izingwadule ezintsha" — kuye kwashiya imiphakathi eminingi ngaphandle kokudluliselwa kwezindaba ezinikezelwe kwemihlangano yemikhandlu yamadolobha, izinqumo zezikhulu zesikole, noma izinqumo zenkantolo yendawo. Ngezinye izikhathi leligebe ligcwaliswa ngezindawo eziphumayo noma lishiywa yize, liye laphelelwa icala lendawo.

Iziteshi Zokubhala Nezici Ezithintayo

Izimiso zemithetho yokwaziswa zithambekele ekuqiniseni izinkolelo ezikhona, zidala amagumbi lapho izakhamuzi zingahlangani nemibono ephikisayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lendlela yokudalula iyanda ukuwohloka kwezindawo — ukuthambekela kokungathandeki noma ukungathembani labo abavela kwelinye iqembu lezombangazwe. Uma izakhamuzi zibheka abaphikisi bazo bezombangazwe njengezinsongo kunabantu abakanye nabo abaneziza kuqala ezihlukile, ukuhlehla kwentando yeningi kuba cishe okungenakwenzeka. Isikhungo sokucwaninga se-Prew Research [ siye saphawula ukwanda okukhulu kokuthinta imibuso ehlangene eNtshona ntshonalanga engamashumi amabili eminyaka adlule.

Ukufunda Okukhishwa Imithombo Yezindaba Njengendlela Yokusebenzisa Intando Yeningi

Ukusingatha lezi zinselele kudinga ukutshala imali ehleliwe emfundoni yezokuxhumana kuzo zonke izilinganiso. Ukufunda i media akuyona nje indlela yokufundisa abantu ukuthi izinto zisebenza kanjani; kudinga ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okujulile ngendlela izinhlelo zezokuxhumana ezisebenza ngayo nendlela abantu abangazisebenzisa ngayo ngendlela efanele.

Ibhizinisi Lokufunda Ezobuchwepheshe

Izinhlelo zezokuxhumana eziphumelelayo zifundisa amakhono amaningana ahlangene: ukuhlukanisa umthombo nenjongo yokwaziswa, ukuqaphela amasu okusebenzisa izingcingo ezivamile (ukunxenxa okungaqondani, ukuthatha ukwaziswa okungamanga, ukuthatha ukwaziswa), ukuqonda imithombo yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, kanye nokwazi ukuqinisekisa iziphakamiso ezisetshenziswayo ngemithombo eyisisekelo. Lemincintiswano akumelwe ifundiswe njengendaba eqinile kodwa ihlanganiswe phakathi kwezifundo — emakilasini omlando lapho kucubungula izingxube zenkulumo zenkulumo - zezeli, emakilasini esayensi lapho kuhlola izibalo, nasemikhankambini yezeli yezeli yezezombangazwe.

Umklamo Wepulazi Nokulisebenzisa

Amazwe amaningana aye asungula izindlela zokufunda ezibanzi zokufunda imithombo yezindaba. I-Estonia ihlanganisa ukufunda nokubhala ngemishini efundelwayo nezincwadi ze-inthanethi ngemva kokuhlaselwa yizigebengu, ifuna abafundi ukuba bahlole imithombo yezobuchwepheshe yangaphakathi ngokugxeka kusukela ebuntwaneni. I-MediaSSmarts[ uhlelo lunikeza imithombo yezemfundo esemthethweni yeminyaka yokufundisa izakhamuzi. Izinhlelo eziphumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa imfundo yasekilasini kanye nokuvivinya izinhlelo eziwusizo njengokwenza imithombo yezindaba, ukuhlaziya izindaba yangempela, nokuhlanganyela ezingenisweni zezindaba ezifanisiwe. Lezi zisiza abafundi ukuba bafundise izimiso zokufunda ezisemgangathweni kunokuba bamane bacuphe imithetho.

Ukukhuluma Ngokuhlukana Kwezinombolo

Izinhlelo zokufunda imithombo yezindaba kumelwe ziveze ukukwazi ukufinyelela kobuchwepheshe namakhono emishini. Abantu abadala, abantu abathola imali encane, kanye nabantu basemaphandleni bavame ukungabi nazo imishini, i-internet, noma ukuqasheliswa kwekhono elidingekayo ukuze bazuze ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe zokufunda izihloko zezindaba. Izindlela eziphumelelayo zihlanganisa izikhungo zomphakathi, izinhlelo zomphakathi zomtapo wezincwadi, nezithombe zokufunda lapho abantu abasebasha befundisa khona izihlobo ezikhulile. Izinhlelo zokusakaza umphakathi njenge-BBC ne-PBS ziye zathuthukisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ekhululekile eklanywe ngokukhethekile abantu abahlukahlukene.

Ukuhlanganyela I - coccone Ngalé Kwebhokisi Lebhola

Intando yeningi idinga ukuba uqhubeke uhlanganyela, hhayi nje ukuvota ngezikhathi ezithile.

Ukubusa Kwendawo Nokuhlanganyela Ekusebenziseni Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Enye yezinguquko ezithembisa kakhulu ekuthembiseni ngentando yeningi ukuhlelwa kwemali yokusetshenziswa kwentando yeningi, lapho izakhamuzi zinquma khona ngokuqondile ukusebenzisa ingxenye yezimali zomphakathi. Ukuvela ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, lomkhuba uye wasakazekela emadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni uhlelo lwemali kwandisa ulwazi lomphakathi, kwakha ukuthembana nohulumeni, futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komphakathi kubonisa izinto eziza kuqala emphakathini. Abahlanganyeli bafunda ngezimali zikamasipala, ukuxoxa nomakhelwane abanezinto eziza kuqala ezihlukile, futhi babone imiphumela engokoqobo yezinqumo zabo — okuveza amakhono nemikhuba yentando yeningi.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Wangaphakathi Njengezikole Zentando Yeningi

Izinhlangano zokuzithandela — kusukela kubazali nabafundisi kuya ezinhlanganweni zendawo ezungezile kuya ezinhlanganweni zezinhlangano zenkolo ezizezenhlalo — zisebenza njengezindawo zokuqeqeshela ukuthatha iqhaza lezentando yeningi. Kulezi zinhlangano, amalungu azama ukuqapha, afunda ukusingatha ukungaboni ngaso linye, futhi athuthukise amakhono okuhola. Usosayensi wezombangazwe uRobert Putnam wachaza ngokudume ukuthi lezi "zikole zentando yeningi" ziveza inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo eyenza ukuba kube khona ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Ohulumeni nezisekelo zabo akumelwe nje kuphela ukusekela izinkonzo ezizinikezayo kodwa nendima yabo ekuthuthukiseni izakhamuzi zentando yeningi.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwentsha Nemfundo Yobumba

Intsha ngokuvamile ibhekene nemingcele yokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nemingcele yobudala, ukuntuleka kokwaziswa okuphathelene nendlela yokuhileleka, nokungathembi ukuthi amazwi ayo anendaba yini. Izikole zingayisingatha lemingcele ngokuhlanganisa lemisebenzi yokufunda inkonzo, ukhetho lokugcona, nohulumeni wabafundi ezifundweni zezifundo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zingakha intsha izinhlangano zobusha zobudlelwano, izinhlelo zobufundisi nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, namathuba okuba intsha ifakazele ekulaleleni komphakathi. Uma intsha ibona ukuhlanganyela okunenjongo komphakathi kusaqala, cishe ihlala ibophene kakhulu phakathi nokuphila kwayo.

Ukutuswa Kwemithetho Yokuqinisa Impucuko Yentando Yeningi

Ukuhumusha lokhu kuqonda isenzo kudinga ukuhleleka ezindaweni eziningi.

Umthetho Wemfundo

Ohulumeni kufanele bagunyaze imfundo yomphakathi njengemfuneko yokuthweswa iziqu, nezifundo zangemva kwesikole ezigcizelela izenzakalo zamuva, ukufunda kwezokuxhumana, namakhono asebenzayo. Izinhlelo zokusekela izinhlelo kufanele ziklanyelwe ukunciphisa umehluko phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Izinhlelo zothisha kufanele zihlanganise izimo zokuqeqesha ukufundisa izindaba eziphikisanayo, ukuhlanganisa izingxoxo zesikole ezihloniphekile, nokuhlanganisa ukufunda izihloko zezindaba. Ukuhlaziya kwesizwe okunjenge- National Assesment of Educational Progress (NAEP)[FLD:1] kufanele kuhlanganise izinyathelo eziqinile zolwazi lwasesikoleni, nokuhlanganisa ukufunda izincwadi ezifundwayo ezifundwayo ezisezifundweni.

Umthetho wezokuxhumana

Ukuze basekele ukuncintisana kwezindaba ezizimele, ohulumeni kufanele bacabangele izisusa zentela ezikhuthaza iminikelo ezinhlanganweni zezindaba ezingazuzisi, ukuxhasa kwezimali zomphakathi ukuze kudluliswe imibiko yezindaba eqoshiwe e-BBC noma i-PBS, kanye nokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwezindaba ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yezindaba. Ama-Platform kufanele adingeke ukuchaza okuqukethwe i-Al-gentery, ukuveza iziqondiso zokutusa kwe-algorithm, futhi kunikeze abacwaningi ukufinyelela kokwaziswa kokuhlolwa okungahambisani. Izimfuneko ezibonisa ukukhangisa kwezombangazwe kanye nezinto ezixhaswe yikho okungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone imizamo yokusebenzisa i-alphromagnote.

Ukungenela Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ngobuchwepheshe

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zomuntu siqu kufanele zifake imali emikhankasweni yokufunda nokubhala emide emide emide emizini yezemisebenzi, ezikhungweni zomphakathi, nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Amathala ezincwadi kufanele axhaswe njengezindawo zokuqeqeshelwa amakhono emishini. Izinhlangano ezihlola amaqiniso zidinga izimpawu ezisekelayo zemali nesivikelo ekuhlukunyezweni. Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke kubalulekile ekukhulumeni ngezimiso ezihlukanisa abantu abahlukene ezihlukanisayo neziphazamisa ezinye okhethweni.

Indlela Engaphambili

Isebusweni sombuso wentando yeningi asiwona umshini ozisebenzelayo owake waklanywa ngokufanele. Umkhuba okumelwe ufundwe, ugcinwe, futhi uvuselelwe esizukulwaneni ngasinye. Izinselele ezibhekene nentando yeningi yamanje — ukususwa kwe-democracy, ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo, ukungalingani, nokungathembani kwezinhlangano — ziwubungathi sína kodwa azinakukwazi ukumelana nokutshala imali ezisekelweni ezimbili eziye zasekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi: izakhamuzi ezifundile ezikwaziyo ukwahlulela nezinhlangano zezindaba ezizimisele eqinisweni nokulandisa.

Intuthuko ngeke ivele kunoma yikuphi ukungenela kodwa isuka endleleni ebanzi ehlanganisa ukushintshwa kwemfundo, ukugcinwa kwemithombo yezindaba, ukulandisa kweqophelo eliphezulu, kanye nempucuko yomphakathi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Othisha kumelwe bafundise ukucabanga okugxekayo, hhayi nje ulwazi olwanele. Izintatheli kumelwe zizuze ukwethenjwa ngokubonana nokuqina, hhayi ngesivinini nje. Abaklami abaklami abaklami abafuna inqubo yentando yeningi kumelwe babeke phambili empilweni yentando yeningi ngokusekela ukuhlanganiswa kwezivumelwano. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zamukele umthwalo wokuhlala zinolwazi futhi zithathelane, ngisho nalapho kunzima noma kunzima.

Ikusasa lentando yeningi lixhomeke ekutheni singayakha kabusha yini imvelo yokuzicabangela komphakathi okudinga ukubusa kwentando yeningi ngolwazi. Lona akuwona umsebenzi wochwepheshe bodwa; umsebenzi ohlangene ofuna umzamo kuzakhamuzi zonke. Ngokufaka imali emfundweni, ngokusekela imithombo yezindaba ezizimele, nokuthuthukisa isiko lezakhamuzi ezikhuthele, singakha idemokrasi engaqinile futhi esabela ngobuqotho ezidingweni zabo bonke abantu. Umsebenzi uphuthuma, izinselele zingokoqobo, futhi izigxobo azinakuba zikhulu.