Isenzo sokufaka ibhola singaphezu komsebenzi wesizwe, − yiso kanye isisekelo lapho ukubusa kwedemokrasi kuhlala khona. Kuhulumeni ophethe kahle, okhetho luguqula intando yabantu ukuba imelelwe, inqubo, nokuziphendulela. Nokho amandla alenguqulo axhomeke ngokuhluzekile kwi-metric eyodwa: umvoti. Uma ukuvota kuphakeme, ohulumeni babonisa ukuhlanganisa umphakathi; uma kucwilisa, amazwi abantu abakwenezelelwe akhula ngokuthula nasemthethweni.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okujulile kwethonya lovoti ekuthatheni idemokrasi, sihlola ukuthi kungani kuhileleke izindaba, okushukumisela abantu ekuhloleni (noma kubagcineni), imiphumela yangempela yezwe yokuthembisana okuphansi, namasu avunyiwe okwakha ukhetho olungcono. Ngokuqonda amandla omvoti oyekelelayo, siqinisekisa iqiniso eliyinhloko lentando yeningi: ivoti ngayinye ibaluleke ngempela.

Yini Eyenzekayo Futhi Kungani Kubalulekile?

I-Voter suppout ichazwa njengesilinganiso samaphesenti abavoti abafanelekayo abafaka ivoti kukhetho olunikezwayo. Iwumthetho wokulawula olwenzeka kakhulu ekuthembiseni komphakathi embusweni wentando yeningi. Izimpawu eziphezulu zokuthi izakhamuzi zithemba isimiso futhi zibone ukubaluleka kokuhlanganyela; i-creutut ingabonisa ukudideka, imingcele yokwakha, noma umbono wokuthi umphumela unqunyiwe kusengaphambili. Ngalé kokulinganisela, guqula izindaba ngoba zithonya ngokuqondile ukuthi zibusa futhi ziphi izithakazelo ezibekwa phambili.

Ukucwaninga kubonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe zisabela kakhulu emaqenjini avotayo ngamazinga aphakeme. Uma zihlanganyela ku-skews(*adala, abacebile, nabafundile kakhulu) − ukwenza amaphoyisa kungasusa izidingo zabasha, abathola imali encane, nemiphakathi emincane.

Impilo Yokubusa Ngentando Yeningi: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezinguquko Ezinkulu

Ukumelela Nobufundisi

Uhulumeni okhethwe yiningi labavoti abafanelekayo ujabulela ukuqashelwa okukhulu kakhulu kunomuntu okhethwe yisiqeshana somphakathi, esingameleki. Uma kuvela kakhulu, imiphumela yokukhetha kunzima ukuyibekela inselele njengengekho emthethweni, futhi igunya lokubusa licacile. Ngokuphambene, ukugwema okuphansi kungabangela ukumangalela ukuthi umnqobi akameleli ngempela abantu, ukugxeka nokuntengantenga kwezombangazwe.

Ukulandisa Nokuziphendulela

Umvoti ophezulu uveza isisusa esinamandla kakhulu sokuthatha isinyathelo kubaphathi abakhethiwe ukuze bathathe isithakazelo somphakathi. Uma inani elikhulu lezakhamuzi zivota, abezombangazwe bazi ukuthi kumelwe banxuse kakhulu ukuba bagcine isikhundla. Lokhu kucindezela kunganciphisa ukuziphatha kokungalawuleki okukhulu futhi kukhuthaze ukuyekethisa. Ukuhlola okushicilelwe i-Brennan Center for Justice[ kuye kwathola ukuthi izifunda ezinokuvota zithambekele ekudluliseni kwezimiso ezingcono ezibonisa kangcono izintando zomphakathi wazo wonke.

Ukunciphisa Ukushintshwa Kwe - polare

Abavoti abahamba kancane ngokuvamile beqisa kakhulu ngokwemibono ngoba abavoti ababonakala bengabakhetha kakhulu futhi benamandla. Ukwandisa abavoti ngokuletha ngezikhathi ezithile, abavoti bemibono elinganiselwe kungaletha imiphumela yokukhetha futhi kunciphe ukuhlukana kwezindawo. Amazwe ahlale ehamba phezulu. − njengaseSweden noma eDenmark Denmark − ngokuvamile abonisa ukuncishiswa kwezombangazwe nokubuswa kwesivumelwano.

Ukuthambekela Komlando: Umbono Wembulunga Yonke NelaseMelika

Uhambo E - United States

Voter ujikeleza kukhetho lukamongameli wase-U.S. ngokomlando luye lwasekela phambili kweminye imibuso esungulwe kakhulu. Kukhetho lwango-202020, cishe amaphesenti angu-6 ezisebenzi ezifanelekayo zaphonsa amabhola angaphansi kwekhulu leminyaka − kodwa lelonani eliphakeme kakhulu elishiya cishe oyedwa kwamathathu afanelekayo amaMelika ahleli. Ukhetho lwe Midters buye bubi kakhulu: ukuphuma ngo-2018 (umlando phakathi) kwakungu-50%, futhi ukhetho lwendawo ngokuvamile lwehla ngaphansi kwe-20%.

Uma kuqhathaniswa, iAustralia iphoqelela ukuvota ngempoqo futhi ibona njalo ukuvota okungaphezu kwamaphesenti angu - 90. iBelgium neSweden futhi kuvame ukudlula kumaphesenti angu - 85. iUnited States ivelele phakathi kwentando yeningi ecebile ngenxa yokuhlanganyela kwayo okuphansi nokungalingani, iqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko umthwalo wokubhaliswa kovoti, izindlela zokuvota ezilinganiselwe, nezinsuku zesonto.

Izinhlendla Zomhlaba Wonke

Ngokwemininingwane evela ku- International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Consolation (IDEA). Lokhu kuthambekela kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka phakathi kwabavoti bentando yeningi. Nokho amanye amazwe aye aqala ukuthatha indlela ngokuguqula izimiso zawo zokuvota. Ngokwesibonelo, i-South Korea ikhushulelwa phakathi kwentsha evotayo ngokubhaliswa ngemishini nangendlela yokuvota ehambayo, ukufinyelela inombolo engu-7% kukhetho lukamongameli wamuva. Isifundo sicacile: ukuphethulwa akusona isiphetho sokuhlelwa kwezimiso zomphakathi.

Izithiyo Zokusakaza: Okuvimbela Abantu Ezimpondweni

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani abantu bengavoti kubalulekile ekuklameni izixazululo eziphumelelayo.

Izithiyo Zokwakha

E-United States, umngcele obaluleke kakhulu wokwakha inqubo yokubhalisa yamavoti. Ngokungafani namazwe amaningi afaka i-octer, i-U.S. ifaka i-anus kubantu ngabanye, ngokuvamile ithatha isikhathi esinqunyiweyo emasontweni amaningi ngaphambi koSuku Lokhetho. Ezinye izithiyo zokwakha zihlanganisa izindawo zokuvota (ezisemigqeni emide), imithetho eqinile ye-ID yokuvota, ukuhlukanisa i-octyfranch, nokuswela isikhathi esikhokhelweyo sokuvota.

Izimfuneko zokuvota nokuvota kwasekuqaleni kuhluka kakhulu ngokwezwe, kwakha umsebenzi ongalingani lapho abanye abavoti bekwazi ukufinyelela kalula futhi abanye bebhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, Pew Research Center[ ibhalile ukuthi abavoti ezizweni abanezimiso eziqinile babika ukwaneliseka okuphansi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kokuvota futhi cishe abakwazi ukuphuma.

Izici Zezenhlalo Nezokuhlalwa Kwabantu

Imali nemfundo kuhlala kunezilinganiso ezinamandla zokuthola inzuzo. Izakhamuzi ezinamadegree asekolishi nangaphezulu kwemitapo yemali yasekhaya ezivotayo ezilinganiselwa kuma-20-30 ngamaphesenti aphakeme kunalawo angenayo ikopi yesikole esiphakeme noma ahlala ngaphansi komgxube wobumpofu. [[FLT:]] zidlala indima: ukujika phakathi komBlabhula naku-SPhosthost Hoveyhoops kuye kwaba phansi kunalawo amavoti angaphansi kwekhulu amashumi amathathu, nakuba igebhu eligethi liye lancinyaniswa kukhetho lobumongameli bamuva.[FLT:] [[FLT]]]

Izithiyo Ezingokwengqondo Nezishukumisayo

Ngisho nalapho imingcele yokwakha nezenhlalo nezomnotho isuswa, abavoti abaningi abafanelekayo bahlala ekhaya ngoba benomuzwa wokuthi ukuvota kwabo akunandaba, abakuthandi bonke abazobhapathizwa, noma badumazekile ngesimiso sezombangazwe abasibheka njengosaphukile. Lokhu kuphambanisa nokugxeka [ kungaba ukuzibuyisela ngokwakho: ukuphambuka okuphansi kuholela kuhulumeni ongabameleli abambalwa, okuqinisa ukungathemba, okuqhubeka nokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa. Ukunqanyulwa kwalokhu kudinga kokubili inguquko yenhlangano kanye nokushintsha kwempucuko.

Imiphumela Yomsindo Ophansi

Lapho abantu abaningi bengahlanganyeli, imiphumela ingena kuzo zonke izici zokubusa.

Amabhayithi Asebenza Ngesimiso

Abavoti abaphansi bakhetha abantu abadala, abacebile, nabamhlophe. Khona - ke abakhi bomthetho banezisusa zokugxila ezintweni eziza kuqala kulamaqembu . njengokuvikela ukulondeka kweNtlango nokusika intela enzuzoni yezezimali (nakuba imfundo, izakhiwo, nezinhlelo ezizuzisa ngokuyinhloko abancane noma abahlwili abahlwili abathola imali encane. Umphumela ungaba ukuchezukiswa okucashekile kodwa okunamandla ekususeni ezithandweni eziningi.

Ukuncipha Kwemibuso Ebusa Ngentando Yeningi

I-lowpout ingaqeda futhi ukufaneleka okucatshangelwayo kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Uma abanqobi bekhethwa ingxenyana encane yenani elifanele lezakhamuzi − njengoba kwenzeka emijahweni eminingi yeSigele sase-U.S. lapho ukugwenywa kwakungaphansi kuka-40%,($) amandla okubusa abuthakathaka. Le ndawo ingagcwala ngamazwi anamandla, futhi ukuthemba umphakathi kuncipha ngokwengeziwe.

Ukungalingani Kwesimiso Esingokwezombangazwe Okukhulu

Izazi zezombangazwe uMartin Gilens noBenjamin Page zathola ukuthi lokho esakhamuzi esivamile esikuthandayo akunathonya elitheni emiphumeleni yezentengiselwano eUnited States, kuyilapho izikhulu zezomnotho namaqembu ezezenhlalakahle ahleliwe kubusa. Imbangela eyodwa yalokhu kungalingani iphansi futhi ingumvoti ongalingani. Uma abantu bekhetha, ithonya lemali nokusekela ithonya lamaqembu abavoti likhula lihlobene nethonya lamaqembu.

Izinqubo Zokwandisa Umsindo

Ngenhlanhla, amashumi eminyaka okucwaninga nezibonelo zamazwe ngamazwe kuveza ngokucacile izinguquko ezingathuthukisa ukuhlanganyela kwazo — ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu angaphansi kwalokhu angokomlando.

Ukubhalisa i Voter okuzenzekelayo (AVR)

Amazwe agunyaza izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo uma zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni (umz., i-DMV) abona ukwanda kwamaphesenti angu-5-10. I-AVR isusa isithiyo sokuphatha esibaluleke kakhulu futhi igcina ukubhalisa kunembile. Njengango-2024, ngaphezu kwama-20, amazwe ase-U.S. athathe i-AVR, futhi ubufakazi bokuqala bubonisa ukuthi isiza ngokukhethekile intsha nomvoti ohambayo.

Ukwenza Imisebenzi Iphumelele

Ukwenyusa ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukunikeza ama-consot eposi angena eposi, nokugcina izindawo zokuvota zivulekile amahora amade. Ukucwaninga kwe- IKhomishane yoMnyango Wokhetho kubonisa ukuthi ngokuvota kwasekuqaleni okukhulu, lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho ukhetha uqala u-3/5%, manje uthatha zonke izinketho zama-imeyili, kuye kwabonakala kuthatha igalelo elikhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokhetho.

Usuku Lokukhetha Njengeholide Lesizwe

Amazwe angu-58 enza i-Option Day ibe iholide lomphakathi. I-United States yenza iholide lokhetho, futhi izisebenzi eziningi, ikakhulukazi izisebenzi ezisebenza ihora ngalinye, zizama ukuthola isikhathi sokuvota. Nakuba ukwenza iholide kuphela kungeke kususe zonke izithiyo, kuthumela uphawu olunamandla lokuthi ukuvota kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ezweni lonke futhi kungasiza ekuthatheni imali ephansi nasekuhlanganyeleni kwezisebenzi ezishishishini.

Imfundo Yesibhamu Nokuthunjwa Komphakathi

Intuthuko ende eyenzekayo idinga ukwakhiwa kwendlela yokuvota. Izinhlelo ezifundisa abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme ngokubhalisa nokuvota ziboniswe ukuthi zandisa amaphuzu asukelayo phakathi kwentsha. Umphakathi usekelwe ekuphumeni--ivote (I-GOTV) imizamo yokuxhumana, ukubhalisa ucingo, kanye nezikhumbuzo zombhalo. Ukuhlola okushicilelwe ku- kwezepolitical Science Review[[ kwathola ukuthi ukuxhumana komuntu siqu okukodwa kungakhuphuka kakhulu ngamaphuzu ayishumi.

Ukushintsha Kwesimiso Esivamile

Ezinye izinguquko endleleni esingathuthukisa ngayo ukuthembisana. Ukuvota kwe-ranked-choice kunciphisa ukusebenza kwe- “spoiler” futhi kunikeza abavoti ukukhetha okunengqondo kakhulu, okungandisa ukuvela kwe-primmist nezinhlanga zendawo. I-Oregon, eyamukela i-RCV kukhetho lwendawo, iye yabona ukuthembisana kwesithathu okungaphezulu nokuzimela, nakuba imininingwane yesizwe ebanzi yemiphumela ye-RCV isavela.

Indima Embaxa - mbili Yezobuchwepheshe Nezesayensi Zezenhlalo

Amathuluzi Emishini Asizayo

Ubuchwepheshe sebuyishintshile indlela abantu abafunda ngayo ngokhetho. Ukubhalisa nge-opera umvoti manje kukhona ezifundazweni ezingu-41 futhi kwenze le nqubo yaba lula ezigidi. I-Smartphone inikeza izindawo zokuhlola, izinombolo, nezikhathi zokulinda. Amasiteji ezokuxhumana asebenzisa imikhankaso yokukhumbuza kanye namathuluzi okuhlanganyela aboniswa ekunyukeni okunesizotha, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwentsha.

Izingozi Nokulinganiselwa

Nokho, ubuchwepheshe abusona isici esidala. Izezobungane zingasakaza futhi ukungavumelani ngezinqubo zokuvota − njengendawo yokuhlola okungamanga ukuvalwa noma inkathi yokubhalisa ekhohlisayo − okuyizinto ezicindezelayo 2016 no-2020 ezahlela imikhankaso yokhetho ukuze kuqedwe ukunqanda ukuphehlwa kweqembu elincane ngokungaqondi kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwezesayensi kusho ukuthi ukutholakala kwenani eliphansi kanye nabantu abadala kungazuzanga ngokulinganayo emishinini yokuvota, okungakhucutha izikhala ezikhudlekayo. Abaphathi-tecryth Kumelwe bahlele izinhlelo zokufunda izincwadi zezokubhala nokuzivota kanye nokuvimbela okunamandla okumelene nomthetho wokuvota olwe kuyi-inthaneti.

Amandla Olimi Olunye: Izibonelo Zezwe Ezingokoqobo

Abagxeki bavame ukubuza, “Ingabe ukuvota okukodwa kubaluleke ngempela?” Umlando unikeza izimpendulo eziqinile. Kukhetho lukamongameli lwango 2000 e-U.S., uGeorge W. Bush wawina iFlorida . nangevoti nje ngo-537. Izibalo zezinhlanga zikahulumeni ezifuna imithetho zinqunywe ngezihlalo zesigaba esisodwa. Ibhodi lesikole nokhetho lwezinkundla zedolobha kunqunywa njalo ngenani elincane labavoti. Eqinisweni, inzuzo engahoxiyo [[FLT: 0] Fairvote ithola ukuthi izihlalo zemithetho engu-80 kukhetho lwamashumi amabini eminyaka. Ibhodi lesikole nokhetho lwesifunda sesifunda kunqumo yanqunywa ngenani elincane kunalezozingxenye zesithathu.

Ngaphandle kwezinhlanga ngazinye, ukuthatha indawo ephansi esifundeni esithile noma eqenjini lamanani abantu kungasusa yonke inkambiso yedolobha noma isifundazwe amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Isinqumo sokungavoti ngokwaso siyivoti (8a) yokuvota ukuze kutholakale isimo, ngenxa yokukhetha kwalabo abaya zibonakalisa.

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Intando Yeningi Esebenzela Bonke

Uma izakhamuzi zihlanganyela, ohulumeni baba abameleli, balandisa ngokwengeziwe, futhi bakwazi kangcono ukusingatha izinselele zesikhathi sethu. Uma zihlala ekhaya, isimiso sitshekela kwabambalwa ngokuncishiswa abaningi.

Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi ukugwema okuphansi akunakugwenywa. Ngokususa izithiyo zokwakha ngokubhalisa okuzenzekelayo nangokuvota okuvumelanayo, ngokufaka inzuzo emfundweni yomphakathi, nokukhuthaza impucuko egubha ukuvota njengelungelo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo, singakha idemokrasi ebanzi egcwele. Ikusasa lobushiqela lixhomeke kulokhu. Ukhetho ngalunye, izwi ngalinye, ivoti ngalinye − kuhlanganisa eyokho, ikhona kanye neyakho (hmatters) kakhulu kunalokho ongase uqaphele.