Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele

Inqubo elindelekile iyisimiso esiyisisekelo esivikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye emphakathini wentando yeningi. Iqinisekisa ukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye siphathwa ngokufanele ngaphansi komthetho futhi sivikelelwe ezinqumweni ezizenziwa uhulumeni. Inqubo yaso efanelekile idinga ukuba inqubo efanelekile ilandele izinqubo ezimisiwe zomthetho futhi ihloniphe wonke amalungelo abekelwe umuntu ngaphambi kokuba ancishwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lesimiso sibekwe ngokusemthethweni ezinziwa ngokusemthethweni futhi sivikelwe ezinzisweni ze-Constitution ze-United States. ISichimende sesihlanu sisebenza kuhulumeni wezwe, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sidlulisela imfuneko sombuso nohulumeni wesine esikweleta imfuneko ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa i-Genetiction., zonke lezi ziqinisekiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ophucwa inqubo eyisisekelo yokuvikela inqubo eyisisekelo yomthetho womthetho-mthetho.

Izindlela Ezimbili Zenqubo Efanele

Izazi ezingokomthetho nezinkantolo ziqaphela amagatsha amabili ahlukene enqubo efanele: inqubo eyisisekelo nengokwesiko. Ngalinye lifeza umsebenzi ohlukile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omuntu ngamunye.

  • [[NTLT: 0] Inqubo engathi shubisiwe ye- ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni, ngisho noma kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa inqubo ebekelwe imvume yokushaya imithetho ephazamisa ukuvimbela inzalo, ukuzibusa komzimba, namalungelo abazali. Izenzakalo ezivelele [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Grislold v.[FLT][[FLT] [65] [6], eyaqeda ukuvinjelwa kokuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo, [[FL:] ne-[FLT] v [12].[5] Inqute], eyaqaphela ukuthi owesifazane uktho lokukhishwa kwesisuko, kokubili inqubo ebekelweyo.[3]
  • Inqubo engokwenyani elindelekile igxila ekulinganiseni kwezinqubo zikahulumeni lapho ifuna ukuphuca umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kudinga isaziso nethuba lokuzwakala ngesikhathi esinengqondo nangendlela enenjongo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokuqeda izinzuzo zenhlalakahle, ukususa umsizi ezindlini zomphakathi, noma ukukhipha ilayisensele yezobuchwepheshe, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ukula. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku- Goldberg v. Kelly [1970]) wasungula ukuthi abamukeli bezenhlalakahle banelungelo lokulalela ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yinzuzo.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Senqubo Efanele

Imisuka yenqubo efanele ibuyela emuva eNgilandi ephakathi. IMagna Carta ka-1215, eyaphoqelelwa kuqala iNkosi uJohn ngezikhonkwane ezivukelayo, yayinombhalo obalulekile: "Akekho umuntu okhululekile ozakubanjwa noma aboshwe, noma aphucwe amalungelo akhe noma impahla, noma adingiswe, noma ancishwe ukuma kwakhe nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, futhi asiyikuphoqelelwa, ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe isahlulelo esingokomthetho sabalingana naye noma umthetho wezwe" kancane kancane isimo sezwe senqubo "yokubekwa komthetho olandelayo." IMagna Carta yaveza ukuthi inkosi ngokwayo yayingaphansi komthetho, umqondo wokuvukela owabeka isisekelo sesimiso somthetho.

I-Ngishi Bill of Rights ka-1689 i-Gibray of Rights ka-1699 isivikelo esiqiniswa ngokwengeziwe esivikelweni sikahulumeni ozimele, enqabela ukumiswa kwebheyili ephakeme nesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile. Lapho abenzi bamakoloni baseMelika beqinisa amalungelo abo ngokumelene nokubusa kweBrithani, badweba kakhulu kulokhu kwenzeka eNgilandi. IsiHluliso sesihlanu eSivumelwaneni soMthetho-sisekelo, esagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeSishaya-Bill of Rights, sawenqabela ngokuqondile ukunciphisa noma yimuphi umuntu we "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho," ngemva kweMpila-Mphetho we-Polini yase-U." ISiphendulo se-14th Sinyuse yanwesa umthetho ofanayo ezwe kumazweni, iqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo efanele yaba indinganiso kazwe lonke.

Ukuqanjwa Nenkathi Yanamuhla

ISichibiyelo seSinyathelo se-14 se-Account Procession Claus sihlangene nokufakwa kweBill of Rights ngokumelene nezifundazwe. Ngochungechunge lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, amalungiselelo amaningi ezinhlelo zokuqala eziyisishiyagalombili aye asetshenziswa kuhulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo ngokudlula eMkhankasweni ka-Century Procession Claus. Ngokwesibonelo, Gideon v. Wainright[[FLL:1] [1963] [193]) afaka iSinyuko seSishayamiso sesithupha sokunikeza iseluleko, imfuneko yokunikeza abameli inqubo engokomthetho ye-agconomose yesizwe engokomthetho engokomthetho yesizwe. I-'i-[FLT][FLT] V [FLT] [1961]

Icala Eliyinhloko Lenkantolo Liphikisa Inqubo Efanele

Ngaphandle kwalamacala ashiwo ngenhla, ezinye izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathonya indlela inqubo efanele eyenzeka ngayo:

  • Mira nj. Arizona [[FLT:] [[66]: iNkantolo yabambelela ekutheni amaphoyisa azise ukuthi kufanele asole ilungelo lawo lokuthula kanye nelungelo lawo kummeli ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Lesinqumo sadala izixwayiso manje ezithiwayo ngokuzivikela ngokuzimela ngokwawo.
  • [INkantolo] imisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela kathathu kokunquma ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezidingekayo ngenqubo efanele. [FLT] [[6] [6]: iNkantolo ihlola ukulinganisela okuthathu kokunquma ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezidingekayo ngenqubo efanele. Izinkantolo zicabangela isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, ingozi yokuncishwa kwempono ekhona, kanye nenzalo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithwalo ye-fiscal nemithwalo yezomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola kusetshenziswa ezicabeni ezihilela ukunqandwayo zezinzuzo zokukhubazeka kwezentengo yeso somphakathi sobunganiso kanye nezinye izimvume zohulumeni.
  • United States v. Umoya [2013] ): INkantolo yalahla iDefense of Marriage Act, iphethe ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke uphike ukuqaphela imishado efanayo engokomthetho. Isinqumo sisekelwe ngokwengxenye ezimisweni ezifanele, igcizelela ukuthi umthetho wawubeka i-"stima" kwimibhangqwana efanayo-ex.
  • Timbs v. Indiana (20:]): INkantolo yasebenzisa iSichibiyelo seSigqi seMiphetho seMibukiso se-Eight's Implifice ku-Claus ephethe i-Claus, iphethe leyompahla yomphakathi elahlekileyo akumelwe ibekwe ekwahlulekeni. Lecala laqokomisa imvume yenqubo efanele, amalungelo empahla, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwemithetho yokulahlekelwa.

Ukubaluleka Kwenqubo Efaneleyo Emzabalazweni Obusa Ngentando Yeningi

Inqubo efanele ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ubulungisa, ukulingana, nokwethembela emphakathini esimisweni somthetho. Imisebenzi yaso ihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye:[ inqubo elindelekile isebenza njengesihlangu kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi. Kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho naphakathi kwezimo eziphuthumayo noma lapho umzwelo womphakathi uphakeme, uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile futhi ahloniphe inkululeko eyisisekelo.
  • Ukulandisa kwezikhulu zikaHulumeni: ngokufuna ukuba izimpawu zengaphandle, isaziso, nethuba lokuzwakala, inqubo efanele yenza abadlali bakahulumeni balandise. Kuvimbela izenzo zobushiqela futhi kunikeza indlela yokusebenzisa kabi amandla okungalawuleki.
  • [ Incazelo yobuqotho nokulingana: inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo, uhlanga, noma isikhundla, bathola isivikelo esifanayo esingokomthetho. Liyitshe eliyinhloko lomthetho, elivimbela uhulumeni ekuhlaseleni abantu noma amaqembu ngaphandle kokulunga.
  • Ukukhomba Ukwethemba Umphakathi:[ Lapho izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi isimiso somthetho sisebenza kahle futhi ngokubikezelwa, zisengozini kakhulu ukuvumelana nomthetho, zibambisana nokugcinwa komthetho, futhi zihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi. Inqubo iqinisa ukufaneleka kwezinqumo zokwahlulela nokuphatha.

Izimfune Zezakhamuzi: Indlela Inqubo Efanele Ethinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Ukuqonda lokho okushiwo yikho kunikeza abantu amandla okuqinisa amalungelo abo nokufuna ubulungisa lapho lawo malungelo esongelwa.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu

Esimisweni sokwahlulela komthetho, inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala ngokulunga, ilungelo lokululeka, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nesivikelo ekuzichaseni. Lezisivikelo ziyasiza ekuvimbeleni izinkolelo ezingalungile. Nokho, iqiniso lokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi nokudlondlobala ukunxusa okuthi inqubo efanele iqashelwe ngokugcwele. Abamangalelwa abaningi bawaphula amalungelo abo okubhekana nokucindezela, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokugcwele imiphumela. Ilungelo lokusiza ngempumelelo kweseluleko, esimiswe ku Strickland v. Washington[FLT:]] [[1]] [1998]], bahlala beyisivikelo esigxekayo kodwa bevikele izimiso zomphakathi.

Izenzo Zokuphatha

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zenza izinqumo ezithinta indlela yokuphila yabantu nsuku zonke. Inqubo idinga ukuba ngaphambi kokuba lezi zinkampani ziphike, ziqede, noma zichithe izinzuzo, amalayisense, noma imvume, zinikeze isaziso kanye nokuzwa okunenjongo. Lokhu kusebenza ekunqumeni kokukhubazeka kwe-Social Security, ukunxenxeba kokungasebenzi, ukuzwa okungochwepheshe (umz., kwezokwelapha, okusemthethweni), kanye nokungangeni ekungeneni. Ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela [ku-[FLT: 0] Maws v. Eldidge ngokuvamile kunquma izinqubo eziqondile ezidingekayo. Isibonelo, ukuzwa okuphelele kungase kudingeke ngenxa yokukhubazeka, nakuba ukuzwa okusemthethweni kungakwanele ukuzwa okuvamile.

Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

Inqubo elindelekile iye yaba yithuluzi elinamandla ekuqhubekiseleni phambili ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Inqubo efanayo evikela amalungelo empahla iye yasetshenziselwa ukuqeda imithetho yokuhlukanisa. Lovavar v. Virginia (1967), iNkantolo yasebenzisa i-Century Procession Clause kanye ne-Encial Protection Clause ekuqedeni ukuvinjelwa komshado wezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene. Muva nje, inqubo efanele iye yaba yisisekelo sokuphikisana ngamalungelo ahlukahlukene, ukuvota, nenkululeko yokuzala. Inqubo efanelekile yemiphakathi, iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni awunakuwahlupha amalungelo awo ngaphandle kwesizathu esigunyazayo nezimiso ezifanelekile.

Umkhaya Nemfundo

Emthetho womkhaya, inqubo efanele ivikela amalungelo abazali. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ilungelo eliyisisekelo labazali lokwenza izinqumo ngokuphathelene nokunakekela, ukuwinwa kwezingane, nokulawulwa kwazo. Ngaphambi kokuba umbuso uqede amalungelo obuzali noma ususe umntwana ekhaya, kumelwe inikeze ubufakazi obucacile nobugculisayo bokuxhashazwa noma ukunganakwa, indinganiso ephakeme kunamacala avamile omphakathi. Emfundweni, abafundi ababhekene nokuxoshwa isikhathi eside noma ukuxoshwa banelungelo lokuqaphela nohlobo oluthile lokuzwa, njengoba kusungulwe .

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwendima yaso yokuyisisekelo, inqubo efanele ibhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo nezixazululekayo ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ukucwasana Okukhulu Nezinhlanga

I-United States inesinye sezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuboshwa emhlabeni. Abantu abamnyama nabaseSpain bamelelwa ngokungenakulinganiswa esimisweni sobulungisa bomthetho. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi inqubo yokuvikela inqubo isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo yini. Isigwebo esincane esiqinile, izijeziso ezinzima ngenxa yecala lezidakamizwa elingenabudlova, kanye nokuboshwa kwangaphambi kwecala okucindezela abamangalelwa ukuba bamangalelwe ukuba bacindezele wonke umgomo wezimiso ezilungile. Isimiso sebheyile ngokwaso sivame ukujezisa ubumpofu, sigcine abantu beboshelwe phansi ngaphambi kokuthethwa kwecala ngenxa nje yokuthi abanamali yokukhokha ukuze bakhululwe.

Inzuzo Kahulumeni Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe nokwanda kokugada kukahulumeni ngenxa yokuvikela kwesizwe kuye kwadala izimpikiswano ezintsha ezifanele. I-Ferngal Intelligence Surveildance Act (FISA) nezinhlelo ezifana neqoqo lemininingwane eminingi ye-NSA kuye kwagxekwa ngenxa yokungabi nakho kobukhapheli obuqondile nokufanele ukwahlulela. Indinganiso yeSichibiyelo sesine yemithetho yeSimende iye yancitshiswa kwezinye izimo, futhi ukuqoqwa kwemidatha ka-metamende kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinqubo okumelwe zizenzeke ngaphambi kwayo. Inqubo elindelekile ifuna ukuba abantu batshelwe inselele futhi banikwe ithuba lokuyibekela inselele, kodwa ngokuvamile ukufihla kuvimbela lokhu.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwezakhamuzi

Ukulahlekelwa kwempahla yomphakathi kuvumela ukugcinwa kwamandla emithetho ukuba kuphambe impahla esolwayo ngokuhileleka emsebenzini wobugebengu, ngisho nangaphandle kokumangalela umnini-mkhandlu ngobugebengu. Ngenxa yokuthi isenzo esingokomthetho simelene nempahla ngokwayo, abanikazi bavame ukuthwala umthwalo wokubonisa impahla yabo ukuthi ayihilelekile emsebenzini ongekho emthethweni. Lokhu kuguqula umbono wokungalungi futhi kungenza ngokungafanele. Abagxeki abaningi baphikisa ukuthi isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sibangela izisusa ezingalungile [[FLT:] Timbs v. Indiana [2010] [2010])) basebenzisa izintambo ezithiwayifakelayo ku-fako Claus Fauclee, kodwa inguquko ezindaweni zikahulumeni ayilungile. Abagxeki abaningi baphikisa ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwesinqumo izisusa ezingalungile kubantu abagcinwa umthetho kanye nabantu abangene.

Ukungavumelani Okufanelekayo

Izimiso ezifanelekile ziyimfundiso engokomthetho evikela izikhulu zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi izikhulu zamaphoyisa, ekumangalelweni ngenxa yokuphulwa komthetho-mthetho ngaphandle kokuba zeqe "kahle-kahle". Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lemfundiso iye yaqeda ukulandisa futhi yenza kwaba nzima ngezisulu zokuziphatha okubi ukuthola ubulungisa ezinkantolo. Lemfundiso ifaka imingcele eminingi engokomthetho, kuhlanganise naleyo ehilela ukuphoqelela noma ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni, ishiya izisulu zingenalo ikhambiso elibalulekile. Ukumenywa kwenguquko kuye kwaqina, kodwa isenzo somthetho esisezingeni likahulumeni siye saphelelwa. Ukuze kuhlaziswe ngokuningi, bheka isikhundla se-[FLT:] ACLU] esifanelekayo sokuvikela.

Ukufinyelela ekumelelweni okungokomthetho

Ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko ezicabeni zobugebengu lisungulwe kahle, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalo ngokuvamile akunele. Amahhovisi avikela umphakathi ahlala encishisiwe, aholela ekuthwaleni kwezezimali ngokweqile, abangela ukungasitholi isikhathi esanele sokuxhumana kwamakhasimende, nokucindezela kokuxazulula izindaba ngokushesha. Ezimweni zombango, akukho lungelo lomthetho wokululeka, ngisho nalapho izithakazelo zokuphila zisengozini, njengokuxoshwa kwabantwana, noma ukuthuthwa. Leligebe elimelela ukuthi abantu abaningi abayinkimbinkimbi bahamba ngaphandle kommeli, balulaza ubulungisa obuthenjiswe ngenqubo efanele. Izinhlangano ezinjengeze- .[FLT:][FLT][FLD][F:1] Inhlangano yezentelligess zomthetho izinhlangano zezentegial organces [[FLD]] [ievelct1]]

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile ihlala iyisisekelo sesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi, iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziphathwa ngokufanele futhi ngokulunga ngaphansi komthetho. Kuyi-sethi yemithetho elandelwayo kanye nesiqinisekiso esingaphansi kwe-Profecta samalungelo ayisisekelo. Kusukela kwiMagna Carta kuya kwimithetho yamuva yeNkantolo Ephakeme, isimiso siye sashintsha ukubhekana nezinselele ezintsha, kodwa injongo yaso eyisisekelo ihlala njalo: ukuvikela abantu emandleni kahulumeni azimele. Kuyinkathi ephawulwe ukushintshwa kwezesayensi yezesayensi, ukuguqulwa kwezombangazwe, futhi sibiza inkululeko efanelekile yokuqonda inqubo efanelekile, ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Sinika izakhamuzi amandla okuba nesidingo sokuba zibe nesidingo sokuba ngokomthetho, ukufuna ukulunga lapho kusongelwa. Ukusekela inqubo edinga ukuqashelwa, ukuhlelwa kwemfundo, neMphakamelwayo yomthetho. Njengoba izakhamuzi kumelwe baqaphele inkululeko yethu; inqubo yokuzivikela; ixhomeke kulokhu kuxhomeke kulokhu kuqhubeke kumthetho, futhi kuqhubeke isisekelo seSikole seSikole seSikole seSikole seSikole seSikole se