Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi simelela isimiso sokubusa esivelele lapho izakhamuzi zisebenzisa igunya eliqondile phezu kwemithetho nezimiso, zidlula abameleli abameleli. Ngokungafani nedemokrati yentando yeningi, lapho izikhulu zikhethwa ngamabomu futhi zinqumela khona izikhulu ezikhethelwe, iqondisa amandla edemokrati abekwe ngokuqondile ezandleni zabantu. Indlela evelele kakhulu yalokhu ukuthatha isinyathelo esinzima, inqubo eyenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukumisa umthetho omusha noma ukuguqula nokuvota kwazo ngokuqondile. Loluhlobo lwesivumelwano somphakathi luye lwazuza iqoqo elibalulekile emazweni amaningi nasemazweni, lunikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokusebenza ngezimpande zotshani kuyilapho futhi luphakamisa imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphathelenenzuzo, ukuvota, ukuvota, nethonya lemali ezombangazwe.

Imisuka Engokomlando Yentando Yeningi Eqondile

Umqondo wentando yeningi awumusha. Umkhuba wayo wakuqala ogciniwe ungalandelelwa emuva e-Athene yasendulo ngekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka iBCE, lapho izakhamuzi zabesilisa zahlangana khona e- ecclesia[ ukuvota ngokuqondile ezindabeni zempi, inqubo, nomthetho. Nokho, idemokrasi yanamuhla eqondile(" ngokulandelana "" ne"enzeke phambili) phakathi neNkakhulu leNkathi Eqhubekayo eUnited States (cishe ngo-190620). Abashisekeli benguquko bazama ukuphula amandla emishini yezombangazwe nezindawo eziphambili ngokunikeza izakhamuzi amandla avamile okuhlela nokumisa imithetho ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho. Inqubo ye-Australia yaqala yaqala ngonyaka ka-20190, yathonya kakhulu isimiso sezentando yentando yezwe yaseMelika (ikhulu elingu-19906). Inqubo evelele eveleleni eveleleni ebanzi eyaziwa kakhulu futhi izikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, ikhuluma ngenqubo ezindaweni eziningi zezikhathi eziningi zezwe, nakuba ingu - nyaka nengu - nyaka wokuqala, unyaka

Ukuqonda Intando Yeningi Eqondile: Izinhlobo Nemishini

Intando yeningi eqondile ayiwona umqondo okhethekile. Ihlanganisa amathuluzi amaningana ahlukene, ngalinye elinenjongo yalo nemithetho yalo. Amabili avame kakhulu ama- ama-endenterm kanye nama-initive[, kodwa ikhumbula futhi iwuhlobo oluthile lwentando yeningi.

Referendems v. -etatives v.

A [[NTL:0] i-votelment iyi-voti eqondile eseyidlulisiwe kakade yisishaya-mthetho. Ingaphoqelelwa (icelwe ngokomthetho ngezinhlobo ezithile zomthetho, njengomthetho-mthetho olungisayo) noma ngokungakhethi (ukufakwa kwesicelo sezakhamuzi sokubekela umthetho omusha inselele). Ngokungafani, [[FLT: 2]] kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziveze imithetho emisha noma izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ezisuka ekucushweni. Iziphakamiso zingaqondisa (ukuya evotini ethandwayo ngokushesha ngemva kwemisayinwa eyanele) noma (ukuvumela ukuba ungayinaki kuqala indlu yomthetho; uma inganakiwe, uma inganakiwe, iphinde iye ebholotini. [FT][FFFFF:]

Izindlela zomdlalo, iphuzu lalesi sihloko, linamandla kakhulu ngoba livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zingasabeli ekubekeni umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni senqaba ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni insangu yezokwelapha noma sinyusa iholo elilinganiselwe, amaqembu ezingane angaqoqa izisayino ukuze abeke izinyathelo ezinjalo ngokuqondile kumboni. Lelikhono lokuphoqelela ukuvota liye laholela ezinguqukweni eziphawulekayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengemithetho yentela, ubulungisa bomthetho womthetho wezezemvelo, umthetho wendawo, namalungelo ezenhlalo.

Inqubo Yokuqalisa Yebhola Ngemininingwane

Nakuba izincazelo zihluka ngokwendlela yokulawula, inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo ilandela ukulandelana okunezinyathelo ezinhlanu: ukudweba, ukuxhasa, ukuhlanganisa, ukuqinisekisa, nokuvota. Ukuqonda lenqubo kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ocabangela ukusebenzisa noma ukusungula idemokrasi ngokuqondile.

Ukubukeza Nokubukeza Okungokomthetho

Abasekeli baqala ngokuhlela ulimi oluqondile lomthetho ohlongozwayo noma ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Lolu limi kumele lucace futhi luzwakale ngokomthetho. Ezizweni eziningi, udwebo luthunyelwa kummeli jikelele kahulumeni noma indikimba emisiwe yesihloko kanye nesifushaniso. Lesi sinyathelo siqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso singaphansi koyedwa futhi asingqubuzani nombuso noma umthetho-sigebe-geqe. Njengesibonelo, iCalifornia inomthetho oqinile oyinhloko owodwa wokuvimbela "umqulu" (ilungiselelo lokuthintana ne-combuga).

Ukuqoqwa Kwesigqebhezana Nokufa Kwabafileyo

Uma nje isilinganiso sesivunyiwe ukusakazwa, abasekeli kumelwe baqoqe inani eliqondile lesignesha esemthethweni evela kubavoti ababhalisiweyo phakathi kwe-frames emisiwe. Izimfuneko zosayino zisekelwe engxenyeni yamavoti aphonswe kukhetho lokugcina lwe-gubernator. Izwe laseWashington lidinga ukusayinwa okulingana ne-8% yamavoti okugcina embonini yokubhalisa ama-gubernratery e-aquator ukuze kuthathwe isigqephu esisemthethweni futhi ama-8% athathe isinyathelo kuqala kubantu. Izimfuneko zomfako zingaba zimfushane cishe izinsuku ezingama-90 (ama-Illinoinoi) noma iminyaka emibili (athile avumela iqoqo lenkongozo eqedwe). Izindleko zenkampani yochwepheshe yokubhalisa amashendeki zingafinyelela ezigidini zezigidi zamaRandi, ukwenza amaqembu acebile inzalo.

Ukuqinisekiswa Nezindawo Zokulwa

Izikhulu zenkonganiso ziqinisekisa ukusayinwa kwemisebe yokuvota. Izignome ezingagunyazi ngenxa yamakheli angahambelani, abavoti abangabhalisiwe, noma amakhophi alahlwayo. Uma umnyango uhlangatshezwana (amazwe athile futhi adinga ukusakazwa kwendawo), isilinganiso siyafakazelwa nge-colot. Abaxhasi bangabe sebekhankasela noma bamelane nenyathelo lokuqala. Isikhathi kusukela esivumelwaneni sokuvota kuze kube usuku lokhetho singaba sifushane njengezinyanga ezimbalwa noma isikhathi esingangonyaka, ngokuvamile sifakwe emijikelezweni yokhetho.

Izinzuzo Nezinzuzo Zokuqalisa Kwezinti Zomlotha

Abasekeli bentando yeningi ngokuqondile bakhomba ezinzuzoni eziningana eziphoqelelayo. Okokuqala, inzuzo enkulu iwukubaluleka okukhulu: izinyathelo zinikeza abantu abavamile ikhono lokuveza ushintsho lapho abameleli babo abakhethiwe benqaba ukwenza. Ngokwesibonelo, [[[FLT:]] iNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe yeSizwe [Foctlaturestures] imibiko yokuthi inyathelo lokuthatha ama-odolations angu-500 ezwe kusukela ngo 1904[FFLT:3], eziningi eziholela ekushintsheni okukhulu kwemithetho. [osibili, [[FLT:]] ukuhlelwa kwezehlakalo [[FLT] [FLT] [4] [uhlu olubanzi lomthetho womthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko, futhi unyuke ukwanda kwemiyawonke, ububanzi obunye intela, ububanzi obunye obuthi, ububanzi obuthi, ububanzi obunye obunye obunye obunye obuthiwe, obuthi, obuthi

Izindlela zomdlalo zithuthukisa ukubophana kwezakhamuzi. Uma izakhamuzi zihileleke ngokuqondile ekulongeni imithetho, zingaba nolwazi oluthe xaxa futhi zibe nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba zivote kwezinye izivote. Ukuhlola kwe-Pew Research Center[ kusikisela ukuthi umvoti angakhula ezizweni ngezindlela eziphezulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiphakathi emisha nengasongelwe kakhulu ezizwa ihlukanisiwe nezombangazwe zenkambini.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Naphezu kokudluliswa kwazo, izinyathelo zokuvota zibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu. Inselele eyisisekelo kakhulu yiyejaji yezindaba . Izinyathelo eziningi zihilela ukudayiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemithetho edinga ukuthunyelwa kwe-oye-orno. Amavoter angantula isikhathi noma ulwazi lokuqonda ngokugcwele isikhathi eside, isiko elingokomthetho, kanye nemiphumela yezenhlalo. Lokhu kungaholela ekungabekezelelini imiphumela enzima ukuhweba ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ekhona, ukuhlanganisa iprocessing 13, kuyilapho iCalifornia igxekwa kakhulu ngokuncishwa kwezindlu nokuswela kwezifundo zomphakathi.

Ithonya Lemali

Ukusetshenziswa kwemali esetshenziswa ekukhankasweni kwebhola liye landa kakhulu. Abantu abacebile, izinkampani, izinhlangano zezentengiselwano bangathela izigidi zamaRandi ekukhangiseni noma ngokumelene nesilinganiso esithile. Isibonelo esidumile yi-2018 Uber-ear-ex propectal emkhankasweni we-colot yaseCalifornia (Propregree) ehlela izisebenzi ze-gigg njengezisebenzi ezizimele; izinkampani ezithutha abantu ezichitha imali engaphezulu kwezigidi ezingu-R350, eziyenza isilinganiso esibiza kakhulu somkhankankanyo womdlalo webhola eU.S. Umlando. Abagxeki zincwadi ziphikisa ngokuthi le ngxenye yemali engokwezimali ilulaza inhloso yentando yentando yeningi. [[FLT:] [FLT] , ukuchitha okunjalo okungabhidlikiswe ekutholeni kwezindawo futhi kungene ezakhamuzini.

Ukukhathala Kwezinjini Nokudutshulwa

Ezifundeni lapho inyathelo lokuthatha izinyawo livame khona, abavoti bangase babhekane "nokukhathala komdlalo": amavoloti amade anezinyathelo eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi angavimbela ukucabangela okucophelelayo. Ukucwaninga okuthile kubonisa ukuthi abavoti ngokuvamile bathembela ekuthonyeni kweqembu noma ekusebenziseni izinto ezilula kunokuhileleka entweni ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho amanyathelo evela kuphela kumabhola aqalayo aqalayo noma angavamile aneminyaka, ukubhadula kunganciphisa futhi kuhloniswe ukuvota kwemibono, kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokumelela.

Izingxabano Ezingokomthetho Nezomthetho

Izinyathelo ezithatha inyathelo ngokuvamile zibhekana nezinselele zomthetho ngemva kokudlula. Abaphikisi bangase baphikise ngokuthi baphula umbuso noma umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, noma ukuthi baphula amagunya amanye amagatsha kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda-zwe eziningi ziye zabona ukuthathwa kwecala ngenxa yokukhubazeka okungokomthetho noma ukungqubuzana namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo obizayo nongaqinisekile wokuzinqumela.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Eziphawulekayo Zezinyathelo Zokuqala Ze - ballot

Ukuhlola izibonelo ezithile kuyasiza ekuboniseni ithonya — kanye nezihibe — zentando yeningi ngokuqondile.

  • ICalifornia Proposition 13 (1978): Intela encishisiwe nokuhlelwa ngokulinganiselwa kwaminyaka yonke. Kwabangela ukuvukela kwentela kwesizwe futhi kwashintsha indlela izinkonzo zomphakathi ezikhokhwa ngayo. Imiphumela yayo engahlongozwanga (umzk., izinzuzo zempahla, izikole eziphansi) zihlala ziseyizindawo zengxoxo eshubile.
  • ISichibiyelo seColorado 64 (202): insangu esemthethweni kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-21. Yabeka isibonelo esaholela ekuqanjweni ngokomthetho kwezinye izifundazwe ezingaphezu kwama-20. Inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo yavumela abameleli ukuba baphumele kumthetho wesishayamthetho onqikazayo. Umphumela uye waveza inzuzo enkulu yentela kodwa futhi waphakamisa izinselele zokukhokha intela.
  • Isilinganiso se 16 (1194):[[FLT] ukuzibulala okugunyaziwe ngokomthetho (Ukufa Okunesithunzi). Kwakuwumthetho wokuqala wohlobo lwawo e-U.S. futhi uye wahlolwa kaningi; ukwaziswa okulandelayo kusikisela ukuthi akuzange kusetshenziswe kabi, kodwa kuhlala kuphikisana.
  • Isichibiyeli sombuso 4 (2018): Ilungelo lokuvota elibuyiselwe kumafelo ayeqede imigwebo yawo. Abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,4 000 bathinteka. Nokho, ukuthatha isinyathelo kamuva kwancitshiswa umthetho kahulumeni odinga ukukhokhwa kwenkokhelo nenkokhelo, abagxeki ababiza intela yenhlawulo.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngentando Yeningi Eqondile

I-demokrase eqondile ayiyona nje inqubo yaseMelika. i-Switzerland iqhele njengezwe elisebenzisa kakhulu izinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo futhi lithathe ama-asendium kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Izakhamuzi zaseSwitzerland zivota kane ngonyaka ezingxabeni zikahulumeni, kusukela kuma-galelo okufuduka kuya ezinguquko zempesheni. Isimiso sidinga amaqembu otshani anezimpande ezingu-100 000 ukuqoqa izigqebhene zemithetho kazwelonke, futhi uhulumeni uvame ukusabela ngokuphikisana nokulawula i-popunti. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa amathuluzi entando yeningi ahlanganisa Italy [iglaye] [intente] [intente] (impela ye-appelcome) noma iziqondiso). Imithetho esetshenziswa yimithetho ehlukene, [FOct:[FUM]

Ikusasa Lezenzo Zentando Yeningi Nezigaba Zokuhlasela

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, izimiso zentando yeningi eziqondile zingashintsha. Kuvota kungandisa ukufinyelela nokunciphisa izindleko, kodwa izindleko zokulondeka zisekhona kakade. I-Estonia kakade isebenzisa ukuvota ngomkhakha we-intanethi yokhetho lwesizwe, kuhlanganise ne-astentams, kodwa ambalwa amanye amazwe alandela. ukuhlolwa kwe-Debilitive [[ nokuhlelwa kwezindawo zezakhamuzi [indlela] kunikeza isisekelo esiphakathi: izakhamuzi ezikhethelwe ukuhlola ngokujula futhi zenze ukutusa, okungafakwa evotimini ebanzi. Lendlela exube ihlosekuhlanganisa ukufaneleka okuqondile nokuhleleka okutholakala emithaneni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqula inqubo yokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa inqubo ephakathi ye-echa esetshenziswa ekukhisweni kwemali ephansi.[b]

Izinguquko Ezingase Zibe Khona Ukuze Kuqiniswe Ukubusa Kwentando Yeningi Okuqondile

Ukuze kuxazululwe ukugxekwa, kuye kwahlongozwa intuthuko ethile: idinga ukuphumelela okukhulu kakhulu ekulungiseni izimo zomthetho-sisekelo (amazwe athile aseyakwenza kakade, ngokwesibonelo, iFlorida idinga 60%); isebenzisa inkathi "cool-eyedwa" noma imvume yezindawo ezimbili (umz., isilinganiso kumelwe siqhubeke sikhona lapho kuhlolisiswa khona umthetho noma ukuvota kwesibili); futhi inikeza iziqondisi zokuvota ezingathathi hlangothi ngombhalo ophelele, ulwazi olulinganiselwe. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngesimiso semfundo esiqinile kakhulu ezindimeni zebhola ezizingasetshenziswa yimithetho esemthethweni. Nokho, abagxeki abagxeki, baqaphele ukuthi izithiyo eziningi kakhulu ezingabulala inqubo yokuthatha isinyathelo, zilulaza injongo yayo.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esiqondiswe ngezindlela zomthetho ezithatha izivumelwano ze-cologic inikeza izakhamuzi indlela enamandla yokuhlela isimiso somphakathi ngaphandle kwesimiso sesizwe somthetho. Inganika amandla ezinqubeni zotshani, ukulandisa, nokusungula izinto ezishaqisayo. Kodwa akunaphutha kakhulu: ukuvota, imali kwezombangazwe, ubunkimbinkimbi, nezingxabano ezingokomthetho konke kusongela ukufaneleka nokuphumelela kwazo. Ikusasa lentando yeningi liyoxhomeka ekuhleleni inqubo eqinile, [1] Ukubekela i-passss antificio ekwayo ngenkathi imisa izivikelo zokuvimbela nokuqinisekisa ukuxhaphaza izinqumo ngolwazi. Njengoba izinhlangano ziqhubeka zifuna ukuthembisa nokusabela okukhulu kohulumeni bazo, ukuguqukela komthetho wombuso wentando yeningi kuyohlala kusesimweni esibucayi sokuhlola izinhlangano zentando yentando yeningi.