Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwentando Yeningi Ngokuzimisela

UGrerymandering ukusetshenziswa kwamabomu kwemingcele yesifunda sezombangazwe ukuze kufinyelelwe inzuzo engalungile yokukhetha iqembu elithile noma iqembu. Nakuba lo mkhuba umdala njengohulumeni ongummeleli ngokwawo, ubuchwepheshe banamuhla kanye nezombangazwe ezishinyeneyo kuyenze ithuluzi lokuhlinza elinganquma ngokuphumelelayo imiphumela yokhetho ngaphambi kokuba kuvotelwe isodwa. Engxenyeni yawo, ukuvota kwesakhamuzi ngasinye kululaza isimiso sokuthi ivoti ngayinye kufanele ilinganise futhi abamele babonise intando yabantu abaningi. Kunalokho, ivumela amashalo ebalazweni ukuba akhethe abamele abamele abamele abantu abaningi. Kunalokho, ivumela amabalazwe ashadissss [1] Ngokuvamile asho ukuthi abavoti babo bakhetha abavoti babo, kunokuba ivumele abavoti babo bakhethe abamele.

Igama elithi “gerrymander” laqala ngo-1812, lapho uMbusi weMassachusetts Elbridge Gerry asayina icebo lokulungisa eliklanyelwe ukusekela iQela lakhe le-Democratic-Republican. Enye yezifunda ezintsha e-Essex County kuthiwa ifana ne-isamander, futhi umhleli wephephandaba waqamba i-portmanteau “gerrymerder.” Igama belilokhu liyisici esiphindaphindwayo sezombangazwe zaseMelika kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba izigaba ezinkulu ziye zahlanganyela eGarrymanideming, ukukhula nokudlondlolonga kwalo okuphawulekayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, ngenxa yokuhlela i-software neNkanto ephakeme kakhulu eyakhipha ngokuphumelelayo ukuqondisa kwe-omagevergerman.

Indlela I - Gerrymaninger Esebenza Ngayo: I - core Technique Ene

Ngokwezinga eliyisisekelo, ukuvota kusebenzisa amasu amabili ayinhloko − ukuphapha nokuqhekeka − kanye namasu ahloselwe ukuthumba nokuthumba. Inqubo ngayinye inciphisa amandla okuvota amaqembu athile kuyilapho igxilisa ithonya leqembu embusweni.

Ukupakisha

Ukupakisha kusho ukuminyana kwabavoti abaningi beqembu eliphikisayo ngangokunokwenzeka ezindaweni ezimbalwa. Umgomo uwukwakha izihlalo ezimbalwa “ezilondekile” zokuphikiswa kuyilapho kusetshenziswa kabi amavoti azo asele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isifunda sine 40% yeDemocratic vota kanye nama-60% eRepublican abavoti, i-pakethiwe ingafaka zonke iDemocratic ezindaweni ezintathu, ngayinye enezihlalo ezingu ezingu-80% zedemocratic. Lezozifunda ezintathu ziyozuzwa kalula yiDemocrats, kodwa izifunda eziyisikhombisa ezisele zizoba yiRepublicraccan. Umphumela: amaRepublican awina 70% ezihlalo zabavoti ezingamashumi ama-60% kuphela, kuyilapho uDemocrat ewina kuphela izihlalo ezintathu kwezingulo ezingu-40%.

Ukucwiywa

Ukulahla imingcele yokupakisha. Kunokuba bagxilise ukuphikiswa, amashadi ebalazwe asakaza abasekeli bawo ngokuncipha ezifundeni eziningi ukuze bangakwazi ukwakha iningi nomaphi. Lendlela iphumelela kakhulu uma abavoti beqembu eliphikisayo besakazwa ngokwendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma abavoti bedemocratic bahanjiswa ngokulinganayo esifundeni esithile, bangaqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izifunda ziyi-51% ne- 49% Democratic, ukukhuthulwa okuhlanzekile kwazo zonke izihlalo zeqembu eliphethe.

3. Ukucasha Nokuthumba

Lezi zindlela ezivamile kodwa ezilinganayo zokuxhaphaza. zenza kube nzima ukulwa nomunye uma ikheli lasekhaya elibizayo lidonswa esifundeni esimelwa omunye odiliyeni ofanayo, kuphoqelela ukuba ababili abancintisanayo ukuba bancintisane. Lokhu kwenza kube buthaka ukumelela kweqembu lonke noma ukuqeda ilungu elikhathazayo. ukuthumba [ kunyakaza indlu ye-ckubbent esifundeni esithanda kakhulu esiphikisayo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuzuza futhi ukuzuza futhi. Zombili izindlela eziyingozi. [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] [ith:3] inyakaza i-'ekhotha i-' esetshenziswayodwayokusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokwethemba.

Isizathu Sokuba I - Gerrymander Ibe Inkinga Ejulile Yentando Yeningi

I-Gerrymanindering ayisizi nje ukuba iqembu elilodwa lizuze izihlalo ezengeziwe − ngokuyisisekelo konakalisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwabavoti nohulumeni wabo. Imiphumela ingena kuzo zonke izinga lesimiso sezombangazwe.

Ukuqeda Imibono Yempi

Uma izifunda “zilondekile” zeqembu elilodwa, ukhetho oluvamile luba olungenanjongo. Ezifundeni eziningi, umncintiswano wangempela uyenzeka ekuqaleni, lapho izihlalo zakhona ziphansi kakhulu futhi abazothatha izikhundla zikhokha izifunda eziyingozi kakhulu zeqembu labo. Lokhu kusunduza womabili amaqembu, kufaka imingcele engcono yezombangazwe. Ngokwenhlolongezo ze-2022 ye-Brennan Center for Justice, ezihlalo zezindlu zazithathwa njengezincintisanayo ezifundelwa ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu abangama-202020. Lokho kusho ukuthi ukuncintisana kusho ukubhekana nobuso obuncane, futhi u-vhost no-vsantsalo akunanzeki ukuzikhethela kwangempela ngoNovember.

Ukumelela Okuphambene

Gerrymandering uvumela umsizi ukuba awine izihlalo eziningi ngisho nalapho elahlekelwa amavoti athandwayo. Kukhetho lwendlu luka-2018 lwase-U.S., uDemocrates wawina ukuvota okuthandwayo kwesizwe ngamaphesenti angu-8,6 kodwa wathola kuphela inzuzo yesihlalo engu- 235-199 engcono kunaleyo ebekufanele ibe khona, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthola amabalazwe eRiphabliki ezindaweni ezinjenge-Ohio, iNorth Carolina, ne-Wisconsin. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, iqembu eliwina amaphesenti angu-45 kuphela evoti kazwe angathatha 60-70% yezihlalo zomthetho womthetho womthetho wentando yeningi. Lokhu kuphula isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi nokwembula ukwethenjwa umphakathi ezimisweni.

Ukuhlanganisa Imiphakathi Emincane

Nakuba iVoing Rights Act ka-1965 ifuna ukuba izifunda-zifunda zingalithathi kabi igunya lokuvota lezinhlanga noma ulimi oluncane, ukuvota okungahlulwayo kungalimaza imiphakathi emincane. Ukupakisha inani elikhulu labavoti abambalwa esifundeni esisodwa kungase kwakhe isifunda “esingenabungane” kodwa futhi kunciphisa ithonya labo ezifundeni ezizungezile. Kwezinye izimo, amabalazwe amasha amashadi “aqalayo” amaqoqo amancane awezizwe anqamule izifunda ezifundelwane. Lomkhuba, owaziwa ngokuthi igeryrymaning, uye wahlaselwa ngokuphindaphindiwe yizinkantolo, kodwa uzibonakalisa uveza izinhloso zobuhlanga (ngenjongo emelene nesigaba) uhlala uyinselele.

Abangavumelani Nezindaba Nokungabekezeli

Lapho izishayamthetho zingazifunela imigqa yazo yesifunda njalo eminyakeni eyishumi, zinesikhuthazo esinamandla sokuzivikela. Abasezindaweni ezilondekile babhekene nengozi encane yokunqotshwa, engaholela ekunganakini, ukuncishiswa kwentsabelo, nokugxila emigomweni encishisiwe kunezidingo zomphakathi. Ukuhlolwa kuka 2019 kweYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, i - Irvine yathola ukuthi izifunda ezihleliwe zandisa amathuba okuba abenzi bemithetho bavote imigqa yeqembu futhi bangawunaki umbono womphakathi ezindabeni ezinjengezempilo, intela, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nezanamuhla

USalamander Wakuqala: IMassachusetts 1812

Umbusi wokuqala wadalwa uGqribridge Gerry ukuze asize iqembu lakhe lizuze izihlalo zikahulumeni. opopayi abadumile ababonisa isifunda eside, esisontekile njengesamander bavela eBoston Gazette. Nakuba kamuva uGerry ngokwakhe azisola ngebalazwe, icebo alithola futhi laba ithuluzi elivamile lempi yezombangazwe.

Amabalazwe E - partisan ENyakatho Carolina

Ngonyaka ka-2010, i-Riphabliki yaseNyakatho Carolinas yadweba amanye amabalazwe anobudlova kakhulu ezweni. Ngo-2012, naphezu kokwamukela amaphesenti angu-49 kuphela evoti kazwelonke ye-U.S. abavoti bezindlu, amaRepublican awina izihlalo ezingu-9 kwezingu 13 zikahulumeni (69%). Ngemva kwezinselele eziningi zenkantolo, inkantolo kahulumeni yabulala amabalazwe amabili ahlangene njengengathathiwe hlangothi lohlanga lwe-germanders ngo-201717. Nokho, ibalazwe elilandelayo eladwetshwa ngo-2021 labekwa inselele, okwaholela ekutheni inkantolo ephakeme engu-2022 ephethe umthetho wezwe eyathola amabalazwe ephula uhlawulo lwenkululeko yomthetho wezwe. Icala libonisa ukuhlasela kwempi phakathi kwamabalazwe e-pardercordercord nezinkantolo.

UWisconsin: ITrick “8-6”

EWisconsin, amadilowa ebalazwe laseRepublica ngo-2011 aveza uhlelo lwezihlalo zikahulumeni ezingu-60 kwezingu-99 (61%) nezingamaphesenti angu- 48. Inkantolo yesifunda yawuqeda lo hlelo ngokuthi i-gerryder ka-2016 (Gill v. Whitford), kodwa iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ekugcineni yagwema ukuphakamisa i-parax gerryder ngokukhipha isinqumo sokuthi abaholi be-Prix abambalwa abambalwa abamile. Isibonelo sikaWisconsin silokhu siyindaba yencwadi yendlela yokuveza ngayo izinzuzo ezingaphezulu.

UMaryland: Isibonelo Sentando Yeningi

Partisan gerymaning akuyona i-Riphabliki kuphela. EMaryland, i-Democrates yadweba ibalazwe le-countal ngo-2011 ukuthi i-Republican ivotile iphinde idlule esifundeni esisodwa kuyilapho isakaza amaDemocratant kwezinye. Umphumela: amaDemocrat awina izihlalo eziyisikhombisa kwezingu-8 U.S. ngenani lama-60% lamavoti, ngisho nakuba amaRepublican Republic ayene aphethe cishe amaphesenti angu-35% evoti yombuso. Ngo-2018, inkantolo kahulumeni yabusa i-Democracys Constianical gerryman, kodwa iNkanto ephakeme yawina ekudlulisweni, futhi yagwema umbango.

Imizamo Engokomthetho Neyenguquko

Ukusondela Kwezandla ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

Esinqumweni esivelele sango-2019, Rucolo v. Isizathu Esivamile, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yathi i-gerrymanidering ithi “ayinabulungisa” — izinkantolo zikahulumeni azikwazi ukuzizwa ngoba akukho“zindinganiso ezifanelekayo” zokuzifihla. Lesi sinqumo savala ngokuphumelelayo umnyango wokumangalela amacala angokomthetho ngokusekelwe ngokwenzuzo ehlukene, ukuthulula umthwalo ngokuphelele ezinkantolo, izishaya-mthetho, nokuvota. Kusukela [[FLT:][FLT] [FL:3], izinkantolo zezwe kusho ukuthi i-Ohio, i-Carolny, i-Pennsylvania, ne-Mexico ziye zathatha ukulwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, ngokuvamile i-Gregnervergner.

Izimemezelo Zokulungisa Izindawo Ezizimele

Izigodi eziningana ziye zashukumiseleka ukuba zithathe amandla okuvuselela ama-colorado kude nabalawuli abahlukanisayo futhi ziwanike abaphethe ngokuzimele noma nge-bipartisan. Izibonelo ezaziwayo kakhulu yi-Arizona ne-California, ezisebenzisa amanxusa ezakhamuzi ukuze zidwebe amabalazwe e-communion ne-ocontionation. Ngo-2018, Michigan, i-Coloradow, ne-Utah edlulisa imingcele yokuzikhokhisa ngokwayo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amabalazwe akha izigodi ezimphikiswayo futhi amelela kangcono izimo zesifundazwe. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Roglatures ilondoloza uhlu oluningi lwezimo ze-redigaliging. ([FLL:])

Ukulungisa Imithetho Yomthetho Nezibalo

Abashisekeli bezinguquko abaqhubekayo baye bahlongoza ukusebenzisa amacomputer ukudweba izigodi ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni ezingathathi hlangothi ezifana nokuhlangana, ukuhlangana, nokulondolozwa kwemiphakathi yesithakazelo, kuyilapho bengayinaki imininingwane ehlukanisayo. Amathuluzi anjenge- i-“Bipartisan Gerrymering Aligolic".[[FLLL:1] athuthukiswa abacwaningi eDuke University bangaveza izinkulungwane zamabalazwe angena engxenye, bavumele abavoti ukuba bawaqhathanise nepulani engokomthetho. Amanye amazwe, njengoVirginia, manje adinga ukuba amashalodiyo asebenzise ukwaziswa futhi athethelele obala konke ukuphambuka ezimisweni ezingathathi. Nokho, abagxeki abaphikisa bathi ngisho “i-Dukeral" imithetho yemithetho ingaveza ukucwa uma imiboniso ihlelwe kahle.

Amacala Amelene Necala Elilwa Necala

Izinselele ezingokomthetho ziyaqhubeka ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ngo-2023, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseOhio yagadla amabalazwe amane alandelanayo e-Republican njenge-agnostigation, eholela ekubeni kungasebenzi okwaphoqelela ukusetshenziswa kwamabalazwe enkantolo ahlelwe ngokhetho lwama-2022. Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasePennsylvania ikhiphe ibalazwe le-costation in 2018, ikhomba inzuzo ye-Grandism. Le mpumelelo kazwe ibonisa ukuthi nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingavalwa, inkantolo ingasanikeza ikhambiso ngaphansi kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho. ([[FLT.0]] Brenan]

Umphumela Obanzi Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela esheshayo emelelweni, i-gerrymander ibangela ukugxeka abavoti, ijula ukuthatha indawo ebanzi, futhi yenza uhulumeni angabi nandaba. Uma abavoti benomuzwa wokuthi isifunda sabo siyisiphetho esiqinile, iphephu lehla. Ukuhlolwa konyaka ka-2020 kwezezombangazwe Journal yezombangazwe [ yathola ukuthi abavoti emazweni agcwele i-germander cishe abawakholelwa kakhulu ukuthi ithonya labo likahulumeni wevoti. Ukuwohloka kokuthembana kungaba nemiphumela ephansi, kuhlanganise nokuhlanganyela kokhetho, ukungahlangani okungaphezulu kwezelelwe umphakathi, kanye nokuzimisela okukhulu ukusekela abamelene ne-democratic.

Umthetho futhi ufaka izishaya-mthetho eziphambili ezifuna ukumiswa ukuze zigxile kubavoti abayinhloko kunokuba bakhethe, zibakhuthaze ukuba babe nezikhundla ezingaphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kufaka isandla esikhungweni esinamandla se-reverse yesifo somkhandlu wesishayabhuqe nesombuso. Ukuhluleka ukudlulisa izinhlelo ezithandwayo njengemishini ekhuliswe kakhulu noma ukuxhasa izakhi ngokuvamile kuwumphumela oqondile wabameleli abakhathazeke kakhulu ngenselele enkulu evela kwesokudla noma sobunxele kunokuba balahlekelwe ukhetho oluvamile esifundeni esiphephile.

Kukhona futhi ububanzi bobuhlanga obungenakunganakwa. UMthetho wamaLungelo unqabela ukuphathana kwezinhlanga, kodwa umugqa phakathi kokulawulana kwezinhlanga nohlanga ungafiphaza. Shelby County v. Hoker [2013], iNkantolo Ephakeme yalahla indlela yokulawula eyayidinga izifunda zobuhlanga zomlando wobandlululo ukuze ithole ukuvunyelwa kwezwe phambi kokushintsha izinqubo zokuvota. Lesinqumo savula umnyango we-gerrydering entsha yezinhlanga, ikakhulukazi emagameni aseningizimu. Umbiko ka-2022 nge-AProfestrygatence on Civil and Human Rights wathola ukuthi amabala amaningi agcwele anobudlova obukhonyayo amabala anci amnyama nanamandla e-Blalctoov.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukujezisa kungalulaza isimiso esithi “umuntu oyedwa, ukuvota okukodwa” ngokudala izigodi ezinemiphakathi ehlukene kakhulu. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yafuna ukuba izifunda zicishe zilingane nabantu, ukuphambuka okuncane kuyavunyelwa, futhi amashadi amabalazwe angasebenzisa lezoziphambeko ukuze asuse izinga lokubusa. Kwezinye izimo, izifunda ziye zakha izifunda ezihlukaniswe ngamakhulu ambalwa kuphela, kodwa inzuzo yabashokobezi ikhulu.

Ikusasa: Ingabe IGerrymandering Inganqotshwa?

Ukulwa nokulwa ne-gerrymanindering kusekude kakhulu. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme isivale umnyango ngamasudi kahulumeni awe-gerrymaningering, ukuhlaziywa kwe-od nomzamo wokulungisa imfucumfucu yezwe sekuye kwathola amandla. Imizamo yeBallot ingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu [1] Amavoter eMichigan, iColorado, neVirginia athathe izinyathelo zonke zokwakha izimemezelo zokuzibusa. Nokho, lemisebenzi ayiphelele: Angabanjwa yi-voccomplists, futhi i-ganomende ezisetshenziswayo zingaveza amabalazwe asekhona afuna iqembu elilodwa.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza kokubili amakhambi nezingozi. Imithetho-algorithm yokufunda yemishini ingadweba amabalazwe angathathi hlangothi, kodwa ingasetshenziselwa futhi ukuveza abalawuli abangcono kakhulu ngokushesha kunanini ngaphambili. Isihluthulelo siwukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvuleka kusobala, nokuzwa komphakathi kanye nemininingwane evulekile. Abanye abasekeli baye babiza umthetho omelene nomthetho kahulumeni omelene nomthetho owe-Gallerman, onjenge-Freedom to Vote Act, odinga ukuthatha izilinganiso ezithile, kodwa umthetho onjalo ubhekene nezimo eziqinile ezisemfantwini ezihlukene.

Esinye isiphakamiso siwukusebenzisa izigodi eziningi ngokuzimelela ngokulinganayo, okungaqeda izisusa eziningi zokuzifaka esimweni sokuzifaka. Ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuhlela, uma iqembu lithola amaphesenti angu-40 evoti, lithola amaphesenti angu-40 ezihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zidonswa kanjani izigodi. Izindawo ezinjengoMaine ne Nebraska zizama ukuvota ngokukhetha okulinganiselwe nezinye izinguquko, kodwa ukushintshela kakhulu ekulinganiseni isilinganiso kungadinga izinguquko ezinkulu zemithetho yemithetho.

Icebo lokuqapha lixhomeke ekuqapheleni komphakathi kanye nokuthembisana kwezombangazwe. Njengoba izakhamuzi eziningi ziqonda ukulawulwa kwezindawo, ukucindezela kokuguqula inguquko kukhula. Izinhlangano ezinjengoMcimbi Ovamile, iNhlangano Yabesifazane Voters, ne Brennan Center for Justice ziyaqhubeka zithatha i-ligate, ukuhlalisa, nokufundisa. Emjikelezweni wokhetho wama 2024, izishaya-mthetho eziningana zicabangela ukuzimela ukuvulela izikweletu, futhi okungenani izifunda eziyishumi nambili zinezezo ezisehlakalo zenkantolo eziphikisa amabalazwe akhona. ([] I-Commongem german german [[FLT]]]]])

Isiphetho

U-Gerrymandering akayona insalela yekhulu le-19(impondo ephilayo, elimazayo embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla. Iphazamisa ukumelelwa, amazwi amancane, iqeda ukwethenjwa, futhi inika amandla amadeveli. Nakuba lomkhuba uqinile, amathuluzi okulwa nawo ayanda ngamandla: izikhomishano ezizimele, izenzo zenkantolo, udwebo lwe-algoric, nomphakathi oshukumisayo. Inselele ekuguquleni ukuqapha kube yinguquko. Ngaphandle kokushintsha kwesimiso, i-America iyaqhubeka ibekwa phambili yiyo kanye abantu abalindeleke ukuba bakhonze abavoti. Ishumi elilandelayo liyoba inselele ekunqumeni ukuthi i-redi division iba ithuluzi lentando yentando yeningi.) noma umshini ophontwayo.