I-Referendendiums ingenye yezindlela eziqondile zokulawula kwentando yeningi, ibeka amandla aqondile okubusa ngezindawo zezakhamuzi. Ngokungafani nentando yeningi emelelwayo, lapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe zivotela khona umphakathi, ama-hedemon acela bonke abavoti ukuba banqume umbuzo othile oqondile . Ukusuka ekulungiseni okungokomthetho okungokomthetho-sisekelo wezomthetho-sisekelo kuya ezimweni eziyinhloko. Loluhlobo lwentando yeningi lunezimpande ezijulile ezisemsuka ezinsukwini zomlando, lungalandeli emuva e-Athene e-Athene lapho izakhamuzi zasendulo zibuthene e - Ara ukuze zivote imithetho. Enkathini yanamuhla, iSwitzerland iphuma njengezwe elisebenzisa izikhawu ezihambela kakhulu, ngokuvota okuvela izikhathi eziningi ngonyaka kahulumeni, ezindaweni eziphambili, futhi ezilandelanayo, isilinganiso somphakathi wezombangazwe esivamile, sibhekisela kunoma iziphi iziphakaniso eziphambili zezombangazwe ezingokozwe lonke.

Iyini I - referendem?

I-apendum iyivoti eqondile lapho wonke umvoti emenywa ukuba amukele noma enqabe ukusikisela okuthile okuqondile, umthetho, noma inkambiso. Igama ngokuvamile lihambisana "ne-plebistia," nakuba abanye ososayensi bezombangazwe bewahlukanisa ngomongo: i-plebistiascites zivame ukusetshenziswa ekubuzeni ubukhosi besizwe noma ushintsho lwezwe, kuyilapho ama-arecomperation emboza izindaba zomthetho noma zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. I-Referendendium ihlukile ezinyatheloni, lapho izakhamuzi zimisa khona umthetho omusha, futhi zikhumbula, lapho u-Foffidav asusa khona isikhulu esikhethiwe esikhethiwe esisesikhundleni ngaphambi kokuphela kwesigaba sazo.

Umqondo oyinhloko ulula: esikhundleni sokuvumela abameleli ukuba banqume, abantu bakhuluma ngokuqondile. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kuyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni nasemagunyeni. Amanye ama-astendendum kungu- okubophayo[, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe amise umphumela; amanye awekhoshaji[[[FLT]], ekhonza njengesiboniso sombono womphakathi ukuthi ipala lingakhetha ukulandela. Ngokuvamile uhlaka olungokomthetho lunquma ukuthi i-arendex ingum ingudru yisibopho (ngesinguquko somthetho) noma ukuthi uma ingenziwa ngesicelo noma ngevoti).

Izinhlobo Zezinhlayiya

Ukuqonda lezi zinhlobo kusiza ekucaciseni izindima ezihlukahlukene ezizifezayo ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene.

  • I-Binding Referendems: Umphumela kumele uthathwe uhulumeni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa komthetho-sisekelo e-Ireland noma i-Brexit istendendum eUnited Kingdom (ngokusemthethweni i-advision kodwa ibopha kwezombangazwe).
  • Ivoti ayihlanganisi; izishaya-mthetho ziyakwazi ukunquma. Ngokwesibonelo, i-United Kingdom yaba ne-addendum engabopheki eMthethweni Ohlukile ngo-2011.
  • I-Constigal Referendems: Kudingeka ukuba kuvunywe ukuguqulwa komthetho-sisekelo. Amazwe amaningi, njenge-Australia ne-Denmark, agunyaza i-apendium kunoma yiluphi ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] I-Legislative Referendendums: isebenzise uku-trafy umthetho odluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Amanye ama-Swiss canton adinga ukuvunyelwa okuthandwayo kwemithetho ethile.
  • I-Facultums (I-Opaganda): Ishukunyiswa isicelo sesakhamuzi. ESwitzerland, izignesha ezingu-50 000 zingaphoqelela ukuvota okuthandwayo kunoma yimuphi umthetho kahulumeni.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Imithetho yokulungisa:[ ifunwa ngokomthetho ngezinqumo ezithile, njengokushintsha umthetho-sisekelo noma ukujoyina inhlangano yomhlaba wonke.

Lezi zigaba ngokuvamile ziyavumelana; ngokwesibonelo, i - attendendum engokomthetho ngokuvamile iyisibopho nesibopho.

Ukubaluleka Kwezindela Ekubuseni Ngentando Yeningi

Abasekeli bentando yeningi ngokuqondile baphikisa ngokuthi ama-apendium athuthukisa ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, ukulandisa, nokuthatha icala. Banikeza izakhamuzi indima engokoqobo ekulolongeni isimiso, ukwephulwa kwemithetho yezikhulu zezombangazwe. Uma kuthathwa izinqumo ezinkulu njengokuya empini, ukushintsha isimiso sokukhetha, noma ukushintsha amalungelo ayisisekelo, i-apendum ingaqinisekisa ukuthi isinqumo siveza intando ethandwayo, kunokuba kuboniswe izithakazelo zeqembu noma ukusebenzelana kwezindawo ezisemuva.

Ukuhlanganyela Nezakhamuzi Nokuqaphela Okungokombangazwe

Ama-Referendondom afuna abavoti bahileleke ezicini eziyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela abakhetha ngayo ngokuvamile. Imikhankaso ezungeze izibhekiselo ibangela ukuphikisana okukhulu komphakathi, ukusakaza imithombo yezindaba, nemikhankaso yokwaziswa. Amavoter agqugquzelwa ukuba afunde ngezihloko angase azishaye indiva, njengomthetho womthetho womthetho, umthetho wezohwebo, noma izimiso zezenhlalo. Ngokwenkolelo, lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuvota okunolwazi oluvamile. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi imikhankampani yokuhlola i-arententellim ingandisa ulwazi nesithakazelo sezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabavoti abavame ukudiyo abangayifuni.

Ukuba Oweqiniso Nokwethembana

Izinqumo ezenziwa ngokuqondile abantu zivame ukuthatha ukufaneleka okukhulu kwentando yeningi. Uma uhulumeni emisa inkambiso ephikisanayo ngemva kwe-asendium, ingakhomba emyalelweni othandwayo futhi iqede ukumangalelwa kokubekwa icala lokubusa noma umbuso wempoqo. Lokhu kungaqinisa ukwethemba komphakathi esimisweni sezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zabameleli kuphansi khona. Ngokwesibonelo, i-1998 Belfast (Good Wentreth) Isivumelwano eNorthern Ireland sagunyazwa ngokukhomba ukukhomba nhlangothi zombili zomngcele, kukhokha ilungelo elibalulekile lokusekela ukuthula okudingekayo ekuthuleni okudingwa yisivumelwano esiya eqenjini enqamula i-amgamu.

Ukulandisa Kukahulumeni

Ama-referendendum angasebenza futhi njengendlela yokuhlola uhulumeni. Uma uhulumeni esikisela ushintsho olubhekwa njengabavoti njengokweqisa noma olungafanele, i-astendim ivumela umphakathi ukuba uluthathe. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezindabeni ezithinta amalungelo ayisisekelo noma izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo. ESwitzerland, i-athompel engakhethi isebenza njengesivikelo esinamandla: noma imuphi umthetho odluliselwa yiPhalamende ungabekelwa inselele izakhamuzi ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. La mandla abenzi bomthetho alindele ukusabela okuthandwayo nomthetho owenziwe ngezindlela ezamukelekayo.

Inqubo Yokulungisa Inkinga

Ukusebenzisa i-arendendum ethembekile kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela, imithetho ecacile, nokusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo. Lenqubo ngokuvamile ivela ngezigaba eziningana ezihlukene.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokusemthethweni

Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukuchaza lendaba bese kukhishwa umbuzo. Amazwi ombuzo we-astendium anzima; ngisho nezinguquko ezincane zingathonya imiphumela. Ohulumeni ngokuvamile baya kuchwepheshe bomthetho, izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho, noma ama-computer ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi umbuzo ucacile, awucaciwe, futhi usebenza ngokomthetho. Kwezinye izindawo, imibuzo eminingi iyahlanganiswa, okungadala ukudideka noma ukuvota okuhleliwe. Umkhuba ongcono kakhulu utusa umbuzo owodwa, ocacile.

Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - Australia ihlola amagama emishini ehlongozwa umthetho - sisekelo ukuze iqiniseke ukuthi ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomthetho.

Ukukhankasela Nokusizungezile Kolwazi

Uma i-astadendum isimenyezelwe, umkhankaso uqala. Imikhankaso engokomthetho evela ku "yes" no"no" ivame ukuthasiselwa ngamaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Izinga lengxoxo yomphakathi lithonywa kakhulu imithetho yezezimali yezezimali. Uma olunye uhlangothi ludlula kakhulu olunye, lungaguqula umphumela futhi lululaze ukwahlulela ngokungakhethi.

Ohulumeni bafaka futhi emikhankasweni yokwaziswa engathathi hlangothi ukuze bafundise abavoti. Amapheshana angokomthetho, ukuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi, nezindawo ze - Internet zinikeza izincazelo ezilinganiselayo. iSwitzerland ikhipha incwajana ebanzi yamavoti ngamanye, izimpikiswano ezicatshangelwe nhlangothi zombili. Umgomo uwukusiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezicatshangelwe, hhayi nje ukuba bawaphoqelele ukuba athole impendulo ethile.

Inqubo Yokukhazimula Neyokubala

Izindawo zokuhlela kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi kuyimfihlo, ukulondeka, nokutholakala. Ama-vote angafakwa kumuntu eziteshini zokuhlola, ngeposi, noma ngemishini, kuye ngokwezwe. Ukuvota ngeposi kuvamile eSwitzerland naseminye imibuso yase-U. Ukuvota ngemishini kuye kwaqhutshwa e-Estonia ukuze kuqashelwe ukubhalisa kodwa kuhlale kunempikiswano ngenxa yezimo ze-inthanethi.

Ukubala kuqondiswa yiziphathimandla ezizimele zokukhetha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunemba. Emazweni amaningi, izinselele ezilandiswayo noma zenkantolo zingenzeka uma amabala ephepha esolwa noma engekho ngokomthetho. Uma kuqashelwa ukuthi ama-asendendum alinganiselwe, amaningi anele, kodwa amanye adinga inani eliphindwe kabili (kunoma yiziphi izigaba ezithandwayo noma ezigawulwayo) njengase-Australia nase Switzerland ukuze kulungiswe umthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Izenzo ze-Referenceum

Ngemva kokwenza isaziso, uhulumeni kumelwe enze. Ukuze kufakwe ama-atrendium abophekile, ukusetshenziswa kuyimfuneko [1] umthetho umisiwe noma wenqatshwe ngokufanele. Ama-advisory adendendium ashiya indawo eqashelwe, kodwa ukungayinaki isinqumo esicacile esithandwayo kungalimaza ukuthembeka kwezombangazwe. Kwezinye izimo, ama-astendium alandelwa izimpikiswano zemithetho zokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwemininingwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva ko-2016 Brexit athenderendendium, iPhalamende le-UK elichithe iminyaka eminingi iveza imibandela yokuyeka.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwamacala

Ukuqonda lobu buthakathaka kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuphumelela kwabo nasekuklameni izinguquko ezinciphisa izingozi.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokubambisana Kwezindlela Zokusebenza

Imibuzo eminingi ye-mesendum ithinta izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi zezobuchwepheshe noma zezesayensi − i-conostitution, inqubo yezomnotho, izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe. Umvoti ovamile angase antule isikhathi noma ubuchwepheshe bokuqonda ngokugcwele incazelo. Lokhu kungaholela ezinqumweni ezisekelwe emzwelweni, ebukhoneni obusebuthweni, noma ekudukiseni izinzwa zezakhi zomsindo kunokuba zihlolwe. Ngokwesibonelo, u-2014 u-Escopitum wahlanganisa imibuzo ephathelene nenyunyana yemali, amalungu e-EU, kanye nezinzuzo zikawoyela (ii-‘issuesspeasssssss) ezinzima ukuveza inzuzo efanelekile.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Imikhankaso ye-referendendum ingavikeleka ekufuneni amaphutha noma ekudukiseni, ikakhulukazi enkathini yezokuxhumana. Umkhankaso we-Breexit wonakaliswe amanga avelele, njengokuthi ukushiya i-EU kungakhulula izigidi ezingu-$350 ngesonto ku-National Health Service. Ukudukiswa okunjalo kungabangela ukuba ukukhetha kusondele futhi kuqede ukwethembana ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Ukusabela kokulawula, njengokulawula amaqiniso nemithetho yokukhangisa, ngokuvamile akunanzuzo yokulwa nobukhulu bamangalelwa.

Ukunganaki Nokuvumbuka

I-locat ingalulaza ukufaneleka kwe-arendium. Uma idlanzana labavoti abafanelekayo kuphela, umphumela ungase ungameleli intando yomphakathi ebanzi. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-astendendim ahlelwa ngamabomu ngezinsuku zebhayisekili eliphansi elilindelwe ukuba libe nomphumela othile. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izinyathelo zendawo e-United States ziveza ukuphakama ngezansi kwe-20%, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngekhono lawo lobudendeli.

Ukubusa Kwabaningi Namalungelo Amancane

Idemokrasi eqondile ingaholela "ebusweni beningi," lapho amavoti amaningi evimbela khona amalungelo amaqembu amancane. Umshado weCalifornia we-processing 8 (2008) ovinjelwe ngevoti efanayo, olawula inkantolo yangaphambili. Nakuba isilinganiso sapheliswa kamuva izinkantolo zikahulumeni, sabonisa ukungezwani phakathi kwedemokrasi eqondile nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo. Izindawo ezinjengamajikijori ekwahlulele kanye nezimfuneko zezezehlulelo eziphambili zidingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuncishwa kwezindawo eziyisisekelo.

Ukuzikhohlisa

Ohulumeni namaqembu anamandla ezethakazelo bangasebenzisa ama-arendum ukuze bafeze izinhloso zabo. Uhulumeni angabiza i-parentenderum ukuze ahlukanise ukuphikiswa, agweme icala lesinqumo esinzima, noma ukusekela ukuhola kwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-presidentium ka-Erdogan ka-2017 kaMongameli Erdogan eTurkey yagxekwa ngokugcinwa ngaphansi kwesimo esiphuthumayo, ngokuthola imithombo yezindaba ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ukungakhomba kululaza isithembiso sombuso wentando yeningi yeningi.

Izindawo Eziphawulekayo Zokuvuselela Izwe

Ukuhlola izenzakalo zangempela zezwe kwembula izimo ezihlukene nemiphumela yemidanti. Indaba ngayinye inikeza izifundo kubashisekeli bezinguquko nabelaphayo.

IBreitexit Referendem (2016)

NgoJune 23, 2016, iUnited Kingdom yavota u-9.9% kuya ku- 48,1% ukuba iphume e-European Union. Lomkhankaso wawuhlukanisa kakhulu, uveza izimpikiswano ezinamandla ngokufuduka, ubukhosi, kanye nethonya elingokomnotho. Ukungaqondi okusemkhankasweni wezimali nokusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile kwaholela ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho nasekuphenyeni kwephalamende okulandelayo. Umphumela wafaka i-UK eminyakeni yesiphithiphithiphithiphithi sezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokunwetshwa kwezikhathi eziningi zokuhoxa, ukuvota okunga, nokuqhubeka kwezingxoxo zentengo. I-Brexit iqokomisa ingozi yokuvota okumba okumba kabili eyinkimbinkimbi, ukuncintisana okulandelana nobunzima bokuphumelela kwempi.

IReferendemu YaseScotland Ezimele (2014

Ngo-September 18, 2014, iScotland yavota 55.3% kuya ku-4,7% ukuba ingabi yizwe elizimele. Lo mkhankaso wagxila ekusebenziseni inzuzo yezomnotho, imali, nenkambiso yezenhlalo, ngokuthatha inguquko enkulu ngokungavamile ku- 84.6%. Umphumela waholela ekuncishisweni kwemibuso ehlangeneyo ePhalamende laseScotland, kodwa futhi wakhuthaza ukufunwa kwe-arententender yesibili, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuba i-UK ivote ukushiya i-EU (ekulokhu iScotland yayikusekela ngokuqinile). Icala libonisa indlela i-evolums ekwazi ngayo ukubuyisela ubuhlobo bomthetho ngisho nalapho "no" ingles" ingles, nendlela yokukwazi ukubhekana nayo.

IReferendem Yokukhishwa Kwezisu YaseIreland (208)

I-Ireland yaba ne-paresendium ngoMay 25, 2018, ukuze iphinde ikhiphe iSichibiyelo Sesinxephezelo Sesishiyagalolunye, esasivinjelwe ngokuphumelelayo kuzo zonke izimo. Isicelo sadluliswa cishe ngo 66,4%, savumelana, sasusa ukuvinjelwa komthetho - sisekelo okwake kwaqala kusukela ngo-1998. Lo mkhankaso waphawulwa ukuhileleka okukhulu komphakathi, kuhlanganise nobufakazi obuvela kubesifazane abathintelwe ukuvinjelwa. Umphumela waholela ekukhishweni kwemithetho yokukhishwa kwezisu, ebonisa indlela ukukhomba okungaxazulula ngayo izinkinga zokuziphatha ngendlela izinhlangano zabameleli ezizama ukuyifinyelela ngayo. Kwabonisa futhi ukubaluleka komkhankaso ngokucophelela kanye noshintsho ngombono womphakathi phakathi namashumi eminyaka.

Izindawo ZaseSwitzerland Ezithuthayo NeMinerets

Isimiso sentando yeningi eqondile saseSwitzerland siveza izimemezelo zezokuthutha ezisezihlokweni eziningi. Ngo-2009, abavoti bavuma ukuvinjelwa kokwakhiwa kwe-minarets, isilinganiso esigxekwa kakhulu njengesahlulelo kodwa sidluliswa nge-57.7.5%. Ngo-2014, abavoti basekela izicelo zokuphinde baqale izilinganiso zokufuduka, bephikisa izivumelwano ze-indeval ne-EU. Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi ama-endendium angaveza imiphumela ecindezela izibopho zezizwe zonke futhi aphakamise amalungelo abantu. Babonisa futhi indima yezinhlangano ze-poplural ekhomba izilinganiso eziphambili zezokuthunyelwa kwabantu eziphambili.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuthuthukisa Izindlela Zokubuyisela Imali

Ngenxa yezinzuzo nezingozi ezingase zibe khona, izazi nochwepheshe baye basikisela izinguquko eziningana ukuze kwenziwe ama - apendium aphumelele ngokwengeziwe futhi asebenzise intando yeningi.

  • [[UMTL:0] Ucacile futhi ulinganisele u-Pixel Lising: Umbuzo kufanele ube lula, ungathathi hlangothi, futhi uhlolwe ukuba uqonde. Amaplanga azimele afuna ukuvota kufanele afake amagama.
  • Izikhala zobungcono zoshintsho oluyisisekelo: Ukuvikela amalungelo amancane nokuzinza komthetho-sisekelo, abanye basikisela ukuba kufuneke ukuba kube khona okukhulu (umz., 60% noma ngaphezulu) ku-apendum eguqula imithetho eyisisekelo noma amalungelo.
  • [ Imithetho eqinile yezemali Transparency neMikhawulo: imithetho eqinile yeminikelo nokusebenzisa imali elingana nenkundla yokudlala futhi inciphise ingozi yokufuna izithakazelo ezicebile ezilawula izinkulumo zeningi.
  • [ Imfundo ye-Manteta: Ohulumeni kufanele baxhase imikhankaso yokwaziswa engaphakele, kuhlanganise namapheshana angokomthetho anezimpikiswano ezivela nhlangothi zombili nakuzicubungulo oluzimele.
  • Umltiples or Voired: Ngezinqumo eziyinkimbinkimbi, inqubo yesiteji esibili (kuqala ivoti enezimiso, bese kuhlelwa ivoti ekhiqiziwe ngokuningiliziwe) ingathuthukisa ukucabangisisa.
  • [[[QUT:0] Ukubukeza kokuhlangana namalungelo: izinkantolo kufanele zibukeze noma isiphi isibhexo esihlongozwayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi asiphuli amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho wezwe.

Akukho kulungisa okukodwa okungaqeda inkinga, kodwa ukuhlanganisa okuningi kungasingatha izihibe ezivame kakhulu kuyilapho kulondoloza ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ngentando yeningi.

Isiphetho

Ama-Referendendum ahlala ewubuqhathaniso obunamandla . futhi kudidekile. Angandisa ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ngentando yeningi. Anganikeza izinqumo ezinkulu, futhi abeke ohulumeni icala. Nokho ukuthembela kwabo kubavoti abangenalwazi noma abasebenzisayo, ukukwazi kwabo ukuphula amalungelo amancane, futhi ukukwazi kwabo ukuthatha izikhulu ngokusemthethweni kuphakamisa izinkathazo ezingathi sína. Isihluthulelo sokusebenzisa izinzuzo kuyilapho befaka izingozi ezisemklamweni ezicatshaziwe: imithetho ecacile, ukubonakala kahle, imfundo yamavota, kanye nezikhungo ezingokomthetho. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bezesayensi yezesayensi yezesayensi yembulunga yonke iqhubeka iveza ukuxhumana okungathí. Iqhaza ukunwe komthetho, umphakathi, novoti ngokwawo kumelwe bazenze izimiso zokuhlelela ukukhomba ukubusa okulungile, kunokuqinisa ukubusa kwentando kwentando yentando yentando yeningi.