Table of Contents

Ukuxhasa imali kungezinye zezici ezinethonya kakhulu neziphikisanayo zokubusa kwentando yeningi kwanamuhla. Ukugeleza kwemali ngemikhankaso yezombangazwe akuhleli nje kuphela ukuthi ubani ogijimela isikhundla nokuthi uxhumana kanjani nabavoti, kodwa futhi naso kanye isimo sokumelelwa nokwenziwa kwesimiso sentando yeningi emiphakathini ebusa ngentando yeningi. Ukuqonda izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zezezimali zezentengo zezentengo .[1] Ukusuka ekunikeleni ngazinye ukuya ezinyathelweni zezombangazwe eziyinkimbinkimbi kumakomiti esizwe afisa ukuqonda ukuthi imali ithonya kanjani imiphumela yezombangazwe kanye nezinqubo yentando yeningi.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemali nezombangazwe buye baqala ngokuphawulekayo kulelikhulu leminyaka elidlule, kusukela emikhankasweni ephansi kakhulu kuya emabhizinisini ayizigidi zezigidi zamadollar asebenzisa ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi okungathakazelelwa, ukukhangisa, kanye nemisebenzi emikhulu eyisisekelo. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwavusa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngendima efanele yemali embusweni wentando yeningi, ukulingana phakathi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nokulingana kwezombangazwe, kanye nokuphumelela kwezinhlelo zokulawula eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukonakala kuyilapho kulondoloza ukuthakazelelwa kwentando yeningi.

Izisekelo Zezimali Zomkhankaso Kuhulumeni Wentando Yeningi

Izimali zokuxhasa izikhali zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Ezingeni eliyisisekelo kakhulu, imali yenza abazofuna ukubhalisa izigijimi zabo kubavoti ngokukhangisa, ngezenzakalo nangezinhlelo zokukhangisa. Ngaphandle kwezimali ezanele, ngisho nabaqeqeshiwe kakhulu bangase balwele ukufinyelela abavoti ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu zemithombo yezindaba. Izimali zomkhankaso zikhokha yonke into kusukela ekukhangisweni kwethelevishini nakubathengisi bemishini emahhovisi ezokuvota, intela yezisebenzi, kanye nemizamo yokuvota.

Isidingo sokuxhasa imali esemthethweni sidala ukuphikisana okuyisisekelo emfundisweni yentando yeningi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imikhankaso eqinile yezombangazwe idinga imithombo eqinile ukuze isebenze ngokuphumelelayo ezimweni zanamuhla zezindaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isidingo sokuqoqa imali sidala i-[6] phakathi kwabazohlolwa nabanikelayo, siphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi izikhulu ezikhethiwe ekugcineni zikhonza izikhundla zazo noma abaxhasi bazo bezezimali. Lokhu kucindezela kuye kwabangela amashumi eminyaka emizamweni yenguquko futhi kuyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa izimpikiswano mayelana nemithetho yezezimali.

Imikhankaso yezombangazwe iye yabiza kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ishukunyiswa izindleko ezinyukayo zemithombo yezindaba, ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi yomkhankaso, nokwanda kwezinhlanga ezincintisanayo. Imikhankaso kamongameli manje ikhuphula futhi isebenzise izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi, kuyilapho izinhlanga ezincintisanayo zingabiza izigidigidi. Lokhu kuncishiswa kwezindleko zomkhankaso kuye kwakhulisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya labanikela ngezimali ezicebile kanye nezithakazelo ezikhethekile, kuyilapho kuphakamisa nemibuzo yokuthi isimiso samanje sidala yini izithiyo zokungena ngaphandle kokufinyelela izigebengu ezingokwezimali.

Imithombo Ye - Campal Funding: Ukubukeza Okuyi - Comprehensive

Ukuqonda le mifula ehlukahlukene esekela imali esetshenziswayo kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela imikhankaso yanamuhla esebenza ngayo nokuthi abadlali abahlukahlukene banethonya ngayo esimisweni sezombangazwe.

Iminikelo Kabani

Abanikeli ngabanye bayisisekelo somkhankaso wokwenza izimali eUnited States. Abantu ngabanye banganikela ngamaRandi angu - 1 0,5,5 ngokhetho oluya eMzini wase-U.S. noma kukhetho lweSigele sase-U.S. abazokhetha umjikelezo wokhetho ngo 2025 kuya ku-2026. Ngenxa yokuthi isilinganiso esiyinhloko novamile njengokhetho oluhlukile, abantu banganika umjikelezo ngamunye amaR2,7 000 ngemuva ngemuva. Lemikhawulo iyashintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kunciphe imali, ibonakalisa umzamo oqhubekayo wokulinganisela isidingo semithombo yomkhankaso kanye nethonya labanikelayo abaningi.

Iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye ivela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela eminikelweni emincane ye-odar eyenziwa kuyi-intanethi kuya kwiminikelo ephakeme evela kubasekeli abacebile. Ukwanda kwamapulatifomu alawula idemocratic protection kunikezelwe ngokwezinga elithile, kusize imikhankaso yokunyusa izimali ezinkulu kumanani amakhulu abantu abancane abanikelayo. Lokhu kushintshwa kuye kwaba okuphawuleka kakhulu kubafundi abakwazi ukuhlobisa ama - shifu, okuvumela ukuba bancintisa ngemali ngaphandle kokuncika kuphela kubantu abacebile noma emaqenjini anesithakazelo esikhethekile.

Iminikelo yokuqondisa ihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ekhethekile. Umngane ngamunye ujabulela isilinganiso esihlukile somnikelo, ngisho noma oyedwa kuphela onomholo, uvumela abangane bomshado ababili abaphana ngokulandisa okuhlangene ukuba banikele ku-R24 000 ku-R1,000 ku-accoun. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akusekho isilinganiso esiqinile sokuthi umuntu anganikela kangakanani ngengqikithi kubo bonke abazobhapathizwa, i-PACs kanye namakomiti eqembu ehlangene, kulandela isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu eMccheon.

AmaKomiti Empi Yezombangazwe (Ama - PAC)

Ikomiti yezombangazwe (PAC) iyinhlangano echitha intela engu - 527 enikela ngeminikelo evela emalungwini futhi inikela ngaleyo mali emikhankasweni yokulwa noma yokulwa nabazobhapathizwa, ukulwa nabazobhapathizwa, noma ukulwa nomthetho.

I-PACs yendabuko isebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele eqinile yomnikelo. Isilinganiso somnikelo osebenza eminikelweni eya ku-PACs kazwelonke asikho kumthetho wokwehla kwamandla emali futhi sihlala singu-R35 000 ngonyaka, futhi isilinganiso somnikelo weminikelo ye-PAC ephuma kuma-Picandidate kahulumeni futhi usala u-R35 000 kukhetho ngalunye. Lemikhawulo ihlukanisa ama-PAC angokwesiko ku-"upaC" kusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene.

I-PACs ifeza imisebenzi emisha ehlukene engokwezimo zezombangazwe. Ama-Corporate PAC avumela amabhizinisi ukuba ahlanganyele enqubweni yezombangazwe ngokuhlanganisa iminikelo evela kubaphathi nakwabebebene. Inhlangano yezisebenzi ivumela izisebenzi ezihleliwe ukuba zisekele abasebenzi abazosebenza kanye nezimiso. I-PACs iqhubela phambili izimiso ezithile zezimiso, kusukela ekuvikelweni kwendawo ezungezile kuya emalungelweni okudubula. Lezinhlobo ze-PAC zibonisa isimo sobuningi bentando yeningi yaseMelika, lapho izithakazelo eziningi ezihleliwe zincintisana khona nethonya.

Iminikelo Yeqembu Lezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe afeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni imali yezezimali zomkhankaso, asekela abazosebenza ngeminikelo eqondile nangezindleko ezihlelwayo. Abantu ngabanye banganikela cishe u-R44,300 ngonyaka ekomitini yesizwe ngayinye yekhalenda, njenge-Democratic National Committee okanye Republican National Committee. I-paries ingamisa futhi ama-akhawunti akhethekile ezinjongo ezithile, futhi abantu ngabanye bakwazi ukunikela ngo-R2220 000 ngonyaka ekhalenda ngayinye ikomiti yeqembu ngalinye ligcina izinjongo ezithile.

Amakomiti eqembu anikeza isisekelo esibalulekile emikhankasweni, kuhlanganise nemininingwane yabavoti, imisebenzi yasemasimini, nesiqondiso sezemisebenzi. Angenza kokubili iminikelo eqondile kwabazohlolwa nakuhlela izindleko, lapho iqembu lichitha khona imali ekuthintaneni nomkhankaso. Ikomiti yeqembu lesizwe nekomiti yalo yomkhankaso wobuKhomanisi inganikela kuR62 000 ehlangene kumkhankaso ngamunye oqondiswe eSigele, linikeza ukusekela okuphawulekayo emijahweni yokuncintisana.

Isimiso seqembu sihlela ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe, sisiza ekuhleleni imikhankaso ezindaweni ezihlanganisayo nasekuxhumaneni phakathi kwabazobhapathizwa ezingeni elihlukene likahulumeni. Ukuqoqa izikhwama zeqembu kunikeza nenqubo yokusakaza imithombo yezinhlanga eziningi, okungase kube nokwenzeka ukuba abasekeli abalwele ukuqongelela imali ngokuzimele.

AmaPapic Aphakeme Neziphetho Ezizimele

Ama-PAC aphezulu amelela enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu nephikisanayo kwezezimali zomkhankaso wanamuhla. I- Independent-enditure-kuphela kwamakomiti ezombangazwe (ngezinye izikhathi abizwa ngokuthi "i-Super PACs") angamukela iminikelo engenamkhawulo, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zezinhlangano zezisebenzi. Lo msebenzi ongenamkhawulo wokuxhasa imali uye waguqula umkhankaso wezezimali, wenza amazinga angakaze asetshenziselwe kukhetho lukahulumeni.

I-PAC enkulu yalandela izinqumo eziyinhloko zenkantolo ngo-2010. Isinqumo se-Speech Now v. FEC siye saphawulwa izazi nezintatheli njengeziyimbangela yangempela yokwanda kwe-PAC enkulu, isusa imingcele eminikelweni yamakomiti ezombangazwe enza izindleko ezizimele. Izinga lomsebenzi omkhulu we-PAC liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekuveleni kwawo. Kusukela ekuveleni kwawo. Kunyaka ka-2024 wokukhetha, kwakune-PACIS ephakeme kakhulu engu-R4,290,768,955,95, futhi kwasetshenziswa u-R4277,77.2.27.

I-PACs ephezulu isebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho enzima: ayinakunikela ngokuqondile kubazofundela noma ihambisane nemikhankaso. Ama-PAC aphakeme anganyusa intengo engenamkhawulo kubantu ngabanye, ezinkampanini, ezinyunyana, nakwamanye amaqembu ukuze asebenzise izikhangiso ezikhuthaza noma ezimelene nababezokwezombangazwe, kodwa awavunyelwe ukubambisana noma ukunikela ngokuqondile emikhankasweni yokungenela noma ezinhlangano zezombangazwe. Lemfuneko yokuzibusa ingakhuthazi ama-PAC amakhulu ukuze angasebenzi njengemikhankaso yemikhankaso, nakuba abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi imingcele yokubambisana ivame ukuvinjelwa.

Ukuzicekela Nokuceba Kwakho

Abathathi bekhasimende bangafaka ingcebo yabo siqu emikhankasweni yabo ngaphandle kokulinganisela. Abakhangisi bangasebenzisa imali yabo siqu emkhankasweni wabo ngaphandle kwemingcele, kodwa kumelwe babike isilinganiso abasichitha kuyi - FEC.

Ukuzijabulisa kunganikeza izinzuzo eziphawulekayo, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lokuqala lemikhankaso lapho ukuqashelwa kwegama nomfutho kubaluleke kakhulu. Abacebile bangadlula enqubweni enika isikhathi yokuqoqa, ibavumele ukuba bagxile ekuphumeleni kovoti nasentuthukweni yomyalezo. Nokho, ukuzijabulisa kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka futhi nge-plutocracy nokuthi ingcebo inganikeza izinzuzo ezingcono zezombangazwe ezingokobuningi esimisweni sentando yeningi.

Ikhono lokuzijabulisa lihluka kakhulu phakathi kwabazobhapathizwa futhi lingathonya labo abakhetha ukuthatha isikhundla. Nakuba abanye abazozikhetha beye baphumelela ngokuzikhethela, ingcebo yabo yodwa ayiqinisekisi ukunqoba. Abaholi bangase babheke ukuzijabulisa ngokweqile, bebuza ukuthi abacebile bangahlobana yini nezinkathazo ezivamile.

Umphumela Wemali Ephumele Ezimweni Ezifanele

Nakuba kuyinkimbinkimbi ukuhlobana phakathi komkhankaso wokusebenzisa imali nempumelelo yokukhetha, ithonya lawo lisebenza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi libuthelwa ezinye izici eziningi, kuhlanganise nezinga lokufuna ukuthonywa, isimo sezombangazwe, nokuncintisana kwezinhlanga.

Ukuqashelwa Kokwamukelwa Negama

Inkampano yokuxhasa imali ngokuqondile ithinta ukubonakala kwabantu abazokwenzeka. Abanezimali ezinkulu bangathenga imikhankaso emikhulu yokukhangisa enqamule amasiteji emithombo yezindaba amaningi, kusukela kuthelevishini nasemsakazweni kuya ku-media kuya ku-media ne-communment. Lokhu kukha igama, izikhundla zezimiso zokuxhumana, nokubheka izinto ngendlela ehlukile. Emikhakheni ebanzi egcwele noma emijahweni eveza inselele engaziwa kakhulu, ikhono lokuthola ukubonakala ngemithombo yezindaba ekhokhelayo lingaba nenomphumela.

Isimo sezezindaba sanamuhla siye sahlukanisa izibukeli eziqenjini eziningi, senza umvoti obanzi athenge kakhulu. Imikhankaso manje kumelwe ilondoloze ukuba khona kwezezindaba ezingokwesiko ezisakazwayo, ithelevishini, amathekthagilamu, ama-digital digital, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nokuxhumana okuqondile nabavoti. Ngayinye yale misele idinga ukutshala imali, kusukela ekukhiqizeni kuya emalini kwemithombo yezindaba kuya kwezabelinye ithengela abacwaningi. Abangenayo imali eyanele bangase bazithole bengakwazi ukufinyelela ezingxenyeni eziyinhloko zabavoti, ngokuphumelelayo ekuncintiseni ukuncintisana kwabo.

Igama lezinzuzo zokuqashelwa ngokuvamile zithandwa yizisebenzi, ezizuzayo ekutholeni imithombo yezindaba eqhubekayo nezinkonzo ezihlangeneyo. Abakhathali badinga ukusebenzisa imali eningi ukuze bafinyelele ukubonakala okufanayo, kubangele ukungaboni kahle okungokwemvelo ngokwezimali. Lokhu kunamandla kungaqinisa izinzuzo ezinzima futhi kunciphise umncintiswano wokukhetha, okunganciphisa ukulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Umkhankaso Wokuhlelwa Nokuhlelwa

Ngaphandle kokukhangisa, izimali zomkhankaso zisekela izisekelo ezibalulekile zenhlangano. Imikhankaso yanamuhla isebenzisa ukwaziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kubonwe futhi kuthathwe izisulu, kuqoqwe abasekeli, futhi kunikezwe imali efanelekile. Balondoloza amahhovisi asemasimini ezindaweni eziyinhloko, baqashe izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe abangochwepheshe, futhi bahlole imizwelo nemiyalezo yokuhlola.

Ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi yomkhankaso kuye kwandisa ukubaluleka kokuxhasa imali eyanele. Imikhankaso manje isebenzisa njalo izazi zemininingwane, ochwepheshe be-mitayela, ochwepheshe bezokuxhumana, nabahleli bezemfundo. Le misebenzi yobuchwepheshe ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuphumelela komkhankaso, kodwa idinga izimali ezinkulu. Abangakwazi ukukhokhela imisebenzi yobuchwepheshe bangase balwe kanzima ukuze bancintisane nabaphikisi abanolwazi oluphambili ekuhleleni izinto.

Imisebenzi yemidlalo yasemhlabeni ."i-pass-aseaser-parry, ibhange locingo, kanye nomvoti-imizamo yokuzilungiselela − ibuye ixhase kokubili ukuxhasa imali namandla okuzithandela. Nakuba izimpande zotshani zingathatha indawo yemisebenzi ekhokhelwayo, imikhankaso eminingi yokuncintisana ihlanganisa imizamo yokuzithandela nezisebenzi ezikhokhelwayo ukuze ziphumelele. Ikhono lokuxhasa imisebenzi yezolimo elibanzi lingabonisa ukuthi inqunywa ngokulandelana kwemigqa lapho izikhombano lapho izikhokhi zinquma imiphumela.

Imingcele Yethonya Lemali

Naphezu kokubaluleka okusobala kwemali, ukuchithwa komkhankaso akuqinisekisi impumelelo engokokhetho. Izici eziningi zithonya imiphumela yokhetho, kuhlanganise nezinga lokufuna ukuvota, indawo engokombangazwe, ukwakheka kwezigodi, nezenzakalo zamanje. Ababezokucela imali engcono baye balahlekelwa yizithakazelo ezimbalwa uma ezinye izici zivumela umbhalisa ongaphansi.

Izinzuzo eziseceleni zomkhankaso ochithwayo zingancipha ngamazinga aphakeme. Uma abazobhapathizwa bethola ukubonakala okuyisisekelo futhi bekwazi ukudlulisela imiyalezo yabo ngokuphumelelayo, ukusetshenziswa okwengeziwe kungaveza izinzuzo ezincane ezilinganayo. Ezinhlangeni ezibonakala kakhulu, njengemincintiswano kamongameli noma izinhlanga zeSishaya - mthetho, bobabili abathathi beqembu elikhulu banemithombo eyanele yokufinyelela abavoti, okunganciphisa inzuzo yokuxhasa imali ephakeme.

Izinqumo ze-voter zibonisa ukucabangela okuningi ngaphandle kokuthumela imiyalezo ewumkhankaso. Ukubonakala kweqembu, izici zomncintiswano, izikhundla zezimiso, kanye nokuthambekela okubanzi kwezombangazwe konke okunethonya lokukhetha kwezezombangazwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwenkampano kungahlela lemibono ephahlweni, kodwa kusebenza phakathi kwezithiyo ezibekwa ngamaqiniso angokwezombangazwe. Umkhankaso othuthukisiwe ngeke unqobe kalula izingqinano eziyisisekelo ezisezingeni eliphansi noma elingokwezombangazwe.

Umsebenzi Wokuqondisa Nezimfuneko Zokubona Izindawo

Imithetho yezezimali eUnited States iveza imizamo eqhubekayo yokulinganisela izindinganiso ezincintisanayo: ukuvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuvimbela ukonakala, ukuthuthukisa ukulingana kwezombangazwe, nokuqinisekisa ukubonakala. Isimiso sokuqondisa siye savela ngomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nangemithetho yokuphatha, sidala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semithetho elawula iminikelo, izindleko, kanye nokudalulwa.

Umkhankaso Wokukhetha Wama - compal Nendlela Ovela Ngayo

I-Federal Evotion Commission (FEC) iphoqelela ukuba kufakwe i-Federal Ecomment Act ka- 1971 (FECA), elinganisela ukuthi zingaki imali abantu nezinhlangano zezombangazwe abangazinika umuntu ozongenela isikhundla sikahulumeni. I-FECA yamisa isisekelo esiyisisekelo somthetho wezezimali wanamuhla, kuhlanganise nemingcele yomnikelo, izimfuneko zokwambula, kanye nezimali zomphakathi emikhankasweni yobumongameli.

Isimiso sokuqondisa siye sashintshwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngezinqumo zenkantolo. I-Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act ka-2002, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi uMcCaine-Fangeold, yamelela umzamo omkhulu wokuvimbela iminikelo yemali ethambile emakomitini enhlangano yesizwe futhi yavimbela izinhlobo ezithile zokukhangisa kwezombangazwe. Nokho, izinqumo ezalandela, ikakhulukazi iZingazwe ze-United v. FEC, ngokuphawulekayo yaguqula indawo elawulwayo ngokususa imingcele yezindleko ezizimele zezinhlangano.

Njalo eminyakeni emibili, iFederal Evotion Commission ihlela imingcele ethile yomnikelo ebekwa ekuncipheni kwamandla emali, iqinisekisa ukuthi leyomingcele ilondoloza ukubaluleka kwayo kwangempela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lenqubo yokukhomba ibonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi imingcele emisiwe yamaRandi iyoba imingcele eqinile njengoba ukwehla kwamandla emali kuqeda amandla abo okuthenga.

Izimfuneko Zomchamo Nezokubonisana

Izimfuneko zokubonana ziyisisekelo somthetho wezezimali. Imikhankaso kumelwe ibike njalo ukuqoqwa nokuchithwa kwemali eKhomisweni yeNkxaso yeNkxaso, iveza ubunikazi beminikelo enikelayo ngaphezu kwemigoqo ethile. Lezimfuneko zokwambula zihloselwe ukwenza ukuba ukuhlolwa kwezimali zomkhankaso kuhlolwe umphakathi, uvumele abavoti ukuba bahlole izingxabano ezingase zithakazelelwe futhi baqonde ukuthi ubani oxhasa imikhankaso yezombangazwe.

Iminikelo ye-PAC enkulu, nezindleko, i-FEC kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele njenge-Opensecrets. Lokhu kulandelela izimali kwenza izintatheli, abacwaningi, nezakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlaziya izindlela zezimali zomkhankaso futhi zibone abanikeli abakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezithile. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Opensecrets ne-Campaign Intevice Institute zenze umkhankaso wezezimali utholakale kakhulu, ufaka umphakathi ukuqonda indima yemali kwezombangazwe.

Nokho, izimfuneko zokubonana zibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo. Naphezu kwemithetho edalulwayo, amakomiti ezombangazwe aye athola izindlela zokuzifihla, afihla umthombo wangempela wezimali ngokubika inkampani engakhangi ngenzuzo noma ngamagobolondo njengendoda enikelayo. Lento "eyimfihlo" iye yavela njengenkinga enkulu, ngoba yenza abanikeleyo bakwazi ukuthonya okhethweni kuyilapho begwema ukucubungula obala.

Izinselele Eziphoqelelwayo

Ukuphumelela kwemithetho yezezimali yomkhankaso kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuqikelweni kwemithetho. I-Federal Ecomment Commission inomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni yezezimali, kodwa inxusa liye labhekana nokugxekwa okuphikelelayo ngokuphathelene nokuphumelela kwalo. Isakhiwo se-FEC, esidinga isivumelwano se-bipartiss ezinyatheloni eziningi zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, ngezinye izikhathi siye sabangela ukuqubuka kwamacala aphikisanayo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwemikhankaso namaqembu okuthiwa azimele kumelela indaba enzima ngokukhethekile yokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo. Nakuba ama-PAC amakhulu enqatshelwe ngokomthetho ekuqondiseni imikhankaso, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele yokubambisana igwenywa njalo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Imikhankaso ingase iphawule obala izidingo namasu ayo, amaqembu azimele angawadingi ngaphandle kokuhlela ngokucacile. Ubunzima bokubekwa kokubambisana okungekho emthethweni bulinganiselwe kulendawo.

Imithetho yomkhankaso wezezimali wezwe inezela olunye ulwelwesi lobunkimbinkimbi. Izwe lilondoloza imithetho yalo yezezimali ebusa uhulumeni nokhetho lwendawo, lidala umsebenzi ombaxa-shiya wemithetho ehlukene nezimfuneko. Ezinye izifundazwe zibeka imingcele eqinile kunomthetho kahulumeni, kanti ezinye zinemingcele elinganiselwe encane. Lokhu kuveza izahlulelo ezihlukene zesilinganiso sombuso mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela izimpikiswano zenkululeko zokukhuluma nokuvinjelwa kokonakala.

Indima Yemali Emnyama Emikhankasweni Yanamuhla

Imali emnyama − echithwa yizinhlangano ezingabadaluli abanikelayo − iye yavelela kakhulu okhethweni lwaseMelika. Lesenzakalo siphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokubonana nokulandisa kwezombangazwe zentando yeningi, njengoba izimali ezinkulu zisetshenziselwa ukuthonya okhethweni ngaphandle kokuthola abavoti abaziyo ukuthi ubani oxhasa lemizamo.

Imishini Yokusebenzisa Imali Engenathemba

Imali emnyama igeleza ngezinhlangano ezingatholi nzuzo ezingadingeki ukudalula abanikeli bazo. Lezizinhlangano, ngokuvamile ezihlelwe ngokuthi 501(c)(4) "izinhlangano zenhlalakahle yezenhlalo" noma 501(c)(6) (61), zingahlanganyela emsebenzini wezombangazwe uma nje kungeyona injongo yazo eyinhloko. Zingasebenzisa imali engxoxweni yokukhangisa ngezezimali futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukukhangisa okusobala kwezombangazwe, kuyilapho zigcina imfihlo yabanikele kuzo.

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu emali emnyama nama-PAC amakhulu kwenza kube nzima nakakhulu. Nakuba ama-PAC amakhulu kumelwe embule abanikeli bawo, angathola iminikelo evela emalini emnyama engazuzisi, ekwazi ukunikeza izimali zokuqala. Ukhetho lwama-2020 lwakhanga iminikelo eqophelweni leminikelo evela emaqenjini emali emnyama ukuya kumakomiti ezombangazwe anjenge-PACs aphakeme, eqokomisa izinga lale nkinga.

Imali esetshenziswayo emnyama iye yakhula kakhulu emijikelezweni yokukhetha yamuva, nakuba kunzima ukuthola ukuthi izibalo eziqondile azikho. Izibalo zisikisela ukuthi amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi emali emnyama asetshenziswa okhethweni ngalunye lukahulumeni, nengqikithi yangempela ephakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kungathonya ngokuphawulekayo izinhlanga ezincintisanayo, ikakhulukazi uma zigxile emincintiswaneni eyinhloko.

Ukuxabana Nemali Emnyama

Abavikeli bemali emnyama baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela umuntu ngezindaba zomuntu siqu kufeza izinjongo ezibalulekile. Baphikisa ngokuthi izimfuneko zokwembula zingathulisa inkulumo yezombangazwe ngokuchaya abanikeleyo ekuhlukunyezweni noma ekuphindiseleni. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zabathekeli ababhekene nokukhahlazeka noma ukusongelwa ngemva kokuba iminikelo yabo yezombangazwe isekele umphakathi lezizinto.

Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukubonakala kahle kubalulekile ekulandiseni ngentando yeningi. Abavoter banesithakazelo esingokomthetho sokwazi ukuthi ubani oxhasa imikhankaso yezombangazwe nemizamo yokuphamba, njengoba lokhu kwaziswa kubasiza ukuba bahlole ukuthembeka kwemiyalezo yezombangazwe futhi baphawule izingxabano ezingase zibe yinzuzo. Imali emnyama, abagxeki, baphikisa ukuthi, yenza izithakazelo ezicebile zithonyele okhethweni kuyilapho begwema ukucunulwa komphakathi, belahla izimiso zedemokrati zokubona nomthwalo wemfanelo.

Impikiswano emayelana nemali emnyama ibonisa ukuphikisana okukhulu kwezezimali ezisemikhankasweni yezezimali phakathi kwenkululeko yokuzifunela ngokwezimali nokubona, futhi phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokulingana kwezombangazwe. Lemizwa ayinaso isinqumo esilula, njengoba izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zisekela zombili izinhlangothi zengxoxo. Ukulinganisela okufanelekile kuxhomeke ekubhekeni komuntu ngokubaluleka okulinganiselwe komgodi wemfihlo womuntu kanye nokubonakala obala komphakathi, futhi ezinqumweni ezisekelwe ekuchaseni okungokoqobo kwezimfuneko zokudalulwa kwezombangazwe.

Izinqumo ZeNkantolo Ephakeme Zenqabela Izimali

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yafeza indima ewujuqu ekulolongeni umthetho wezezimali ngochungechunge lwezinqumo eziphawuliwe eziye zachaza imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho-mthetho wemithetho. Lezi zinqumo zibonisa incazelo yeNkantolo yeSichibiyelo sokuqala sokuvikela inkulumo yezombangazwe nokusebenza kwayo ekubhikisheni izimali.

Buckley v. uValeo (1976)

Buckley v. Valeo wamisa isisekelo somthetho wezezimali wanamuhla. INkantolo yasekela imingcele yomnikelo njengendlela yokuvimbela ukonakala noma ukubonakala kokonakala, kodwa yabeka imingcele ezindlekweni ezizimele nakuzifunela ukuthandwa. Lomehluko phakathi kweminikelo nezindleko zemali uye waguqula umthetho wezezimali kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Isinqumo sikaBuckley saqaphela ukuthi imithetho yezezimali yomkhankaso ihlanganisa izinkathazo zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala, njengoba imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwemali yezombangazwe ilinganisela ukukhuluma kwezombangazwe. Nokho, iNkantolo yathola ukuthi isithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuvimbela imingcele efanelekile yomnikelo, njengoba iminikelo emikhulu kubavotelwa ibangela izingozi zenkohlakalo ekhona noma ukubonakala kwayo. Ngokuphambene, izindleko zokuzimela, zibonakala zingenawo amathuba okudala izingozi zenkohlakalo, njengoba zenziwa ngaphandle kokubambisana nabavota.

Isimiso sikaBuckley siye saba nethonya futhi sabangela impikiswano. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi umehluko phakathi kweminikelo nezindleko ungowokwenziwa, njengoba kokubili ukuyisebenzisa kungathonya okhethweni futhi kubangele izingozi zenkohlakalo. Isivikelo sezindleko zokuzimela ngaphandle kwemali ezinkulu kakhulu siye senza ukuba kuphakame amaPaC nezinye izinhlobo zokuchitha imali ngaphandle okubhekwa ngabagxeki njengamathonya onakalisayo edemokrasi.

Izakhamuzi E - United v. FEC (2010)

Izakhamuzi ezihlangene neFederal Evotion Commission imelela isinqumo somkhankaso wezezimali esiphikiswa kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. INkantolo Ephakeme yayala ukugcinwa kwezingxenye ze - Campaign Reform Act ka - 2002 eyayinqabele izindleko zezenkampane nezokuzibusa kwezombangazwe emikhankasweni yezombangazwe, imemezela ukuthi kwakungenalungelo ukuvimbela izinhlangano nezinyunyana ekutheleni ezikhundleni zazo ezivamile ukuze zithuthukise abazokucela noma ekunikeleni ePCs.

Isinqumo se-Citizens United sasisekelwe esimisweni sokuthi inkulumo yezombangazwe ayilahlekelwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala esisekelwe ekuzimeni kwesikhulumi. Umbono wabaningi, owaqanjwa uMahluleli u-Anthony Kennedy, wagcizelela ukuthi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo eqinile yezombangazwe nokuthi imingcele yokuncishiswa kwemisebenzi yezenkampani nezinhlangano ngokuzimele ilinganiselwe ngokungakhethi. Isinqumo sashiya imingcele eqinile eminikelweni eqondile yabathakazeli, ilondoloze umehluko phakathi kweminikelo yezezimali nezindleko ezizimele.

Izakhamuzi ezihlangene zavusa impikiswano enkulu ngendima yezinhlangano kwezombangazwe kanye nesimo senkulumo yezombangazwe. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi isinqumo esivikelwe kahle amalungelo okukhuluma akhululekile nokuthi imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwebhizinisi yayiyimingcele yemali yezikhululo zezombangazwe. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sinqumo sasizosiza izinhlangano ukuba zilawule imikhankaso yezombangazwe, zinciphe amazwi anyekayo futhi zihlanekezele izinqubo zentando yeningi. Imiphumela yesinqumo esingokoqobo isalokhu iphikiswana, kanye nokunikeza ubufakazi obuxubeneyo ngemiphumela yazo yezezombangazwe nemiphumela yokhetho.

Inkulumo Manje.org n.FEC (2010)

Nakuba izakhamuzi ezihlangene zithola ukunakwa okwengeziwe emphakathini, i - Speech Manje.org ne - FEC ne - FEC Court of Appeals zavumela ngokuqondile ukwakhiwa kwe - PACs enkulu. Inkantolo yasekela ukuthi amakomiti ezenzo zezombangazwe (ama - PAC) namanye amaqembu enza izindleko ezizimele, kodwa hhayi iminikelo kumakomiti noma emaqenjini, angamukeli iminikelo ngaphandle kokuyivimbela ukuthi ivela emthonjeni noma ubukhulu bawo.

Inkulumo manje eyakhelwe ekucabangeni kwe-Citizens United, iphetha ngokuthi uma izindleko ezizimele zingazikhiphi izingozi ezanele zokuthethelela ukuchithwa kwemali, khona - ke iminikelo eqenjini elenza izindleko ezizimele kuphela ayinakulinganiselwa. Lokhu kuqonda kwakha isisekelo esingokomthetho sama-PAC amakhulu, angaphakamisa imali engenamkhawulo kunoma yimuphi umthombo uma nje bengahlanganyeli ngokuqondile kwabazongenela noma ekuhambisaneni nemikhankaso.

Inhlanganisela yeZintu Ezihlangene Nezikhulumayo Manje yawushintsha ngokuyisisekelo umkhankaso wezezimali, okwenza ukuba kube namazinga angenakuqhathaniswa okuchitha imali kukhetho lukahulumeni. Izinqumo zibonisa umbono othile weSichibiyelo Sokuqala esibeka phambili ukuvikelwa kwenkulumo ngokulingana kwezombangazwe noma ithonya elonakalisayo lemali kwezombangazwe.

McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)

I-FEC yasusa imingcele yomnikelo wokwehla kwe-aggreat eyase iqedile ingqikithi yemali abantu abanganikela ngayo kubo bonke abazobhapathizwa namakomiti ahlangene. INkantolo yathola ukuthi lemingcele egadlayo ayisizanga isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuvimbeleni ukukhohlakala okuqhubekayo, njengoba imingcele yomnikelo kulowo nalowo ozohlolwa kakade ikhuluma ngalokhu kukhathalela.

Isinqumo seMcCutcheon sandisa ngokwengeziwe izinga lomsebenzi wezezimali ovunyelwe, senza abanikela ngezimali abacebile bakwazi ukunikela ngenani elingenamkhawulo labazobhapathizwa namakomiti. Nakuba imingcele yomnikelo ngamunye kulowo nalowo ozobhapathizwa isesimweni sakhe, ukususwa kwemingcele yezentengiselwano ezinkulu kuvumela abanikelayo ukuba basakazeke iminikelo ezinhlangeni eziningi, ngokunokwenzeka bandise ithonya labo lilonke esimisweni sezombangazwe.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imingcele evimbela ukuncishiswa kwezindawo yayifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokuvimbela ithonya eligcwele labanikelayo abacebile, kuhlanganise nokuvimbela ukulinganiselwa komnikelo ngamunye ngamakomiti aqoqayo. Ukugxila okuncane kweNkantolo ekungcoleni okukhona, kunokuba kukhathalelwe kakhulu ngokulingana kwezombangazwe noma ukuvela kokonakala, kwabonisa indlela yayo yokuvikela izimali eyandayo ekumisweni kwemithetho yezezimali.

Imikhankaso Yokwenza Ama - dollar Amancane Nemikhankaso Yokulwa Kwama - Grasscoot

Ukunyuka kwamapulatifomu asebenzisa imishini yokuqoqa imali kuye kwaxhasa izimali zentando yeningi ngezinga elithile, okwenza abazobhapathizwa bakwazi ukukhuphula izimali ezinkulu kumanani amakhulu abantu abancane abanikelayo. Lokhu kuveza imiphumela ephawulekayo yemikhankaso yezezimali kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwabazohlolwa nabasekeli.

Ukushintsha Kwezimali Ezisetshenziswa Ngezinombolo

Izindawo zokuqoqa imali ezisebenzisa i-intanethi ziye zanciphisa izindleko zokuthengiselana ngokwenza iminikelo emincane yezombangazwe. Abanikazi banganikela ngokuchofoza imizuzwana embalwa engosini ye-webhusayithi noma e-app, baqede ukungezwani okuhlobene nezindlela ezingokwesiko zokuqoqa imali. Lokhu kulula kokupha kuye kwenza ukuba imikhankaso icele futhi ithole iminikelo kwabasekeli okungenzeka abazange banikele ngezindlela zakudala.

Imithombo yezindaba ye-imeyili nezenhlalo iye yaba amathuluzi anamandla okuqoqa imali, avumela imikhankaso yokufinyelela abangase banikele ngokuqondile nangokuphindaphindiwe. Imisebenzi ephumelelayo yokuthumela izinombolo isebenzisa amasu ayinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nokuthumela imiyalezo okuzihambela, ukunxusa okuphuthuma, nezinhlelo ezihambelanayo. Ikhono lokuhlanganisa ngokushesha abanikela nge-odar abancane ukuze balwe ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi noma ukuhlasela kwabaphikisi liye laba ikhono elibalulekile lomkhankaso.

Abanye abazobhapathizwa baye babonisa impumelelo ephawulekayo ngokuqoqa amakhompathimenti amancane e - dellar, ukunyusa amashumi noma amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi ngokuyinhloko ngeminikelo engaphansi kuka-R160. Le mpumelelo iye yabekela inselele ukuhlakanipha okuvamile ngokuphathelene nesidingo sababoshela ukubophana futhi iye yenza abazobhapathizwa bancintisana ngokwezimali kuyilapho belondoloza ukuzimela kokuzimela okukhethekile. Ukuphumelela kokuqoqa imali encinyaneni okuncane okubangelwa ukucela usizo, ukuvumelana nezici ezifana nokukhanga kwezeluleko, indawo yezombangazwe, kanye nobuciko bemikhankanti.

Ukufuna Inkululeko

Inkokhelo encane yokusekela izimali ezithathelwe izimali ezithathelwe inzuzo engcono kakhulu ekwakheni uzibuse abathekelisa ngezimali ezicebile kanye nezinto ezikhethekile. Abaphayo abaqoqa imali yabo eningi kubathengi abancane bangase bazizwe bengenandaba nanoma imuphi onikelayo noma iqembu lenzalo, njengoba kungekho noyedwa onikelayo onikeza ingxenye enkulu yengcebo yabo. Lokhu kuzikhethela kungasiza abazothatha izikhundla ezisekelwe ezinkolelweni zabo nasezithakazelweni zabo kunokuba bafune ukunikela.

Nokho, ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithombo yokuqoqa nokufuna ukubhapathizwa buyinkimbinkimbi. Ngisho nabazohloniphi abathembele kakhulu eminikelweni emincane ye-dilorlar kumelwe bakhange impela esisekelweni somnikazi wabo, okungase kungabi imeleli ye-volute ebanzi. Abanikeli abancane be-diolar bavame ukweqisa kakhulu kunomvoti ovamile, okungabangela ukucindezela kokuba abazocelwa babe nezikhundla ezithe xaxa. Isidingo sokulondoloza intshiseko yosizo ngokunxusa nokushintshwa njalo kungathatha isikhathi esiphawulekayo kanye nokunaka.

Ukugcinwa kwemidwebo emincane ekhipha imibala emhlophe kuhlala kungaqiniseki. Nakuba abanye abazobhapathizwa beye baphumelela ngokuphawulekayo, abanye baye balwa kanzima ukwakha imikhankaso ye-dilor efana ne-dillar encane. Indlela ingasebenza kangcono kwezinye izinhlobo zabazohlolwa (izinhlobo ezithile ezinamandla zemibono, ukulandisa okushukumisayo, noma isimo somuntu siqu esiqinile, noma ukubhajwa kwabanye. Ukuphumelela kwesikhathi eside kwenani elincane le-dilollar elanda njengesibonelo semali esiyinhloko somkhankaso wezemali kuxhomeke ekutheni ingaphindaniswa yini nakazwana nabahloli abalandelayo abahlukahlukene.

Ukuhlobisa Umphakathi Nokuhlobisa Izinhlelo

Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zasebenzisa izimiso zezimali zomphakathi ezandisa iminikelo emincane ngezinhlelo ezihambelanayo. Lezi zimiso zinikeza izimali zomphakathi ukuze zihambisane neminikelo emincane ngezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene, njengeminikelo emincane elingana ne-6 kuya ku-8 kuya ku-8-1, inyusa ngokuphawulekayo inani leminikelo emincane kwabazohlanganyela. Inhloso yezimali zomphakathi yokunciphisa ukuthembela kwabazonikela ngeminikelo emikhulu kuyilapho zikhuthaza izinyuko zotshani.

Izinhlelo zezimali zomphakathi zidinga abazohlanganyela ekuthatheni imingcele yokusebenzisa imali kanye neminye imingcele ukuze kuthengiswe imali yomphakathi. Isimiso somphakathi sezimali, esasungulwa ngawo-1970, siye saqala ukungasetshenziswa njengoba abafuna ukukhokhela imali enkulu bekhetha ukugwema ukuchitha imingcele. Nokho, izinhlelo ezithile zezimali zomphakathi nezomphakathi ziyaqhubeka zimatasa futhi ziye zabonisa isithembiso sokukhuthaza ukunikela ngezimali ezincane zemali futhi zinciphise ithonya labanikela ngezimali ezinkulu.

Ukuphumelela kwezimali zomphakathi kuxhomeke ekuklanyweni kwesimiso nasekuxhaseni imali. Izimiso ezinikeza izimali zomphakathi ezanele noma ezibeka imingcele evimbela kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kwemali zingahluleka ukukhanga abazothatha inxaxheba. Izinhlelo eziphumelelayo kumelwe zilinganisele ukunikeza imithombo eyanele yokuncintisana nokugcina umthwalo wemfanelo wezezimali nokusekela umphakathi. Ikusasa lezezimali cishe liyoxhomeka ekuklameni noma imishini ekhuthaza ukungenela ngokuphumelelayo kuyilapho isingatha ukukhathazeka ngezindleko nangempumelelo.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngezimali Zomkhankaso

Izimiso zezimali zomkhankaso zihluka kakhulu ezimisweni zentando yeningi ezibusa ngentando yeningi, zibonisa amasiko ezombangazwe ahlukahlukene, izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, nezinqumo ngendima efanele yemali kwezombangazwe. Ukuhlola izindlela ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda izimali zomkhankaso waseMelika nokuhlukanisa ezinye izingcweti eziwumthetho.

Imingcele Eqinile Nokusiza Umphakathi Kwezinye Izindawo Ezingalawuleki

Idemokrasi eningi ibeka imingcele eqinile ekusebenziseni imali naseminikelweni kune-United States. Amanye amazwe avala noma avimbele kakhulu ukukhangisa kwezombangazwe kuthelevishini, avimbela ikhono lemikhankaso lokusebenzisa imali emithonjeni ekhokhelwayo. Ezinye zinikeza izimali zomphakathi ezingokwezimali ezihlangene zezombangazwe nabafuna ukuthunyelwa, zinciphisa ukuncika kweminikelo yomuntu siqu. Lezi zimiso zibonisa amasiko ahlukene angokomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezilinganiso phakathi kwezimo zenkululeko yokukhuluma nezinhloso zokulingana kwezombangazwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited Kingdom ibeka imingcele eqinile yokuchitha isikhathi emikhankasweni yasephalamendeni futhi inikeza amaqembu ezombangazwe isikhathi sokusakaza ngesihle kuyilapho ivimbela ukukhangisa kwezombangazwe okukhokhwa kuthelevishini. iCanada ilinganisela kokubili iminikelo nemali ekhokhwayo, enemingcele ephansi yeminikelo kanye nokuchitha izikepisi emikhankasweni kahulumeni. Lezizimiso zihlose ukulinganisela inkundla yokudlala phakathi kwabafuna ukubhapathizwa futhi zinciphise ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, nakuba zibhekene nokugxekwa ngokulinganisela inkulumo yezombangazwe nokuvuna izigaba.

Izimali zomphakathi zifeza indima evelele kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi waseYurophu kunase-United States. Amazwe anjenge-Jalimane neSweden axhasa umphakathi ngemali enele ezindaweni zezombangazwe ezisekelwe ekukhetheni kwazo, ukunciphisa ukuncika kwamaqembu eminikelweni yawo siqu. Lezi zimiso zibonisa imibono ehlukene yamaqembu ezombangazwe njengezinhlangano zomphakathi ezikhonza imisebenzi ebalulekile yentando yeningi, kunokuba zisekele izinhlanganisela zabantu kuphela.

Ukuqhathanisa Impumelelo Nokuphuma Kwezohwebo

Ukuhlola ukuphumelela okulinganiselwe kwezimiso zezezimali zomkhankaso ohlukile kuyinselele, njengoba imiphumela ixhomeke ezicini eziningi ezidlulele ngalé kwezimiso ezilawulayo. Izimiso ezinamagebe aqinile futhi ezisekela izimali zomphakathi zinganciphisa ithonya labanikeleyo abacebile nezithakazelo ezikhethekile, kodwa zinganciphisa ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe kanye nokuthandwa kwamaqembu amisiwe. Ukulinganisela okufanelekile kuxhomeke ekutheni yiziphi izici eziphambili nokuthi umuntu uthwesa kanjani izinkathazo eziphikisanayo.

Imingcele ephawulekayo yemithetho elawula umkhankaso wezezimali emazweni ahlukene. Iziphetho zeSichibiyelo sokuqala esinamandla se-United States sokuvikela ukukhulumela kwezombangazwe zilinganisela izinga lomthetho ovunyelwe ukwedlula kwezinye imibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi. Amazwe anezinkambiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlukene angashintshashintsha kakhulu ukuba abeke imingcele ekusebenziseni imali yomkhankaso neminikelo ephishekela ukuvinjelwa kwezombangazwe noma ukonakala.

Izici zezesiko nezezombangazwe zithonya futhi izimiso zezezimali. Amazwe anezimiso zeqembu eziqinile nezombangazwe ezibuthakathaka zingakuthola kulula ukumisa imingcele ephumelelayo yezimali nokusebenzisa imali yomphakathi. Isimiso se-United States esiphethe abavotelwayo, esigcizelela ukuba ngabazocela imali ngabanye kunamaqembu, sidala izinselele ezihlukene zomthetho wezezimali.

Ikusasa Lenguquko Yezimali Emkhankasweni

Iziphakamiso zezezimali zisalokhu ziyindawo yempikiswano yezezimali nexazululo. Izihlongozo eziningi zenguquko zisakazeka ezingxoxweni zezimiso, ziveza izimpawu ezihlukene zezinkinga zamanje nemibono ehlukene yentuthuko. Isiqondiso sesikhathi esizayo semithetho yezezimali yezezombangazwe, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye nesimo sengqondo somphakathi ngemali kwezombangazwe.

Izinguquko Ezisikiselwayo Namathemba Azo

Iziphakamiso zezinguquko zihlanganisa izilinganiso eziningi, kusukela ekulungiseni izakhiwo ezihlangene kuya ekuhleleni kabusha izimiso zezezimali eziyisisekelo zomkhankaso. Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko basekela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze bagumbuqele izakhamuzi ezihlangene futhi banikeze imithetho ebanzi yokusetshenziswa komkhankaso. Abanye bahlela ukuthuthukisa izimfuneko zokuveza, kuhlanganise nokubika ngokushesha kweminikelo nezindleko nemithetho eqinile yamaqembu emali emnyama. Ukwanda kwezezimali zomphakathi, ngezinhlelo ezihambelanayo noma izimiso zokusekela, kumelela enye indlela enkulu yenguquko.

Amathemba enguquko enkulu yezezimali engokomkhankaso abhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu. Imingcele yomthetho - sisekelo, njengoba ichazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yamanje, ilinganisela izinga lomthetho ovunyelwe. Izithiyo zezombangazwe zinzima ngokufanayo, njengoba ukushintshwa kwezezimali kudinga ukusekelwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe eziye zaphumelela ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje futhi zingase zingabaze ukushintsha izimiso eziye zasebenza ukuze zizuze. Umbono womphakathi ngomkhankaso wezezimali uyinkimbinkimbi, ngokusekela okukhulu inguquko yezimiso kodwa ngokuvumelana okuncane ezindleleni eziqondile.

Izinguquko ezikhona zingabonakala zingenzeka kakhulu kunezinto ezithatha indawo kakhulu. Ukuqinisa izimfuneko zokudalula, ukuvala izikhala ezisemithethweni ehlangene, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-FEC kungaxazulula ezinye izinkathazo ngaphandle kokufuna ukushintshwa komthetho-sisekelo noma ukuhlelwa kabusha okuyisisekelo. Umbuso nokuhlolwa kwendawo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo zezimali zomphakathi nemingcele yeminikelo, kunganikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile ngamasu aphumelelayo enguquko.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemishini Yezimali Yesikhathi Esizayo

Ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe luzoqhubeka luhlela umkhankaso wezezimali ngendlela engalindelekile. Ukukhangisa ngemishini nezokuxhumana kwabantu sekushintshe kakade ukuxhumana komkhankaso, kwakha izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa nezinselele ezintsha zokulawula. Ukuqamba nokunye ubuchwepheshe bokukhokha okuvelayo kungase kube yinkimbinkimbi ukuveza nokuqinisa. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza nokufaka imininingwane cishe kuyothuthukisa ikhono lemikhankaso yokuhlasela nokunxenxa abavoti, kungandisa inani lokusebenzisa umkhankaso.

Ingabe izikhangiso zezombangazwe zezokuxhumana kufanele ziqondiswe ngendlela ehlukile kunokumemezela okungokwesiko?

Ukuziphendukela kobuchwepheshe obukhokha imali kuzoqhubeka kuthonya imikhankaso yezezimali. Njengoba ukuqoqa imishini yezemishini kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ukulinganisela phakathi kokuqoqa i-dilor encane ne-donor-omen enkulu kungashintsha. Ubuchwepheshe obusha beminikelo yezombangazwe yokuthuthukisa izimali zezentengiselwano bungathuthukisa izimali zomkhankaso wokwehlisa imingcele, noma bangakha amathuba amasha ezithakazelo ezicebile ukuze zithonye. Ukwakheka kokulawula kuyodinga ukujwayela lolu shintsho lwezobuchwepheshe kuyilapho kugcinwa kwezimiso eziyisisekelo ze-opluntellion kanye nokuvinjelwa kokonakala.

Ukulinganisela Izindinganiso Ekuhleleni Imali Emkhankasweni

Isimiso sezezimali ekugcineni sidinga ukulinganisela phakathi kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo ezingase zigcinwe ngokugcwele zonke. Izisivikelo zokukhuluma, ukulingana kwezombangazwe, ukuvinjelwa kokonakala, ukuba sobala, kanye nokungafihli lutho konke kumelela ukukhathazeka okungokomthetho, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuphikisana. Ukuqinisa imingcele yomnikelo kungathuthukisa ukulingana kwezombangazwe kodwa kungalinganisela ukuvuleka kwenkululeko yokukhuluma. Ukuvuleka okukhushulelweyo kungavimbela ukonakala kodwa kunganciphisa ukuncintisana kwemali yomuntu onikelayo. Izimali zomphakathi zinganciphisa ukuthembela emalini yomuntu siqu kodwa ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokusebenzisa intela emikhankantini yezombangazwe.

Abantu abahlukene namasiko ezombangazwe ahlukene bawalinganisa ngokwehlukile lazindinganiso, kuholele ekungavumelani okuqhubekayo ngenqubo yezezimali engcono kakhulu. Labo ababeka phambili izinkathazo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile bathanda ukumelana nemingcele elinganiselwe futhi baphikisa imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe. Labo abagcizelela ukulingana kwezombangazwe nokuvinjelwa kokonakala bathambekele ekusekeleni imingcele eqinile kanye nezimali zomphakathi eziqinile. Lokhu kungavumelani okuyisisekelo kuyifilosofi yezombangazwe futhi akunakuxazululwa ngokuhlaziya kobupolishi kuphela.

Inselele yemiphakathi yentando yeningi ukusungula izimiso zezezimali zomkhankaso ezilinganisela ngokunengqondo lezizindinganiso ezincintisanayo kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi. Lokhu kulinganisela cishe kuyohlukahluka ezikhungweni zezindawo zentando yeningi futhi kushintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengezimo zezombangazwe, ubuchwepheshe, nesimo sengqondo somphakathi. impikiswano eqhubekayo nokuzama izindlela ezihlukahlukene kusebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zezezimali eziphumelelayo nezingokomthetho.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi Nezomculo

Ukuqonda izimali zenkampane yemikhankaso kunezici ezibalulekile ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo kwezombusazwe zentando yeningi.

Imithombo Yokucwaninga Ngezimali

Izakhamuzi zingathola ukwaziswa okubanzi ngeminikelo yomkhankaso ngezindawo zokuxhumana ezitholakala obala. I-Federal Ecomment Commission ilondoloza amarekhodi abanzi eminikelo kuhulumeni namakomiti, atholakala ngewebhusayithi yayo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Opensecrets ne-Pignkal Indaclement Institute iqoqa futhi ihlaziye lo kwaziswa, okwenza kube lula ngezakhamuzi ukuqonda izindlela zokuxhasa imali nokuhlukanisa abantu abakhulu abanikelayo.

Ukuhlola imithombo efuna ukuxhaswa ngemali kungaveza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngokuphikisana okungase kube khona kwesithakazelo kanye nezimiso eziza kuqala. Abathola imali enele ezimbonini ezithile noma emaqenjini enzalo bangase babe sengozini enkulu yokusekela izimiso ezithandwa yilabo abanikelayo. Nakuba iminikelo inganqumi izikhundla zemithetho, banikeza umongo owusizo ekuhloleni izimfuno nezibopho zabazo.

Izakhamuzi kufanele zicabangele kokubili imithombo kanye nezilinganiso zeminikelo yomkhankaso lapho zihlola abazohlolwa. Umuntu ozongenela ibhizinisi elixhaswe abathekelisa ngemali ngokuyinhloko angase abe nezisusa ezingafani kunomuntu othembele kakhulu eminikelweni emikhulu evela kubantu abacebile noma ezithakazelweni ezikhethekile.

Ukuhlanganyela Emalini Yomkhankaso

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ezimalini zomkhankaso ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ekunikeleni ngabanye ukuze bazinikele ekusekeleni imizamo yokulungisa izinguquko. Iminikelo emincane, kuyilapho iphansi, iyonke yenza abazobhapathizwa bancike ngokwezimali futhi banciphise ukuncike kubantu abaningi abanikelayo. Ukwanda kwezimali zobuchwepheshe kuye kwenza kwaba lula kakhulu ngezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zinikele emikhankasweni nasezizalweni zokusekela.

Imisebenzi yokuzithandela inikeza olunye uhlobo lokusekela okungadingeki imali.

Ukusekela imizamo yezezimali yokulungisa izakhiwo kumelela olunye uhlobo lokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi ezikhathalela ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe zingasekela izinhlangano ezisebenzela inguquko, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuze zibonise ukusekela izinguquko ezithile, futhi zivote abazohloselwe umkhankaso wokuguqula izimali. Nakuba inguquko ibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu, ukucindezela komphakathi okuqhubekayo kungathonya izimpikiswano zesimiso futhi kubangele amathuba oshintsho.

Ukucatshangelwa Okubucayi Kokukhangisa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuqonda izimali zenkampane yomkhankaso kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole ngokunemba ukukhangisa kwezombangazwe nokuxhumana. Ukwazi ukuthi ubani owaxhasa ikhampasi ethile yokukhangisa − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhankaso wokufuna ukubhalisa, ikomiti yeqembu, i-PAC enkulu, noma iqembu lemali emnyama (i-PC), kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuhlola ukuthembeka kwayo nezisusa zayo. Izakhamuzi kufanele ziqaphele ukudalula izikhangiso zezombangazwe futhi zifune ukwaziswa ngezinhlangano ezizisekelayo.

Umthamo nokuyinkimbinkimbi kokukhangisa kwezombangazwe kwanda ngokuphawulekayo, kwenza ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezigxekayo kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kube yinselele kakhulu. Imikhankaso isebenzisa amasu aphambili okuhlasela ukuhambisa imiyalezo ekhethekile ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zabavoti, okungase kubonise ubuso obuhlukene ezibukelweni ezihlukahlukene. Izakhamuzi kufanele zifune imithombo yokwaziswa ehlukahlukene futhi zingabaze izinkulumo ezibonakala zinhle kakhulu ukuba zibe yiqiniso noma ezithembele kakhulu ekukhangeni okungokomzwelo ngaphandle kwezimiso ezivamile.

Amaqiniso alawula imithombo yengcebo aye aba amathuluzi abaluleke kakhulu okuhlola izikhangiso zezombangazwe. Izinhlangano eziningi manje zinikeza ukuqashelwa kwangempela kwezindaba zezombangazwe nezinkulumo, zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlukanise ukwaziswa okuqondile kokudukisa noma kokukhohlisa. Nakuba abaqaphi bamaqiniso ngokwabo bengase babe nobandlululo, ukubheka imithombo eminingi kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ngokunembile ngokwengeziwe izindaba zezombangazwe nezikhundla zesigaba.

Isiphetho: Imali, Intando Yeningi, Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Ukuxhasa imali kusengezinye zezici eziyinkimbinkimbi neziphikisanayo zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Imali ifeza indima engenakuphikwa emikhankasweni yanamuhla, yenza abazoyisebenzisa bakwazi ukuxhumana nabavoti, ukwakha izakhiwo zenhlangano, nokuncintisana ngesikhundla. Nokho isidingo sokuqoqa imali sidala ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezinhloso zentando yeningi zokulingana kwezombangazwe namaqiniso angokoqobo emali yemikhankaso.

Isimiso sezezimali saseMelika sibonisa amasiko akhethekile omthetho ngokomthetho, amasiko ezombangazwe, nentuthuko engokomlando. ISichibiyelo sokuqala esiqinile sokuvikela inkulumo yezombangazwe silinganisela izinga lomthetho ovunyelwe ngaphezu kwezinye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi. Isimo sokufuna ukungenela kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, sihlangene nezimakethe zezezindaba ezibizayo nemikhankaso engochwepheshe, kubangela ukucindezela okukhulu kwezimali. Umphumela ubonakala ngesimiso semali echithwayo, imithombo yezimali ehlukahlukene, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nemithetho efanelekile.

Intuthuko yamuva nje, kuhlanganise nokunyuka kwe-PAC enkulu, ukwanda kwemali emnyama, nokwanda kwemali encane eqoqa izinkanyezi, kuye kwaguqula izimali zomkhankaso ezinamandla kakhulu ngezindlela eziphawulekayo. Lezinguquko ziye zadala kokubili amathuba nezinselele kwezombangazwe zentando yeningi. Ikhono elikhushuliwe lokuphakamisa imali kubantu abanikelayo abancane linganciphisa ukuncika kwabafuna ukuceba, kuyilapho ukusebenzisela imali engcono kakhulu nemali emnyama kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobubanzi nangesimo sobuningi nokulandisa.

Ikusasa lezimali zomkhankaso lizoxhomeka ezicini eziningi, kuhlanganise nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, izinguquko zemithetho, izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezimo zomphakathi eziguqula isimo somphakathi. Nakuba izinguquko ezibanzi zibhekene nezithiyo ezinkulu, izinguquko eziguquguqukayo neziqhubekekayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zingathuthukisa kancane kancane izimiso zezimali zomkhankaso. Izwe nezindawo zendawo zisebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola izinguquko, zinikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile ngokwenzeka nangalokho okungekho.

Kuzakhamuzi nabavoti, izimali zomkhankaso wokuqonda zibalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni okuphumelelayo kwentando yeningi. Ulwazi ngendlela imikhankaso exhaswe ngayo, enikelayo kwabazocela izimali, nendlela ezombangazwe ezisiza ngayo ekuthonyeni izinqumo zokuvota ezinolwazi kakhulu nendlela yokuzibopha kwezombangazwe okuphumelela kakhulu ngayo. Nakuba ukunkimbinkimbi yezimali zemikhankaso kungabonakala kungaphezu kwamandla, izimiso eziyisisekelo − ukulandela imali, izisusa zokuqonda, nokufuna ukuba sobala − kunikeza iziyalezo eziwusizo zokuhamba kule simiso.

Ekugcineni, izimiso zezezimali zomkhankaso kumelwe zilinganisele izindinganiso ezincintisanayo ezingenakufezeka ngokugcwele zonke. Inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukulingana kwezombangazwe, ukuvimbela ukonakala, ukuba sobala, kanye nendawo eyimfihlo konke kumelela ukukhathazeka okungokomthetho, futhi abantu abahlukene bacabangela lezindinganiso ngokungefani. Izinhlangano zentando yeningi kumelwe ziqhubeke zixoxa ngalokhu kucindezeleka, zivumelanisa izimiso zezimali nokushintsha izimo kuyilapho zilondoloza izibopho eziyisisekelo zokuzibopha ngokukhululekile nokuzibopha ngentando yeningi. Inkulumo eqhubekayo ngezezimali ngomkhankaso ibonisa amandla enkulumo yentando yeningi nomzamo oqhubekayo wokuqonda izindinganiso zedemokramenti.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezimali zomkhankaso nendima yaso ekubuseni ngentando yeningi, imithombo eminingi yezimali inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo nokuhlaziywa. I-FLEDALFUMY] inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngeminikelo yemikhankaso nezindleko, kuyilapho i-opensets[ inikeza ukuhlaziywa okufinyekayo kwemali kwezelelwe kwezombangazwe. [[FLT:] [FLT] Brenan Center yeJaji yeJaji iqhuba ukucwaninga ngomkhankaso wezezezimali nezentando yezentando yeningi. Acmmetic nemicabango yezinhlangano zezombangazwe futhi iveza ukucwaninga okuwusizo kwezezimali, ukunikela enkambisweni yezentengosi yeze yezentengosi yeze yezentengo yomphakathi nokuqondana.