Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela uyisimiso esiyisisekelo esibekwe ekwakhekeni kukahulumeni wase-United States. Iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu, elilondoloza uhlelo lwentando yeningi elabonwa abasunguli. Igatsha eliphethe, elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho nokuqondisa uhulumeni, lingaphansi kwesimiso esiqinile somthetho-sisekelo nesimiso sombuso. Lokhu kuhlola kuklanyelwe ukulinganisela igunya lombuso ophethe, ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, futhi kulondoloze ukulandisa. Ukuqonda indlela lezindlela ezisebenza ngayo zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukumiswa kombuso waseMelika.

Ukuqonda Igatsha Eliphethe

Iholwa nguMongameli wase-United States, igatsha eliphethe lisebenza kokubili njengenhloko kahulumeni nenhloko kahulumeni. Imithwalo yayo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhomishane, ukuphatha inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe, ukuqondisa amabutho ahlomile, nokuqondisa i-compatial communiment. Igatsha lihlanganisa futhi i-Lice Presidential, i-Kabitte (ephethwe yizinhloko zeminyango ephethe), kanye nenqwaba yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izikhomishane, amahhovisi. Umthetho unikeza uMongameli amandla akhethekile (engangowodwa, igunya lokumisa, nendima yoMphathi enkosi enkosi eNkomkhulu), kodwa lezi zimelene ngamabomungamenzi neziphathimandla zokwahlulela ukuze zivimbele ukulawulwa okulawulwa okulawulwa okungahlangane.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zamasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasesha nezilinganiso zisebenza ngezindlela eziningi ezivumela amagatsha emithetho neyahlulelo ukuba anciphise amandla okulawula. Okulandelayo yizingxenye eziyinhloko:

  • [[[Umthetho:0] Ukulawula okusemthethweni: uqondisa imisebenzi yezikhulu ngokuzwa, ukuhlola, nokuhlola ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemithetho nenhloso yesimiso.
  • amandla entengo:[ uhlela ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, ukunikeza noma ukugoma imali ukuze kulolonge izinto eziza kuqala nezenzo.
  • Amandla okuhlela:[ IziKhongolo zingakhipha uMongameli nezinye izikhulu ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha, esebenza njengendlela yomthetho-mthetho yokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi okukhulu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: ISigele kumele siqinisekise ukumiswa okukhulu komongameli, kuhlanganise namalungu eKhabhinethi, amajaji, namanxusa kahulumeni.
  • Veto Power futhi engawunaki: UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa u-veto nge-31 ye-intelligence emagumbini womabili.
  • [ Judicial Review:[ Izinkantolo zingamemezela izenzo zokuqondisa ezingavumelani nemithetho, eziqeda ukuphamba noma ukwephulwa komthetho.
  • Imithetho yeMpi: i-War Powers Resolution ka 1973 ilinganisela ikhono likaMongameli lokubeka amabutho ahlomile kwamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano.

Ukuphatha Kwegatsha Eliphethe Ngomthetho

I-Congress iqondisa njengendlela eyinhloko yokuhlola amandla okuphatha. Lenqubo eqhubekayo ihlanganisa ukuhlola indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo, ukuhlola ukuziphatha okungathandeki, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zisebenza ngegunya lazo elingokomthetho. Ukuqondisa kuqhutshwa amakomiti amile, ukukhetha amakomiti, nangezinhlangano zokusekela ezinjenge-Romagement Accounting Office (GAO) ne-Congregational Research Service.

Izindaba Zekomiti

AmaKomiti kokubili eNdlu neSigele anezimemezelo zokubuza izikhulu eziphethe ngezenzo, izinqubo, nezinqumo. Lokhu kulalela kudinga ukuba izikhulu zibonakale futhi zilandise, ngokuvamile kwembula ukuphambana kwemithetho, ukuphulwa komthetho, noma ukwehluleka kwezimiso. OFakazi kungadingeka ukuba bafakazele ngaphansi kwesifungo, futhi amalungu ekomiti angaphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi ngokudlula e-toppoena. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yeNdluyalo yokulungisa ihlola njalo imisebenzi yegatsha lezikhulu neyaMandla kahulumeni. [NT] Igunya lokusebenzisa iziphakamiso ezingekho emthethweni liyithuluzi eligxekayo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuphakama izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho lapho igatsha elikhulu lifuna ilungelo lobuphathi, njengoba kuboniswa ezimweni ezivelele njengase-[FLT] Khesahsayithi ye-Prential Active Activespoicity [F1].[3]

Amandla Okuhlola Nezinhlayiya

Igunya lophengululo lidlulela kunoma iyiphi indaba phakathi kwe-province yayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhipha izimpondo zobufakazi noma amaphepha, ukuphatha iziphakamiso, ngisho nokudelela abantu ngabanye ngenxa yokungalawuleki. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela amandla eSishaya-mthetho isikhathi eside ukuba ahlolwe, ngokuhlola ukuthi uphengululo kumelwe lufeze injongo engokomthetho (Mcrain v. Daughty, [1951]),. Upheno lwamuva oluphezulu lwezi luye lwahlola izenzo zezikhulu ezihlobene nokulawula ukufuduka, ukuqapha kwesizwe, nokusebenzisa amandla esimo esiphuthuma. Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekuguquleni imithetho yezimiso, noma ekuhleleni kwezimiso zezembutho.

Amandla Okuthenga

Ukulawula kweKhomishane ukuhlolwa kwemithetho kungokunye kokuhlola okunamandla kakhulu emandleni abaphathi. UMthetho-sisekelo unika igatsha lemithetho igunya elikhethekile lokukhokha intela futhi lisebenzise (ISiqesha I, Ingxenye 8, u-Clause 1). Ngenxa yalokho, uMongameli nezinhlangano eziphethe ngeke zisebenze ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yimali kahulumeni. Le mishini yenza ukuba i-Congress Congress ihlele izinhlelo ezithile, ibeke ezinye imingcele, futhi ibeke izimo ekusebenziseni izimali.

Inqubo Yokuhloba

Unyaka ngamunye, iSishaya-mthetho kumelwe sidlulise izikweleti eziyishumi nambili ezihlela ukuxhasa ukuxhaswa kwezimali eminyangweni kahulumeni nezinhlangano. UMongameli ufaka isiphakamiso semali, kodwa uMkhandlu awubophekile ukuba usilandele. Ngenqubo yokunikeza iziphakamiso, abamisi-mthetho bangandisa, banciphe, noma baphike ukuxhaswa kwezimali zezindlela ezithile, ngokuphumelelayo ukuqondisa. Ngokwesibonelo, iSivumelwano siye savala ukuxhaswa kwezimali zokwakhiwa komngcele, sanqabela ukusetshenziswa kweminyango ethile yezempi, futhi savimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho ethile yendawo ezungezile. Impoondmental Act ka- 1974 ilinganisela ngokwengeziwe ikhono likaMongameli lokungameli lokusebenzisa imali efanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusabela kuMongameli Nixondment'soundent.

Ukuxhasa Nezikhweli Ezinezimo

Izishaya-ndlela zivame ukuhlanganisa izimo ekudluliseni imithetho, zifuna igatsha eliphethe ukuba lihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezithile ngaphambi kokufinyelela izimali. Lezi zimo zingahlanganisa ukubika izimfuneko, ukuqinisekiswa kwezinhloso zenqubo, noma ukuvinjelwa kwemisebenzi ethile. Abagibeli abanjalo bavumela iziKhongolo ukuba zithonye isenzo sokuphatha ngaphandle kokudlula umthetho. Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izimo ezidlulele zingalawula igatsha eliphethe, zifinyeze ukwahlukana kwamandla. INkanto ePhakathi kabanzi iye yasekela imibandela yokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside nje izimo zicacile futhi zihlobene nohlelo lwezwe ([] South Dakota] v. [FLTB],], , .[5], 1987]

Ukuzimisela: Indlela Yokugcina

Ukugunyaza kuyithuluzi loMthetho-sisekelo elinamandla kakhulu ekuhloleni igatsha eliphethe. Livumela uMkhandlu ukuba ususe uMongameli, uMongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ze "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme" (Artle II, Ingxenye 4). Lenqubo isebenza njengesithiyo ekusetshenzisweni kabi okungathi sína kwamandla futhi ayivamile ukuncengwa, kodwa ukuba khona kwayo kugcizelela isimiso sokuthi akukho sikhulu esingaphezu komthetho.

Inqubo Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

Le nqubo iqala eNdlu yabameleli, lapho i-Profession Committee Committee ephethe khona amafomu namavoti ezihlokweni zokungagunyazi. Uma ingxenye enkulu yendlu egcwele ivunyelwa, uMongameli uyaphoqelelwa − − inqunywe ukuba ithathe umthetho. Lendaba idlulela eNdlu yeSishaya - mthetho, ebekwa icala iSikhulu seSigqebhene (lapho uMongameli equlwa). Ukuqiniseka kudinga inani elingamashumi amathathu amabili nantathu abashicileli abakhona, okuphumela ekususweni kwesikhundla futhi okungase kwenzeke ukususwa kwesikhundla sikahulumeni. ISishayamthetho singavotela ukusola noma ukukhipha umthetho. I-Framenstars ingamisa ngamabomu eqophelo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa kwe-Rocel, kodwa le nqubo isasetshenziswa njengesikhali sezikhali zezombangazwe ezisenkathini ezilwayo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando

Ababusi abathathu baye basontwa yileNdlu:

  • Andrew Johnson (1868) - - Wacekwa ngokuphula i-Tenure of Office Act; wakhululwa ngevoti eyodwa.
  • [[IFLT:0] BIL Clinton ( – Ihloniselwe ukukhohlisa nokuvimbela ubulungisa; ikhululiwe iSigele.
  • Donald Trump (209 no-2021) – I-Impeding kabili: okokuqala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokuphazamiseka kombuso (ihlazo le-Ukraine), futhi kamuva ngenxa yokubhebhethekisa ukuvukela (January 6 ukuhlasela); ungabi nacala kuzo zombili izikhathi.

Nakuba kungekho mongameli osuswe ngokuqashelwa, inqubo ihlola umphakathi futhi ingalulaza inhloko - dolobha yezombangazwe yomongameli, njengoba kubonakala ngemva kwakho kokubili ukuphenya kwe-Clinton ne Trump. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usongo lokungagunyazi lungavimbela ukuphambana kwezikhulu ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwezigele Ngokumisa Izinqumo

UMongameli umisa abantu ngabanye ezikhundleni zikahulumeni eziyinhloko − kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye namanxusa (kodwa lokhu kumisa kudinga "imvume nemvume" yeSigele II, Ingxenye 2, u-Claus 2). Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lisebenza abantu abafanelekayo abangamelana nokuhlolwa komphakathi.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa

Ngemva kokuba uMongameli ememezele ukumiswa kwesinqumo, ikomiti yeSigele efanelekile (umz., iJadia yejaji, iMasipala e-Inforeign Relations for manxusa) izwa lapho u-minee ephendula khona imibuzo emayelana nesizinda sabo, izimfanelo, nemibono yezimiso. Ikomiti ivota ukuthi iyakutusa yini ukumiswa kweSigele esigcwele. Uma ivunyelwe, iSigele njengempikiswano yonke namavoti; i-Externational Relationstionsss, nakuba ukumiswa okuthile okunjengobahluleli befuna inqwaba kuphela (hhayi ukukhohlakala okunga, ngokuphikisana nokunye okungakhohliswayo). Inqubo ingaba nokuthanda iNkakhulu yeNkanto engathi i-Curtmine.

Imisebenzi Ewusizo

Ukugunyazwa kweSigele kusebenza njengesesheshi elibucayi ngokuvumela abakhokhi ukuba bavimbele abaqeqeshiwe noma abafuna ukuthatha i-presidenti. Futhi kulinganisela amandla omongameli: umongameli obhekene neSigele esilawulwa yiqembu eliphikisayo kungase kudingeke ukuba afake izibalo ezengeziwe ukuze aqinisekise isiqinisekiso. Ngokuphambene, uma iSigele silawulwa yiqembu likamongameli, ngokuvamile abanyunyana babhekene nokumelana okuncane, kodwa amandla okubamba i-sprip' noma "blueprip" ivetoes (izihlalo zenkosi ezenqaba ukuvala ukuzwa) asekhona. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi imishini nokulinganisela kwezehlakalo namaqiniso ezombangazwe.

Ukungalawuleki Kwe - Veto Nemithetho

Igunya likaMongameli linye isici esibalulekile esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina, noma ukuwukhipha. I-veto ibuyisela isikweleti eSishaya-Mkhandlwini ngesigijimi esichaza ukuphikisa. Nokho, uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa umthetho wesikhulu sikamongameli ngesithathu esisodwa ngokuvota kokubili iNdlu neSigele, ngaleyondlela ufaka umthetho enkantolo ngenxa yokuphikisa kukaMongameli.

Izinhlobo Ze - Vetoes

Ngaphezu kwe-veto evamile, uMongameli une- pocreet vento: uma i-Congress ibambene nezinsuku eziyishumi zokunikeza umthetho, uMongameli akakwazi ukuwusayina, ukunqanda ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokuba ulawule. uMongameli akanawo umgqa owe-i-veto'isuto''''ikhono lokulahla amalungiselelo athile okusetshenziswa kwemali). INkanto ephakeme yashaya umthetho kahulumeni we-itecto ku-[FLT:] [FLT] v. Idolobha laseNew York [act3]. I-Veyesssssssss ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhleleka okufanelekile, ngenxa yesibonelo, Droveto 3555] izindleko zemali phakathi noMongameli we-Bush Georgein. Ngezikhathi ezingu-20 kuphela i-Groush i-Preastruearsten.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela Igatsha Eliphethe

Ijaji linikeza ukuhlola okubalulekile ngokuchaza imithetho nangokuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zobuphathi zivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Ngamandla okubukeza kokwahlulela (omiswe ku- Marbury v. Madison, 1803]), izinkantolo zingalulaza iziyalezo zezikhulu, imithetho, nezenzo ezidlula igunya lomthetho noma ukwephula amalungelo omthetho-mthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Kuyaqhutshwa

Lapho igatsha eliphethe inkantolo libhekene nenselele, ikomiti ihlola ukuthi lesisenzo siwela ngaphakathi komthetho-mthethweni noma igunya eligunyaziwe. Izimo zivame ukuhilela ukugomela ngokuthi uMongameli udlule amandla akhe, njengokuyala ukuthatheka kwemboni yezesigebengu ngaphandle kwemvume ye-communiontion ([[FL:0]]] intsha eshaye yezesikhathi Phelele i-Profethi; i-Tube Co. v. v. v[FLT:]] [12]], 1952]) noma ukukhipha iziyalezo zesikhulu eziphikisana nemithetho ye-omganomes ngokomthetho. INkanto ephakeme iphinda isho ukuthi ivume ilungelo lokuphatha ngokomthetho. [[FLT] provissionaunces procences providences] providentiaup, ngokulinganayo.[4]

Ukuma Nokulunga

Akuyona yonke inselele yokubusa ifinyelela inzuzo. Izinkantolo zidinga ukumiswa kwezindlela zokulimaza zekhonkolo ezithathelwe isinyathelo esiphikiswayo, futhi lendaba kumelwe ifaneleke (akuyona umbuzo wezombangazwe oshiyelwe amagatsha ezombangazwe kangcono). Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iyekile ukubusa eMthethweni wemibuso yempi noma izinqubo zokuhlobana ezisemthethweni kwezinye izimo, ukubhekisa kuMkhandlu noma kuMongameli. Noma kunjalo, lapho kuvela kahle, ukuphatha kwesikhulu sezezomthetho kungalulaza impatho, njengoba kubonakala ku-[Foctal:0] Ukuthatha i-kate ye-partment of Homeland Security in California [[FOLD1] [20], okwashaya i-DCUPrions's.

Izindlela Ezengeziwe Zokuhlola Amandla Okuqondisa

Ngaphandle kwezinqubo eziyisisekelo zomthetho - sisekelo, izinhlangano eziningana nezinqumo zenhlangano zicindezela igatsha eliphethe.

Isinqumo Sezikhundla Zempi

Ngo-1973 kwaqashelwa ukubusa uMongameli Nixon'svento, iSigqizo seWar Powers ifuna ukuba uMongameli azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 enza amabutho ukuba alwe futhi alinganisele ukuthunyelwa kwempi izinsuku ezingu-60 (ngenkathi yokuphuma kwezinsuku ezingu-30) ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ugunyaze ukuqhubeka kwesenzo. Nakuba amongameli beye baphikisana njalo nokubekwa komthetho - sisekelo, leli zwi lesinqumo liye laguqula indlela ukulwa okunjengokungenela kuka-2011 eLibya kanye nomkhankaso wokulwa ne-IISSIS. I-PUmkhanka iye yaphikisana, kodwa umthetho unikeza isisekelo sokubekela inselele izivumelwano zokulwa okungagunyazwangagunyaziwe.

Abahloli Abavamile Nabavikeli Abaphehla Umsindo

Inhlangano enkulu ngayinye ine-Inspector General (IG) enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola nokuhlola izimangalo zokulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhashazwa, nokuziphatha okubi. I-IGs isebenza ngokuzimela okulinganiselwe futhi ibike kokubili enqubeni ye-authomper Protection Act (202) kanye nezinye izimiso zivikela izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezibika ububi ekuziphindiseleni. Lezimiso zingenza ukuba ukuqondisa kwangaphakathi okungadalula ukwehluleka kwehhovisi elikhulu, njengokukhononda ngo-2019 kwe-mkhalazo eziholela ekutheni i-pali ye-Prencerdenti yokuqala kaMongameli u-Trump.

Indima Yezimo Ezizimele

Izinhlangano ezithile zikahulumeni − njenge Federal Reserve, iSecturalies and Exchange Commission, neFederal Evotion Commission , kuklanyelwe ukuvikelwa ekulawuleni umongameli ngokuqondile. Amakhomishani abo asebenza kumagama amisiwe futhi angakwazi ukususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, isakhiwo iNkantolo Ephakeme eyasisekela i-Humprofey's surey v. United States (1935) futhi kamuva yacwengalela umthetho owe-LLC v. Confecialcial Officet Burection Bureaunity [[FLT:]] 2020]. Lezinhlangano ezizimele zihlola imithetho yezobungame ngokukhipha imithetho yezentengiselwano ngaphandle kokwesaba ukujeza, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezenteko yezentengo.

Umbono Womphakathi Nemithombo Yezindaba

Nakuba kungekona ukuhlola okungokomthetho komthetho-mthetho, umbono womphakathi kanye nezindaba ezikhululekile kusebenza njengemingcele enamandla enamandla emandleni aphethe. Ukuhlola kwe Media, uphengululo lwezinkambiso, nezimpikiswano zezombangazwe ziguqula ukuqonda komphakathi futhi zingaphoqelela iKhongolo ukuba yenze. Icala lePentagon Papers ( New York Times Co. v. United States[[FLT], 1971) yabonisa indlela ukubika okungaphoqelela ngayo igatsha eliphethe ukuba livikele izenzo zalo, nekhono lomphakathi lokuvota umongameli noma i-propatialdern.

Isiphetho

Amasheke nezilinganiso egatsheni eliphethe akuyona imithetho eqinile kodwa yisimiso esinamandla esishintshayo ngokushintsha kwezombangazwe, ngokomthetho, nangokwezenhlalo. Kusukela ekuqondiseni kwemithetho nasemandleni emali ukuya ekubukezeni nasekufundiseni, lezi zinqubo zihlangene zivimbela ukunqwabelana kwamandla nokuvikela umthetho. Ukuqonda ukuthi ibaluleke kakhulu kubafundi, abafundisi, nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo, njengoba zibonisa ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo kokulandisa nokubona kude ekulawuleni. Ukuze ufunde, hlola [[FLT: 0].S. U. U. Constituration[, [[FLT:], [FLT] [iK], [iqembu] [i-eqelelo] elilinganiselwe lokuhlola isisekelo se-Equalctive Institutetion [FLT], futhi [izimiso ezisemthethweni zomthetho] futhi [Foctive] iyaqhubeka ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwesimiso ngasinye segatsha ngalinye.