Isimiso Senkantolo Yezinkantolo Eziyi - Dual: Izinkantolo Zesifunda NeziHulumeni

Isakhiwo sesimiso senkantolo eUnited States sisebenza ezindleleni ezimbili ezihambelanayo: izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lesi simiso esibili sivela ezimisweni zombuso, lapho uhulumeni wezwe nohulumeni bezwe behlanganyela khona amandla. Izinkantolo zesizwe zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezizwe, namacala lapho i-United States iyinhlangano. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu, ukuphikisana komphakathi, umthetho womkhaya, nokuphula umthetho wezimoto. Isimiso ngasinye sinezikhundla zamacala aso siqu, ngokwezinkantolo ezingaphansi, eziphakathi kwezinkantolo, futhi inkantolo ephakeme engaphezulu kakhulu engaphezulu kakhulu (inkantolo ephakeme noma e-U.S. iNkanto ephakeme yezindaba zombuso). Ukuqonda lokhu kunquma ukuthi kubekwa icala futhi kusebenza imithetho ethile.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: Lapho Kuqala Khona Amacala

Izinkantolo zecala ziyizinga lokuqala lesimiso sokwahlulela. Ziyizinkantolo ezithola iqiniso lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, ofakazi, futhi amajaji noma abahluleli bakhipha izinqumo. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, lezi zinkantolo zibizwa ngokuthi iziNkantolo zeSigodi zase-U.S., okungenani eyodwa kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, zihamba ngamagama anjengeNkantolo Ekhulu, iNkantolo Yesifunda, noma iNkantolo Yesifunda. Izinkantolo zisingatha kokubili amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu ekuqaleni. Zivame ukulwa ngezindaba ezithile ukuze zithuthukise impumelelo nobuchwepheshe.

Izingxabano Eziyinhloko Ezinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala

  • Izinkantolo zeCivil:[ Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele (abantu noma izinhlangano) ezivumelwaneni, impahla, ukulimala komuntu siqu, nezinye izindaba ezingezona ezobugebengu. Umgomo ngokuvamile uwumonakalo wemali noma ukukhululeka okulinganayo.
  • Izinkantolo eziqulwayo: zisingatha amacala lapho uhulumeni emangalela khona umuntu ngokuphula umthetho wobugebengu. Izigebengu zingahlanganisa ifa, ukugcinwa, noma ukuboshwa. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinhlobo zecala likahulumeni [.
  • [[QUT: 0] Izinkantolo zomkhaya:[ Gxila ebuhlotsheni basekhaya obunjengesahlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukusekela izingane, ukutholwa, nokuyalwa kobudlova basekhaya. Lezinkantolo zivame ukugcizelela ukudluliswa kwezindaba kanye nezithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zezingane.
  • Iziphakamiso Ezincane zezinkantolo:[ Inkantolo yomphakathi eyenziwe lula yezimpikiswano ezihilela izilinganiso ezimbalwa zemali (ngokuvamile zibhalwe ngo $5 000 [R1 000] kuye ngokuthi i-ofisi ilawulwa). I-procedia ayikho umthetho osemthethweni, futhi abameli ngokuvamile abadingwa.
  • [ Iprojected Court:[ Icala lezivumelwano, izakhiwo, imikhumbi eqaphile, kanye nemali. Iqinisekisa ukuthi impahla yofileyo yabelwa ngokwemithetho noma ngokwentando yayo.
  • [ Izinkantolo zeTraffic:[ Ukusebenzelana nokuphulwa kwemithetho enyakazayo, amathikithi okupaka, kanye namacala amancane ahlobene nomgwaqo.
  • Izinkantolo zezezidakamizwa:[ Izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezihlanganisa ukwelashwa nomqondisi wokwahlulela ukubheka ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa njengembangela eyinhloko yokuziphatha kobugebengu.

Izinkantolo zenkantolo zincike kakhulu enqubweni yokuqulisa: uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano phambi komahluleli ongakhethi (futhi ngezinye izikhathi umsizi wejaji). Umahluleli usebenza njengomphathi wesango wemithetho engokomthetho, unquma ezindabeni zeze-produced, futhi ufundisa abahluleli ngomthetho. Uma bekhona, banquma amaqiniso futhi bakhiphe isigwebo. Ekhejini ukuqulwa kwecala (ngaphandle kwejaji), umahluleli ufeza izindima zombili. Ukuqaphela indima eyinhloko yezinkantolo zokuqulwa kuyisisekelo sanoma yiziphi imfundo yezembubhini.

Izinkantolo Eziqulwa Amacala: Ukubukeza Iphutha

Ngemva kokuba inkantolo ifinyelele isinqumo, umkhandlu olahlekile ungaba nelungelo lokudlulisa icala enkantolo. Lezinkantolo aziqhubeli ukuqulwa okusha noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha. Kunalokho, zibukeza umlando wecala lenkantolo lokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zinqume ukuthi amaphutha athinta umphumela. Inkantolo ihlola iziphakamiso ezidluliswa amacala futhi izwe izinkulumo zabameli. Izindawo zamajaji amathathu zinquma ukuthi ukudluliswa kwezicelo. Inkantolo yenkantolo ingaqinisekisa, ingasiguqula, noma ilungise isinqumo senkantolo sokuqulwa kwecala, noma ithumele icala emuva (inde) ukuze iphinde idlulise izimpikiswano ngokuqhubekayo kanye nombono wayo.

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ezingenelanayo

Izifundazwe eziningi nesimiso sikahulumeni sinezinkantolo eziphazanyiswayo (isik., izinkantolo zokudlulisa Amacala, iziNkantolo zesifundazwe ze-Applers). Lezi zisingatha izikhalo eziningi, zinikeza izinga lokuqala lokubukeza. Ngaphezu kwazo kuhlala inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu — inkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. Lezinkantolo zinegunya elingokomthetho, okusho ukuthi zikhetha ukuthi yiziphi izimangazo ezizozilalelayo, ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa imibuzo engokomthetho noma izingxabano eziyinhloko phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Umtapo womtholalwazi weZinkantolo zokuphanga

  • Isiqondiso esiqinile: Isekela ukuthi izinkantolo eziqulwayo ziwusebenzisa kahle umthetho futhi zilandele inqubo efanele. Lokhu kuvikela amalungelo ama-litarigns.
  • Ukuvumelana koMthetho: ukuxazulula izincazelo eziphikisanayo zomthetho phakathi kwezinkantolo zamacala ezisebusweni obubodwa. Lokhu kuvumelana kubaluleke kakhulu ekubikezeleni nasekulinganiseni.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukubekwa kwe-predent: Izinqumo zokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuvamile zenza isimiso esibophayo esiqondisa izindaba zesikhathi esizayo. I-Starde decisis — isimiso sokuthembela ezimisweni zangaphambili — sinikeza ukuqina komthetho.
  • Ukuchaza okusemthethweni: Ukuchaza incazelo yezimiso, iziqondiso, nomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlela indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo ezweni lonke.

I-flonellate ivikela ezinqumweni ezizenziwe ngokungeyomfuneko. Izehlulelo zokugcina ziheha i-interlocations, kodwa iziyalo ezidluliselwe phakathi kwe-'triast' zivame ukudinga imvume ekhethekile. Inqubo ye-appelta iyisivikelo ekunqumeni imithetho eboshiwe noma eyiphutha. i-Cornell Legin Information Institute inikeza ukucatshulwa okuhle kakhulu kwezinkantolo ze-appelllate[

INkantolo Ephakeme: Ummeli Wokugcina

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ihlala eqophelweni lenkantolo yejaji kahulumeni, futhi isifundazwe ngasinye sinenkantolo yaso ephakeme kakhulu. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ezingaphansi kwegunya layo. Indima yayo ayikona nje ukulungisa amaphutha kodwa ukunikeza incazelo eqinisekile yoMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo ilalela amacala ngempoqo ye-ceretiari, imukela cishe iphelo elilodwa kuphela lezicelo zomthetho ngamunye (cishe amacala angu-70-80 amacala angu-7 000 kuya-25). Icala alikhethwangakho ukunikeza impikiswano engokomthetho yokubaluleka kwesizwe, idala ukuxabana phakathi kwezinkantolo zesifunda, noma ihilela izimpikiswano zomthetho.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo YeNkantolo Ephakeme

  • Ukuchaza nge-contituanium: Inkantolo ichaza incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Icala lophawu olunjengo Marbury v. Madison [ukubukeza kobujaji], Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (isivikelo esilinganayo), kanye [[FT:6] ne-CIT] CONTHP [4].
  • Jodicial Review: Amandla okumemezela imithetho, izenzo zokuphathwa kweziphathimandla, noma izinqumo zenkantolo ephansi ezingekho ngokwemithetho. Lokhu kuhlola kuqinisekisa wonke amagatsha kahulumeni asebenza phakathi kwemingcele yawo.
  • I-Reconsole Federal Conflicts: INkantolo Ephakeme ixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nombuso, naphakathi kwamaqembu azimele ahilela umthetho kahulumeni.
  • Ukubeka i-National Predent: Imithetho yayo iba umthetho wezwe, ingathi ithonya hhayi nje izinqumo zenkantolo zesikhathi esizayo kodwa futhi umthetho nenkambiso yomphakathi.

Isimiso seNkantolo Ephakeme simabomu: amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye (kuhlanganise noMahluleli oyedwa omkhulu) asebenza ekumiseni ukuphila konke, ahloselwe ukubavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Izinqumo zawo ngokuvamile ziyimibono elotshiwe echaza ukucabanga kweningi, kanye nemibono evumelanayo nephikisanayo.

Indima YabaHluleli, Amajaji, Nezisebenzi ZaseNkantolo

Isimiso senkantolo esisebenzayo sixhomeke kokungaphezu nje kwamajaji. Juries uletha izindinganiso zomphakathi enkantolo. Emacaleni obugebengu, iSichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ukuba abahluleli bontanga; emacaleni omphakathi, iSichibiyelo seSeventh silondoloza amacala ejaji emalini engaphezu kuka-R20. Indima yalaba bahluleli iwukuthola amaqiniso futhi basebenzise umthetho njengoba usiyale umahluleli. Nokho, amacala amaningi awafinyeleli ejajini — anqunywa ngokufaka isikhalazo (isigebengu) noma ngokuhlala (igebevil).

Abahluleli Ebutheni

  • AbaHluleli abaHluleli: Bengamele yonke inqubo yokulingwa — kusukela ekuthatheni phambili kwenqubo yezomthetho kanye nokukhetha okubi (ukukhetha okungalawuleki) ukuya ekuqondiseni ubufakazi, ukubusa ngemisho, nokukhipha isigwebo noma isahlulelo. Ngokuvamile bakhethwa noma bamiswe ngokwemibandela emisiwe, kuye ngokwendawo.
  • AbaHluleli abaphezulu: Bakhonza emaphasejini abukeza amarekhodi okuhlola. Ababuzwa ubufakazi kodwa bagxila empikiswaneni engokomthetho. Imibono yabo ithonya ukusungulwa komthetho. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, AbaHluleli besifunda bamiswa ukuze baphile.
  • Izahlulelo zeNkantolo: Ezingeni likahulumeni, zimiswa nguMongameli futhi ziqinisekiswe uMkhandlu wesigele. Amajaji enkantolo ephakeme yoMbuso angakhethwa noma amiswe. Umsebenzi wabo uhilela ukukhetha amacala, ukubhala imibono, nokulungisa indlela yomthetho.
  • Imvume AbaHluleli: Esimisweni sikahulumeni, amajaji asiza abahluleli besifunda ngokusingatha izindaba zangaphambi kwecala, izimpikiswano zokuthola, futhi ngezinye izikhathi bengamele amacala amancane. Bamiswa abahluleli besigodi ngokwemibandela emisiwe.

Ezinye Izisebenzi Ezibalulekile ZaseNkantolweni

Omabhalane basenkantolo baphatha amafayela amacala, bagcine ibhodi, futhi bakhiphe izifungo. Izintatheli zenkantolo zenza izingcaphuno eziqinile zezindaba. Ababenzi baqinisekisa ukulondeka nokuhleleka. Omabhalane bomthetho basiza abahluleli ngokuhlola izindaba zomthetho nemibono ehlelwayo. Indima ngayinye ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kobulungisa.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Nesinqumo Esihlukile

Izimiso zenkantolo zanamuhla ziye zashintsha zaba nezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ezinezinqubo ezivumelanayo.

  • Izinkantolo zeBankruptic: Ingxenye yezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni, basingatha amacala ngaphansi kweBankruptic Code, bevumela abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bakhiphe noma bahlele kabusha izikweletu.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izinkantolo ze-Foct:1] ezizwa izimpikiswano phakathi kwabakhokhi bentela neNkonzo yezeMbali yeNguquko.
  • [[ITL:0] Izinkantolo zezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke:[ zisingatha amacala ahilela ukunqatshelwa kwecala, imithetho yezohwebo, namasiko.
  • [[I-VT:0] Izinkantolo ze-'FLT' ezikhethekile' izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphambukisa omakadlele abanempilo yengqondo ehlobene nenkonzo noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa ezikahulumeni ezihlela izinhlelo zokwelapha kunokuba ziboshwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izindlela zempikiswano (ADR) njengezokuhlanganisa nokukhipha izigwebo zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuxazululeni amacala ngaphandle kwenkantolo engokomthetho. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zifuna ukuba amaqembu azame i-ADR ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze anciphise ukunqwabelana kwempahla ezibukweni. I-Mediation ihilela i-application yesithathu engathathi hlangothi; ukuhlukanisa kuveza isinqumo esibophayo ngomsizi we-arbit. Lezi zinqubo zingaba ngejubane futhi zibizi kakhulu kune-ligitation. i-American Bact Association’s ADR inikeza ukufundwa okuqhubekayo.

Indlela Amacala Ahamba Ngayo Kulesi Simo

Ukuqonda uhambo oluvamile lwecala kukhanyisa isimo senkantolo ngendlela ethatha isinyathelo. Icala lomphakathi liqala lapho ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo. Ukuphendula kulandelayo: ukushintshisana ngobufakazi, ukuquliswa, nokuphenya. Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi komthetho kungaxazulula icala ngokushesha (umk., ukwahlulela ngokufiphele). Uma icala liqhubeka ukuqulwa, isinqumo siyafinyezwa. Ummangalelwa angafaka inselele umphumela. Khona - ke isikhalo singalethwa enkantolo ephakathi, futhi cishe silethe enkantolo ephakeme. Enkantolo yobugebengu, inkantolo (ummangaliso) iletha icala ngemva kokuboshwa nokuqulwa okukhulu kwecala noma ukuqulwa. Ummangalelwa angangena, angene esikhongozelweni. Uma inkantolo ingaqulwa.

Kulo lonke lolu hambo, isakhiwo senkantolo siqinisekisa izingqimba eziningi zokubukeza: inkantolo yamacashaza (ukuthola imvume), inkantolo yecala (ukuhlola umthetho), nenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (igama elingunxantathu). Lesi simiso sesifunda siklanyelwe ukulinganisela impumelelo nokulunga, ukuvumela amaphutha ukuba abanjwe futhi alungiswe. iSikhungo sesizwe seState Courts sinikeza izakhiwo ezifundisayo ngendlela amacala kahulumeni asebenza ngayo.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Izwe limelene neNkantolo yeSizwe

Nakuba inqubo yesithathu ebanzi (inkantolo → iphakeme) ivame ukuhlukahluka. Ezinye izinkantolo zesifunda ziyahlukahluka. Ezinye izigodlo (umz., New York) ziqamba izinkantolo zazo zokuqulwa kwecala ngokuthi “Izinkantolo,” ezidala ukudideka. Ezinye zinenkantolo eyodwa ephethe ngokulinganiselwe. Isimiso sikahulumeni sifana: iziNkantolo zeSigodi (inkantolo), izinkantolo zesifunda zezeNkathi (umkhakhakha), futhi izinkantolo eziPhakathi zinezinkantolo eziPhakathi zilinganiselwe — zingalalela kuphela amacala aqhamuka ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni noma ukwahluka kwezindawo (izigaba zezwe ezihlukene). Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingamakhothamela noma inkantolo ezivamile — cishe amacala abekelwe inkantolo embubhiyo.

Omunye umehluko: amajaji ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile akhethwa (noma amiswe ngokhetho lokuzinza), kuyilapho amajaji kahulumeni emiswa ukuze aphile. Lomehluko uthonya ukuziphatha kokwahlulela nokulandisa. Isakhiwo samazwe ahlukene sivumela ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi, azame izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwahlulela.

Isiphetho

Isimiso senkantolo — kusukela ezinkantolo lapho kutholakala khona amaqiniso, ezinkantolo eziqinisekisa ukulunga okungokomthetho, ezinkantolo eziphakeme ezixazulula imibuzo eyisisekelo — iyinqubo elinganiselwe ngokunakekelayo yokuphatha ubulungisa. Isigaba ngasinye sifeza imisebenzi ehlukile: izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala zixazulula futhi zisebenzise umthetho osemthethweni, futhi izinkantolo eziphakeme zinikeza ukugcinwa kokugcina nokwengamela komthetho. Ngokuqonda lesigaba, izakhamuzi zingawaqonda kangcono amalungelo nesivikelo esinikezwa ngaphansi komthetho. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ziqonda izindima zezinkantolo ezihlukene akuzona nje izifundiswa; ziyisisekelo sokufunda nokubhalisa nokubopha kwezekwa kweze-mthetho.