Indima yemithombo yezindaba njenge-wardog iyitshena lomphakathi wentando yeningi. Ngokuthatha amandla okulandisa, ukuhlola ukungalingani, nokwazisa umphakathi, i-messageism isekela ukubonakala nokulandisa okufunwa yidemokrasi. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulu ukuthi i-meya isekela kanjani izindinganiso zedemokrasi, izinselele ezibhekene nazo, nendlela engaphambili. Ngokunyuka kwamapulatifomu amanani nezisongelo ezandayo zokucindezela inkululeko, ukuqonda lomsebenzi kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Isisekelo Se - Journalogism Eqashelwayo

I-message devingism ibhekisela emkhubeni wokuhlola nokuhlola abacophelela izintatheli abaphethe, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, izinkampani, nezinye izinhlangano. Injongo yayo ukudalula ububi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, nokuphulwa kwethemba lomphakathi.

Imisuka Engokomlando

Umqondo wesimemezelo esikhululekile njengendlela yokuhlola i-Wrimpdown wavela phakathi no-Kwehlaziyo, nongqondongqondo njengoJohn Stuart Mill ephikisana ngokubaluleka kwenkulumo yomphakathi nobubonisi. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkululeko, sisiza izintatheli ukuba zisebenze njengesehlo kuhulumeni. Izehlakalo ezingokomthetho ezinjenge iNew York Times v. Sullivan [1964] [1964]) [iqikelele ikhono lezokuxhumana lokubika ngezikhulu ngaphandle kokwesaba isheko lomphakathi, uma ingekho ububi obungokoqobo. Lesivikelo esingokomthetho siye saba esibaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini we-Explue, sivumele izintatheli ukuba ziphishe izindaba ezingase zingacinezelwa. Ngokufanayo, e-UK, i-Act Act of Human Convention Against, iqinisekisa inkululeko yaseYurophu, i-Evision, futhi ayigunyazwe ngokuphelele.

Umqondo wezindaba njenge "isikhungo sesine" — igatsha lesine likahulumeni — wathandwa ngu-Edmund Burke. Ngekhulu le-19, ama-muckrackers njengo-Upton Sinclair noIda Tarbell wasebenzisa umbiko wophengululo ukuze adalule ukuxhashazwa kwezinhlangano, uholela ekuguquleni inguquko ekulondekeni kokudla nasemithethoni yokulahla izimali. Lelisiko liyaqhubeka namuhla, nezintatheli ezinjenge-Seymourmash zivulile ukubulala Kwami Kwezigelekeqe eVietnam. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwe-divolution ye-diagism kuqinisa indima yezekelo yezemboni yezezimali, ngezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe ezigcizelela ukuthembeka nokuzimela.

Izimiso Zomkhomo

  • [ Ukuncika ezithakazelweni ezizenezentengiselwano - Izintatheli kumelwe zigweme izingxabano zesithakazelo ezingase zibike ubandlululo. Iziqondiso zesayensi zidinga ukudalulwa kwezibopho zezimali noma izijoyinano zezombangazwe.
  • Ukuvumelana neqiniso nokunemba [ – Ukuqinisekisa kusemzimbeni. Isimiso sezimiso zokuziphatha seNhlangano yezikhulumi zezindaba sigcizelela "Funda iqiniso bese ulibika" njengesibopho sokuqala.
  • ukubopha nge- – izinhlangano zezindaba kufanele zivule ngemithombo yazo nangezindlela, zilungise amaphutha ngokushesha.
  • Ukukhonza isithakazelo somphakathi – Umgomo wokugcina ukutshela izakhamuzi, hhayi ukuqhubekisela phambili amacebo ayimfihlo noma izinjongo zezentengiselwano.

Ukucwaninga Izindaba Eziningi: Iqiniso Elingatholakali

I-Applicationism iwuhlobo olunzulu kakhulu lomsebenzi wewashi. Kudinga ukucwaninga okujulile, ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa, futhi ngokuvamile umzamo othatha isikhathi eside ukuveza izindaba ezifihliwe. Loluhlobo lokubika luye lwaholela ezinguqulweni ezinkulu emthethweni nasenkambisweni. Ngokwe- iMelika Press Institute, izindaba zokuhlola ngokuvamile zibangela uphenyo lukahulumeni, izinguquko zemithetho, nokuxabana kwabantu.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe

Izintatheli ezihlola izimali zisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlola kwezincwadi kuhilela ukuhlola amarekhodi omphakathi, amafayela, kanye nezincwadi ezivuzayo. Izincwadi zemininingwane zisebenzisa izindlela zokubala ukuze kutholakale imiklamo, njengokuhlola izinhlelo zezezimali zezezimali. Izingxoxo zokubhula ngempempe ziwumthombo oyinhloko, nakuba zidinga isivikelo se-OFC. Nakuba kuphikiswana, i-Daily Telegraph, enjengendlela yokuhlola i-BBBC ekuxhashazweni ngokobulili abantu abadumile. Ngokwesibonelo, uNellie Blyly beqa uhlanyayo ngo-1887 ukuze abonise izimo ezisemkhankambisweni zengqondo. Muva nje, iphephandaba lase-British [FLT: 0] i-Dailograph [FLD [F:1] i-embuquluetonsssssssss, iveza izinkonzo zokukhangisa ezisemfundayo ezisemtholazweyo ezinwini zase-uni zase-Ukraine. I-Australia liveza i-Expoluglone, i-Expoll

Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo

Amaphepha Asogwini

Ngo-1971, iNew York Times yakhipha iPentagon Papers, ukuhlola okuhlukanisayo kwezesinqumo se-U.S. Vietnam. Lokhu kwembula inkohliso kahulumeni ngesilinganiso sempi nezingozi. Isikhulu seNixon saqulwa ukuba siyeke ukunyatheliswa, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ngokuvuna abanyathelisi, yamisa isibonelo esiqinile senkululeko yokusakaza izinto ezihlukanisayo ezisiza isithakazelo somphakathi. Icala lihlala liyingqophaza yenkululeko nesimiso sokuthi "ukuvikela ngemfihlo" kungalimaza idemo yentando yeningi.

Izimbubulo Zesiqhwa

U-Edward Snowden's 2013 uvuza izinhlelo zokuhlola zembulunga yonke ezilawulwa yi-NSA. Izintatheli uGlenn Greenwald noLaura Poitras zanyathelisa lamaphepha [ku- i-Guardian kanye ne-[FLT]] i-Washington Post[[[[FLLT:3]], ibhebhethelela izimpikiswano zembulunga yonke mayelana nemfihlo nohulumeni. Lokhu kwaholela ezinjukwini zezinqubo, kuhlanganise ne-USA Free Act ebeke iqoqo lemininingwane eminingi ebekelwe ngokungekho emthethweni. Izambulo zeZizwe ezihlolwayo zikhuthaza ukuba zihlolwe iziqondiso zezindaba zezindaba zezindaba zezindaba zezokuxhumana.

Impumelelo Yokuhlola Yasendaweni

Uphenyo lokuhlola amanani ophenyo alugcini nje kuphela ezindabeni zezwe noma zembulunga yonke. Izintatheli zendawo ziye zaveza ukonakala emabhodini esikole, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, nezingozi zendawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Charleton Gazette-Mail[ uphengululo lokuthunyelwa kwe-opioid eNtshona Virginia lwembula ukuthi izinkampani zezidakamizwa zathumela amaphilisi ayizigidi ezingu-780 eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili, okuholela ekuhlaseleni indawo ephawulekayo. Ngo-2019, uphengululo lwe-HLN's esimisweni sokuhlolwa kwezempilo eGeorgia lwembula ukuthi izimoto ziyahlanekezelwa, kuholele umthetho owezokuhlola ukufa kombuso. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amaphephandaba abuka i-ogalogis achuma wonke amazinga.

Ithonya Enqubweni Yomthetho Neyomphakathi

Uphenyo lwezimo zophenyo lunemiphumela esobala. Ukuhlola okwenziwa yi-Centre for Public Persuation kwathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-60 ezindaba zophengululo aholela ohlotsheni oluthile lwesenzo, njengokuwa, izinguquko ezingokomthetho, noma imibuzo yomphakathi. Uphenyo lwezimo zenhlekelele zamanzi lwabangela ukuxhaswa kwemithombo yamanzi esemthethweni esemthethweni. IPanama Papers yaholela ekuhoxisweni kwenkonzo yesikhulu se-Icelandic futhi yabangela ukuphenywa kwentela emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zibonelo zigcizelela amandla okuqhubeka nokubika.

Imithombo Yezindaba Njengendlela Yokunikeza Inkulumo Yeningi

Ngaphandle kokudalula ububi, imithombo yezindaba inikeza izakhamuzi indawo yokuhlanganyela ngemibono ehlukene. Lokhu kubalulekile ekutholeni idemokrasi enempilo, njengoba ikhuthaza ukuvota, isenzo somphakathi, nokuzinqumela ezindabeni zomphakathi. I-Pew Research Center[ ibonise ukuthi amaMelika alandela izindaba eduze kakhulu asengozini yokuvota nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yomphakathi.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nempikiswano Engokwesiko

Amaphephandaba, umsakazo, nethelevishini kuye kwaxoxwa isikhathi eside, izimpikiswano zezikhulu, i-op-mead, nezingxoxo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkonzo zokusakaza umphakathi njenge-PBS ne-BBC zinikezela isikhathi sokuhlola kwezombangazwe nezokuxhumana komphakathi. La mapulatifomu akhuthaza ingxoxo phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezikhulu. Amaphephandaba akhuthaza ukuxoxa phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezikhulu. Izingxoxo zomongameli, ngokwesibonelo, i-Expressia[FL:2] kanye ne-FLT [FLT:] inikeza abavotisi bezinto ezicishicilelwe ngokwezombangazwe, kuyilapho imisakazomsakazo yezelelwa ezindaweni zasemaphandleni. [e-FLT] Eze-Afrika, amaphephandaba anjenge-Foct: [FFD] anikeza ama-Foctal [FFoctal:] nezilimi zendawo.[FLD]

Ukwanda Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Izinzuzo

Amasiteji ezokuxhumana anjenge-Twitter kanye ne Facebook avumela ukuhlanganyela ulwazi olusheshayo nokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwezakhamuzi nabaholi. Imibutho enjenge # BREDLIVESMAT ne# MeToo yathola amandla kuleminyango, ikhulisa amazwi angokwesiko angashaywa indiva. Izenyuziyamu futhi yenza ukuba ukubika kwangempela kusuka ezifundeni zezingxabano, njengoba izakhamuzi ziveza amavidiyo nokwaziswa. Ngokwe-Pew Research, 53% ye-U.S. Abantu abadala bathola izindaba kulokhu kwezezindaba zezenhlalo yezokuxhumana, ziqokomisa indima yayo enkulumweni.

Izinselele

Nokho, imithombo yezokuxhumana isakaza amanga futhi yenza amagumbi okunanela. Imithetho-mthetho ivame ukubeka phambili okuqukethwe yizinto ezithathelwanayo, okungahlukanisa umbono womphakathi. Ukuhlola kuka-2020 kwe-Hynight Foundation kwathola ukuthi ukusebenzisa kwezenhlala-khona ukusebenzisa i-corretate ngokuhlanganisa okukhushuliwe kwezombangazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga kululaza ukwethembana kobuthameli obusemthethweni. "I-infodemic" phakathi nobhadane lwe-CHOVAD" kwabonisa indlela amakhambi nezinkolelo-mkhakha ezingaba ezingaba nemiphumela ebulalayo ngayo. I-Platformationsss ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokuchaza noma ukususa okuqukethwe okungamanga, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa kakhulu.

Ukusola Amazwi Ahlukahlukene

Imithombo yezindaba kumele ilwele ukumelela zonke izingxenye zomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi encishiswe ngokwemingcele nokunikeza iziteji zemibono ephikisayo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Global Investigative Journalism Network zisekela ukubika okuhlukahlukene. Ukulwa nobandlululo, amagumbi ezindaba athatha izinyathelo zokuhlola izinhlobonhlobo, nakuba intuthuko isahamba kancane. INhlangano ye-American Society yezindaba ibika ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezindaba ziye zanda kodwa zisahamba phambili. Imithombo yezindaba isekela imiphakathi yezinhlanga, njenge [FLT]], idlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi wonke amazwi ayazwakala.

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezindaba Zanamuhla

Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokuhlola kusongelwa ngezindlela eziningi. Izingcindezi zezomnotho, ukuhlasela kwezombangazwe, nokuphazamisa kwezobuchwepheshe kwakha isimo esibucayi sokubika ngokuhlukumeza.

Ukuzinza Kwezomnotho

Izilinganiso zemali ezingokwesiko zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano ziye zawa njengemisebe emikhulu njenge-Google ne Facebook zithatha amadola angaphezulu. Ngokwe- ngokweSikhungo sokucwaninga , umsebenzi wezezindaba eU.S. wehla ngamaphesenti angu-26 phakathi kuka-200 no-2020. Amaphephandaba endawo aye ahlaselwa kakhulu, ngokulingana no-500 evalekile kusukela ngo-20059. Lokhu kuholela ku-"zinhlalo olusha" lapho imiphakathi intula khona uhulumeni wendawo nesikole. [FLT][FFFF:3], ukuncipha kwenani lemali ekhuhlayo ekhuhlayo yemithombo yemithombo yezezimali ukuze ithole inzuzo. Isibonelo, izimali ze-Alden Casts, ingenza ukuba kunciphe izinzuzo ze-okelele i-ocensell. Isilinganiso somphakathi samazwe amanani ahlukene, i-90%.

Ukucindezela Nezibhebhe Zezombangazwe

Izintatheli zibhekene nenzondo eyandayo evela kubaholi bezombangazwe, abavame ukubiza ukugxeka ukubikwa ngokuthi "izindabeni eziyingozi" emazweni anjenge-Hungary nePoland, ohulumeni baye basebenzisa izindlela ezingokomthetho nezingokwezimali ukuze balawule imithombo yezindaba. Committee] Ukuvikela izintatheli [ imibiko yokuthi okungenani ezingu-202222] zabulawa emhlabeni wonke. EMexico, intatheli yezindaba iphakathi kwezindlela ezigcwele iNtshonalanga yenkaba, okungenani ezingu- 150 ezibulewe kusukela ngo 2000 nokwehliswa kwezingamele ngaphezu kuka-90%. Lokhu budlova bubangela ukuba abantu abaningi bazibonelele ngokwabo nobugebengu. EUnited States, izinsolo ngokusongela i-U. i-Fressbooks

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Inkathi yolwembu jikelele inezindaba ezingamanga ezikhuliswe kakhulu. Imikhankaso yokudalula, ngokuvamile e-module-spomporation, inhloso yokululaza ukwethemba imithombo yezindaba nenqubo yedemokrasi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokhetho luka 2016 U.S., amasosha aseRussia asebenzisa ama-akhawunti okukhohlisa ukuze asakaze okuqukethwe yi-internet. Ukulwa lokhu kudinga izinhlangano ezikwaziyo ezilawula amaqiniso njenge Fact.org[FLT][FLT][[FLD] [1] namathuluzi afana nokuhlehla isithombe. Izinkampani zezokuxhumana ziye zasebenzisa izinhlelo ezibonisa kalula ukuthi izimpawu noma ukukhipha okuqukethwe yi-iecom, kodwa ukupholishwa kwemicioka ka-Aieromes kuhlanganisa ukuvuselelwa ngokushesha. Kodwa ukuqeqeshwa kwe-Ad . Ukukhuthala kwama kwe-A.

Ukufunda Okukhishwa Imithombo Yezindaba Kuyisivikelo

Ukufundisa umphakathi ukuhlaziya imithombo enzima kubaluleke kakhulu. Izikole nezinzuzo aziphakamisi izinhlelo zokufunda nokubhala. IStanford History Education Group yathola ukuthi abafundi bavame ukulwa ukuze bahlukanise phakathi kwezikhangiso nezindaba, bagcizelela isidingo sokuqeqeshwa. I-media media inikeza amandla ezakhamuzini zokwazi ukuzwa umbiko othembekile wenkulumo eyisakhati. Amalayisensi nezikhungo zomphakathi zinikeza izimemezelo zokuhlola imithombo. Imithetho ezindaweni ezifana ne-Illinoisnois manje idinga imfundo yokufunda ukufunda nokubhala ezikoleni zomphakathi. Iprojective Project [ inhloso yokwandisa ukuveza ukucaca ngokwezindaba ukuchaza imithombo yezo nemithombo yezo.

Ikusasa LobuJournalism Ebuningini Bentando Yeningi

Ubuchwepheshe obusha nemishini yezamabhizinisi kunikeza ithemba, kodwa kudinga umzamo ohlangene wezintatheli, abahleli bezimiso nomphakathi.

Izivubukulo Zobuchwepheshe

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo kanye nokwaziswa kokwaziswa kungathuthukisa ukubika. Ngokwesibonelo, amathuluzi e-Al angahlaziya izilinganiso ezinkulu zemininingwane ukuze kwembulwe izindlela zokonakala. I-Associated Press isebenzisa izimiso ezizisebenzelayo ukuze ikhiphe imibiko yemali, ikhulule izintatheli emsebenzini wophenya. Nokho, izingozi zingahlanganisa ukuthambekela kwe-algorithism kanye nokushenxiswa komsebenzi. Amasuntswana alungisa amathuluzi afana no-Funiyela indalo ukuze kubonakale ukuthi izinto azikho ngempela ngesikhathi sangempela. Nokho, la mathuluzi angalahlekelwa umongo nokubaluleka kokwengamela komuntu. Ubuchwepheshe besayensi bungasetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso bezihloko zezindaba nokulawula i-fie. Amaphephandaba abonisa amaqophelo njenge [FLCT]

Izifanekiso Ezintsha Zamabhizinisi

Izikhokhelo ezingazuzisi, izimo zamalungu, nezikhokhelo ezixhaswa abafundi ziyavela. Izinhlangano ezifana no- Protublica ne i-Guardian[ ixhomeke ezibonelweni nasekukhokheleni ukuxhasa umsebenzi wophenya. Ukunyuka kwamapulatifomu anjenge- [[FT] kuvumela izintatheli ngazintathelela ezithile ukuba zixhumane ngokuqondile nezilaleli. Ngokusho kwe [[FLT:][FLT]] [FT]] [inani] [inani elihlukene], izinhlangano zezindaba ezingaphandle zisebenza eU.S., izikhulu zika-FLT.[10] ezixhinezentenezentene, izikhulu zezindaba ezivamile zisekela izifunda zezindawo ezihlukene zezindawo ezizinye ezingenisa izifunda zezindawo zomphakathi.[Ft][10]

Ukuqinisa Ithemba

Ukwakha kabusha ukwethemba umphakathi kubalulekile. Izinyathelo ezifana nezimpawu zokukhokha (umz., i-Trust Project) zisiza abafundi ukuba baqinisekise ukuqiniseka. Ukubona mayelana nemithombo, izindlela, nokulungisa kungakhuthaza ukwethenjwa. Izikole ze-Journaism zigcizelela izimiso kanye nokuhlola amaqiniso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubambisana phakathi kwama-New News kungalwa nokwaziswa okunganembile, njengokuthi Ukukhetha Umthetho Wendawo Ethembekile [[FLT:]] phakathi nokhetho lwama 2020]. Ukuhlangana nezilaleli ngokuqondile ngamahholo edolobha kanye nama-methodiawebhusayithi kungakha ubuhlobo. Amathi ama-Newsting Roumeter anjenge i-Doult Bureault ehlela inqubo yokubika, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba bahlose futhi banikezene. Lezibone ukuthi lezizimo ze-'inquesportasts) izinhlangano zezenyust i-19nentiveriveriverivery i-19.

Isiphetho: Indima Ehlala Njalo Yobu - Journalism

I-Journalism ilokhu iyinsika ebaluleke kakhulu yentando yeningi. Njengendlela yokuhlola, idalula ukonakala, itshela izakhamuzi, futhi ibangela impikiswano. Izinselele zibalulekile, kodwa izibonelo ze-Watergate, i-Pentagon Papers, amaPanama, nezindaba ezingenakubalwa zendawo zibonisa ukuthi ukunquma ukubika kungashintsha. Ukusekela umagazini wezincwadi (*) ngokukhokhela, ngeminikelo, nangezikhundla zokunyathelisa inkululeko (*) iwumsebenzi wezentando yeningi. Ikusasa lentando yeningi lixhomeke ekuqapheni, ezindaweni zokufuna ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Enkathini yokukhohlakaza nokuthuthukisa imibuso yezombangazwe engokongasese nengokobupolitiki, isidingo sokukhonzwa okuthembekile, i-magazini egadiog akuzange nakakhud