Izingxabano Ezihlala Njalo Phakathi Kwegunya Lombuso Nohulumeni

I-United States yasungulwa ekuhloleni okunzima: uhulumeni wezwe onamagunya alinganiselwe, alinganiswe ngokumelene negunya elibanzi lemibuso. Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kamuva, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamandla kuseyisici esiyinhloko sokubusa kwe-Melika, kulungisa yonke into kusukela ekugunyazeni kwempilo yomphakathi ukuba ifundise izifundo zesikole nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile. Ukuqonda indlela amandla ombuso ahlangene nemibuso asebenza ngayo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo esemthethweni, kodwa ayithintinyele ngokuqondile imithetho oyilandelayo, intela oyikhokhayo, kanye namalungelo owasebenzisayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuningi, okungokoqobo kwalemibuso esemhlabeni, kuhlanganise nezisekelo zayo ezingokomthetho, izinsizaniso ezisebenzayo, kanye nezimpi ezingokomthetho eziqhubekayo eziqhubeka zichaza imingcele phakathi kweWashington, D.C.

Amandla Angokomoya: Anentshiseko, Ayasetshenziswa, Futhi Ayadumaza

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza uhulumeni amandla akhethekile kahulumeni, aziwa ngokuthi amagunya afunyaniswe , ngokuyinhloko eSigabeni I, Ingxenye 8. Lezi zihlanganisa igunya lokulawula isifundazwe nesinye isifunda, imali, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa amabutho, ukumisa amahhovisi eposi, nokunikeza izimvume nemvume yokubhala. Umthetho-sisekelo uqukethe i- u-Nacessary ne-Faneous Clauslean [, okuvumela uKhongolo ukuba lwenze yonke imithetho "emfuneko nefanele" ngokwenza ukuba kuchazwe ukuthi izakhiwo zawo zikhona yini. [FLT:]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso savivinywa kudala [FLT] [FULT] [FULT ] [FULT:1] siveza ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, okusho ukuthi lapho umthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni uphikisana, umthetho kahulumeni ukhona, lesi simiso savivinywa ngokomthetho waqala uMcloch v. Maryland[FLT:] [[FLT] [19] [18], lapho iNkanto enquma ukuthi intela ibhange ibhange likahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni azikwazi ukumelana nempikiswa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinga lamandla kahulumeni liye lakhula kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngentengo Claus, eye yasetshenziswa ukuthethelela umthetho wesizwe ezindaweni zezindawo zesizwe ezivikela amalungelo omphakathi ezindaweni ezizungezile zesizwe ezindaweni ezizungezile.

  • Amandla alinganiswayo: ahlelwe ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo (umz., ukukhokha imali, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe).
  • Amandla asetshenziswayo: Athathwe ku-Claus obalulekile noMfanele (umz., ukwakha ibhange lesizwe, ukumisa i-Federal Reserve).
  • Umthetho weFederal ululaza umthetho wezwe uma kukhona ukuxabana okuqondile.

Imibuso YoMbuso: Igciniwe ISichibiyelo Seshumi

ISichibiyelo se- sisebenza njengetshe lomthetho-sisekelo eliyikhomba-sisekelo lombuso: "Amagunya angaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma anqatshelwe yi-United States, agcinelwa e-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu." Lendawo inikeza amandla abanzi [[FLT:] abaphathi bemithetho [[[FLT:]] ukuvikela impilo, ukulondeka, ukuziphatha, nenhlalakahle evamile yezakhamuzi zabo. Imfundo, umthetho wendawo, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezwe, ukusebenzisa imithetho yomshado, nokugcina amatomu ezindaweni eziningi lapho igunya lisetshenziswa khona.

Nokho, imibuso yoMbuso ayilinganiselwe. UMthetho-sisekelo wenqabela ukungenela izivumelwano, ukuqamba imali, ukukhubaza izivumelwano, futhi, ngeSichibiyelo seSiphendu se 14 se-Createment Procesting ne-Unimetic Clauses, ekuphuleni amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSishaya-mthetho ungathatha isinyathelo sombuso ezindaweni lapho umthetho kahulumeni uphethe khona. Naphezu kwalezi ziphazamiso, amazwe ayakwazi kakhulu ukuzama izimiso ze-Quiice Louis Brandeis ngokuduza izinqumo ezidume ngokudume kakhulu "istry of democracy democracys"."

  • Ukuqondisa izikole zomphakathi nemfundo ephakeme.
  • Eqhuba ukhetho lukahulumeni, uhulumeni, nolwendawo (nemingcele engokomthetho).
  • Ukumisa nokuqondisa ohulumeni bendawo (amazwe, amadolobha, ukuhlanganisa izindawo).
  • Ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zezwe nokulungisa izikhungo ezingochwepheshe.
  • Ukuphatha impilo nokulondeka komphakathi (izindawo ezivamile, umlilo, indle, izibhedlela).

Amandla Akhona: Lapho Umbuso Uwohloka Khona

Amanye amagunya asetshenziswa kanye kanye ngawo womabili amazinga kahulumeni. ahlanganisa ikhono le-lev intela, imali ebolekiwe, ukwakha izakhiwo zemisebenzi, ukwakha izinkantolo, nokuphoqelela imithetho. Uma kusetshenziswa, amandla akhona angaholela ekubambisana / noma ukuxabana. Ngokwesibonelo, kokubili ohulumeni bamazwe ne-ohulumeni bakhokhela intela, kodwa ukusebenzelana phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni nemithetho yentela kungadala imithwalo egunyazayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukushukuma kweminxenxeba nezikwelezelo.

Elinye igunya eliyinhloko lokubambisana i-bhange. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe ugunyaza amabhange futhi wengamela ngeHhovisi le- Comptroller of the Lage, usho umthetho wemithetho kanye nokulawula amabhange ombuso. Isimiso sokubhange saqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, sivumela izinhlangano zezimali ukuba zikhethe umlawuli wazo oyinhloko. Ngokufanayo, zombili izigaba zikahulumeni zisebenzisa izimiso zenkantolo, kanye nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisingatha amacala amaningi nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphendula imibuzo kahulumeni, ubugebengu obusemthethweni, kanye nezimiso zemithetho ehlukahlukene.

  • Izintela ezikhokhwayo (iholo, inkampani, ukudayisa, impahla).
  • Ukwakha nokulungisa imigwaqo, amabhuloho nezimiso zokuthutha.
  • Ukwakha nokusebenzisa izinkantolo ezincane (inkantolo nokushaya indiva).
  • Ukubhala nokuqondisa izibopho zamabhange nezikweletu.
  • Ukushaya imithetho yobugebengu nokulondoloza ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Izibonelo zangempela zezwe ze-Federal vs. Amandla oMbuso ayasebenza

Isimiso sombuso sisebenza lapho kuhlolwa izimiso ezithile. Ngezansi kunezindawo eziningana lapho ukuhlukana kwamandla kuye kwaphikiswa khona ngamandla, okubonisa imiphumela ewusizo ezakhamuzini.

Umthetho Wezempilo: I - ACA NoMbuso Ukugcwalisa Imisebenzi

Act [i-AFfordble Care Act (ACA]) ka-2010] imelela okunye kwenani elikhulu lezenyuselo zempilo, ifuna cishe wonke amaMelika ukuba abe nomshuwalense wempilo nokumisa izigcawu zokukhokhela. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ye-Monicial Councial of Independent Business[Fograph]. Sebelius (20202) amandla alinganiselwe ngokwenza iMidial yandatha yemishinali ngokwenzelisa izimende ezithile. Njengomphumela, umsebenzi wesithengi semali ukhona: ezinye izigaba ezandisiwe, ezinye azizange, futhi zamukelwa kamuva ngemva kokuphikisa kokuphikiswa. I-United States futhi inegunya lokuzinye izimfuneko ze-AA, izimfuneko ezithile ze-A-A.

Imfundo: Awukho Umntwana Osele Waya E - ESA

Imfundo ngokwesiko ingumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nezwe, kodwa imithetho kahulumeni enjenge- Yonke i-Fources Act (ESA) (2015) imise izindinganiso zokusebenza, ihlola izimfuneko, nemibandela yezimali. Nakuba imibuso ilawula izifundo, izimemezelo zothisha, nenhlangano yesifunda sesikole, kumelwe ivumelane nemithetho kahulumeni yokwamukela iSihlomelo sokuxhasa izikole eziphansi. Ukulinganisela kuye kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: uNon'umntwana Ohovale umthetho obeka umthwalo oqinile womthetho, kuyilapho i-ESA ibuyela ekuhleleni izimo eziqinile, ivumela ukuba iklame izimiso zayo siqu zesikole nokungenela. Naphezu kwalokho, izifunda ziyaqhubeka zilwa ngemibandela enqunywe njengesilinganiso sesikole, ukuqondisa isikole, ukuqondisa i-galelo lezemfundo yeze-od yeze-sethi yezensime.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile: Ukubuyiselwa Kwe - EPA NoMbuso

I-Environal Protection Agency (EPA) imisa izindinganiso zomoya wesizwe nezingamanzi ngaphansi kwemithetho enjenge-Clean Air Act ne-Clean Water Act. Nokho, izikhulu zikahulumeni zinegunya lokuphoqelela lezozindinganiso futhi zingamukela [[[FLT]] iziqondiso iziqondiso. Isibonelo esivelele kakhulu yi-California, leyo ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Moyeare Act ecela abakhi be-ravings ukubeka izindinganiso zayo siqu zemoto (i-"imeardss ezinamandla kakhulu kunezimfuneko zikahulumeni futhi ezithathwe ngezinye izigaba eziyishumi. Le ndawo yesizwe yakhazinyenziwa kakhulu phakathi nokuphatha kwe-Trump, eyasula i-Calganster, eye yakwazi ukubuyisela kuphela ukuphatha kwe-Biden. Ikhono lokulawula indawo ezungezile liyaqhubeka ngokuphakamisa i-e.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho: Ingxabano Yemithetho Kahulumeni NeyaseMbusweni

Zimbalwa izimpikiswano eziqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso njengenkambiso yensangu. Uhulumeni umisa i-cannabis njengento elawulwayo yeShedynage, eyenza ibe nempahla, itshalwe, futhi isakaze ngokungemthetho ngaphansi kwe-Substancess Act Elawulayo. Kodwa, kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe acishe abe ngu-40 aye agunyaza insangu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha, futhi angaphezu kuka-20 wayibeke i-mgunyaza i-capeca ukuze isetshenziswe ngokwendlela. I-Federal esemthethweni ilinganiselwe kakhulu yizinto zokuzimodwa. [FFLT:0] [Rohrabaker-Moverserbackers-inder [[[[FLT]] I-imetrendmental mental Activementalsment [[[[2]]] [iempey] [iempey] [iemperst Coulsess Regist Registmertiverialssss, iziguliases

Ukuphoqelelwa Kokufuduka: Ukuthunjwa NoMbuso

Ukungena kuyindawo yegunya likahulumeni elikhethekile, kodwa izifundazwe ziye zazama ngokuqhubekayo ukuthonya inkambiso. Imithetho enjengeye-Arizona SB 1070 (2010) ifuna ukunika amaphoyisa asendaweni ukuba agunyaze imithetho yezenyunyana, kodwa izingxenye ezinkulu zabulawa yi-Supreme Court [FLD:2] Arizona v. United States[FLT] [[FLT] [202] ezisekelweni ezisekelweni ze-predeficious. Ngasikhathi sinye, ziveza indlela enkulu yokukhipha izinzuzo, njengakunyakazelela abafundi abangaphandle (DAM Activesssss ngokomthetho) futhi zikhipha ilayisensect. Imithetho ye-sayisenser (imthetho we-Sanctary, lapho i-octive provition i-motion iyaqhubeka nokulawula ukuvinyanisa ukuvikela kohulumeni.

Izinhlangano Zempilo Yomphakathi: I - COVID-19 Pandemic

Ukusabela kobhadane lwe-COVID-19 kwabonisa kokubili amandla nezinselele zombuso. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni wakhona wakhipha isiqondiso, imijovo egunyaziwe, futhi wasakaza ukuxhasa ngemali nge CDC kanye HS[, izifunda zazinomthwalo wokumisa izikhundla, izifihla - buso, ukuvala isikole, nokwebalwa komjovo. Umphumela wawuwumsebenzi ombaxakile wezindlela: amanye amazwe (njenge California neNew York) abeka imingcele eqinile, kuyilapho amanye (njengeFlorida ne South Dakota) amukele imingcele emincane. Iziqondiso ze-Federal, njengendication Securety ne-Administrationsss, isilinganiso esiphuthuma sesikhashana sabaqashi abakhulu, futhi yahlaselwa ekugcineni. I-occompationstionstion iveza ukuvalela umthetho osobala embusweni yezwe lonke. Ngokuvumelana nokulungisa inzuzo yesizwe.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme Ekulweni Nempi

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iye yaba umsekeli wokugcina wezimpikiswano zikahulumeni, ikhipha imithetho engokonyaka enciphisa ukulingana kwamandla. Amakhulu amabili eminyaka enkantolo aqala ukuhlanganisa phakathi kokubekwa kwesakhiwo kanye nokuncishiswa kwenguquko.

  • McCulloch v Maryland (1819): imisa ukuphakama kukahulumeni nemfundiso yamandla ashiwoyo, ivimbela amazwe ekukhokheleni izinhlangano zikahulumeni.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): wanikeza incazelo ebanzi kuCommerce Clause, uvumela iSishaya-mthetho ukuba silawule amalayisense emikhumbi yezitishi futhi simise iqophelo lesimiso sezomnotho sesikhathi esizayo.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995): ngokokuqala ngqá emashumini eminyaka, iNkantolo ilinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano uClaus, ibulala iSiphakamiso seSikole Senkululeko SeGun njengegunya elikhulu kakhulu lobuKhosi. Lokhu kwavuselela ukunakekela esiHlelweni Seziphendu seshumi.
  • Inani lesizwe le-Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): Ukusekela igunya lomuntu ngamunye le-ACA njengentela, kodwa kulinganiswa amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni ukuba alungise izimali ze-Medicaid ekunweni kwezwe. Lokhu kwagcizelela ukuthi leyo ndawo igcina ukukhetha okunenjongo ekuhlanganyeleni kohlelo.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Waqaphela ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nane sidinga ukuqaphela imishado ehlangeneyo, imithetho yomshado elawulayo kahulumeni. Lesisinqumo sabonisa indlela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni angakhulula ngayo uhulumeni ukuzibusa.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (202): I-Roe v. Wade futhi yakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awulifaki ilungelo lokukhipha isisu, ubuyisela udaba ezizweni. Lesi sinqumo esiphawulekayo sashintsha ngokushesha amandla abuyela emuva kuhulumeni wesishaya-mthetho, okuholela ekunyukeleni ngokushesha emithethoni yombuso.

Lamacala agcizelela ukuthi umngcele phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso awumi ndawonye. Isizukulwane ngasinye siphikisana ngezinga elifanele legunya lesizwe, futhi ukwakheka kweNkantolo kuvame ukuthonya umphumela.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ukulinganisa kwezwe kunezinzuzo eziqondile, ezingokoqobo. Kubantu ngabanye, kusho ukuthi amalungelo nezinzuzo kungahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi uhlalaphi. Izifundo zomfundi wesikole esiphakeme, umholo wesisebenzi, ukukwazi kwesiguli ukungena emdlalweni wetelehelth, kanye nokuvumela kwemfuno yebhamu konke kuminyaniswe yi-international nomthetho wezwe. Amabhizinisi kumelwe ahambe ngemithetho egcwele kazwe ngisho nalapho imithetho kahulumeni ikhona, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengendawo ezungezile nezindinganiso zezisebenzi.

Kubaphathi bemithetho bamazwe nasendaweni, ukuqonda imingcele yegunya labo kubalulekile. Kumele banqume ukuthi bazozenza nini izinto ngokuzimele, nini ukucela abakhokhi bakahulumeni, futhi nini ukucela ukusola ukuphamba kukahulumeni enkantolo. Imfundiso ye ikhulula[ zombili ziveza futhi zisho ukuthi zihlaziya ngokucophelela. Izifundazwe eziningi manje zisebenzisa abameli abaphethe i-ganoligi.

Isiphetho: Ubuhlobo be-Evoyinger Federal-Isimo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni abusona isilinganiso esimisiwe kodwa ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo okuseMthethweni, okuchazwe izinkantolo, futhi okubunjwe ushintsho lwezombangazwe nolwezenhlalo. Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela ku-(kusuka ekuqondiseni okungeyokwenziwa kuya ekushintsheni isimo sezulu). Lokhu kuyaqhubeka kuguqula. Ukuqonda amandla ombuso ahlangeneyo abalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani kuhulumeni waseMelika, futhi kungani inkinga efanayo ingasingathwa ngokuhluke kakhulu emazweni angomakhelwane. Izingxoxo zentando yentando yeningi zihlala zivulekile, futhi impikiswano ngokulingana nokulingana okufanele kwegunya ibalulekile namuhla njengakuleyo etholakalayo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uphawulo , bukeza imibono yeNkantolo yeNkantolo ehlangeneyo [, noma hlola imibhalo yesisekelo yeZibonelo zezwe [[FLT]] zeZibonelo zeMibuko-Mkhosi . Ukuqonda okujulileyo kwe-construlism kucebisa ukufunda nokubhala ngemfundo yomphakathi futhi kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ulwazi oluqinile enqubeni yentando yeningi.