Ijaji liyindawo eqinile yobulungisa kunoma yimuphi umphakathi wentando yeningi. Liyigatsha likahulumeni elibekwe icala lokuchaza umthetho, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngokumelene nezenzo zombuso ezizimele. Ngaphandle kwekomiti ezimele nengakhethi, umthetho uba yize, futhi isivikelo esivikelweyo esisekelwe emithethweni yemithetho-sisekelo nasemithethweni siphelelwa amandla. Lesihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okujulile kwemisuka engokomlando, imisebenzi eyisisekelo, ukuguquguquka, indima ebucayi yabahluleli neyokuhlulwa, izinselele, futhi indawo yayo ebaluleke kakhulu ekubusweni kwanamuhla.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwencwadi Ye - diacie

Umqondo wendikimba yokwahlulela ehlukene enegunya lokunquma izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho usukela emuva emiphakathini yasendulo. ERoma lasendulo, abaqondisi bakhipha izimemezelo futhi baqondisa izindaba zomphakathi, bebeka isisekelo sokuqala sokuchazwa okungokomthetho. Nokho, ikomiti yanamuhla yokwahlulela njengegatsha elizimele likahulumeni yavela ngokucace kakhulu ngemva kweMagna Carta (1215), eyamisa isimiso sokuthi inkosi ngokwayo yayingaphansi komthetho. Le ncwadi yamisa isigaba somqondo wokuthi ubulungisa akufanele bungalawulwa ngomthetho kodwa kufanele bumiswe ngezimiso ezingokomthetho.

Emakhulwini eminyaka, kwavela amasiko amabili angokomthetho ayinhloko: isimiso somthetho esivamile, esaqala eNgilandi, lapho abahluleli bakha khona izenzakalo ezibophayo ngomthetho wecala, nesimiso somthetho wesizwe, esisekelwe emthethweni wamaRoma nemithetho ehlangene, lapho abahluleli ngokuyinhloko besebenzisa khona imithetho. Isiko ngalinye lilolonga indima yejaji ngokwehlukile. Emazweni avamile njengase-United States nase-United Kingdom, izinkantolo ziphethe amandla anamandla aqinile okuhlola nokwenza umthetho ngokwesibonelo. Emthetho wesizwe njengaseFrance naseJalimane, i-jadicariary ilawulwa kakhulu yimithetho ebanzi, kodwa isasebenza njengomtolishi ophethe leyo mithetho.

Namuhla, izimiso zokwahlulela ziyaqhubeka ziguquka, zihlanganise izivikelo zamalungelo abantu futhi zimise izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke njenge - International Court of Justice ne - International Criminal Court, ephethe amazwe nabantu ngabanye ukuba balandise ngaphansi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zembulunga yonke.

Imisebenzi Nezimiso Zomhumusho

Ijaji lenza imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile esekela umphakathi olungile. Ngezinga eliyisisekelo, lixazulula izingxabano − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi phakathi kwezindawo zomuntu siqu, phakathi kwesakhamuzi nombuso, noma phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni. Lo msebenzi, obizwa ngokuthi i-findication, udinga izinkantolo ezingakhethi ezisebenzisa imithetho evumelana namaqiniso anikezwayo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu ejaji ukubukeza kokwahlulela, yigunya lokuhlola imithetho nezenzo zobuphathi ngenxa yomthetho-sisekelo. Lo msebenzi, owamiswa e-United States ngo- Marbury v. Madison [1803]), uvumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye umthetho owephula izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-mthetho. Ukuhlolwa komthetho womthetho kuhlola amagatsha emithetho nesikhulu, kuqinisekisa ukuthi zisebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho.

Imfundiso Yesiqalo Sesayensi (Iziphetho Ezincane)

Ezimisweni ezivamile zomthetho, isimiso se esingudeyisis siqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziboshelwa ngezinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme ezindabeni ezifanayo. Lemfundiso inikeza ukuqina emthethweni, ivumela abantu namabhizinisi ukuba baqonde izibopho zabo ezingokomthetho namalungelo abo. Ivumela futhi umthetho ukuba ukhule ngokuhluzekile njengoba abahluleli becwenga futhi besebenzisa izimiso ezizimo ezintsha.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ijaji liyilungu eligcina amalungelo abantu nenkululeko. Uma ohulumeni noma abadlali abanamandla bephazamisa inkululeko enjengenkulumo, inkolo, inqubo efanele, noma ukulingana, abantu bangafuna ukuvuselelwa enkantolo. Abahluleli abazimeleyo bangasebenzisa izivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo nezomthetho-mthetho, bakhiphe iziyalezo zokunqanda izenzo ezingekho emthethweni noma ukulahlekelwa. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu kumaqembu amancane namaqembu ahlukene amalungelo awo angashaywa indiva ngezindlela ezinkulu zezombangazwe.

Ukuchazwa Ngokomthetho Nokucaciswa

Imithetho nezimiso ngokuvamile kubekwa ngokwezici ezivamile, kushiyelwa isisekelo esididayo. Abahluleli bachaza lemithetho, banikeza ukucaca ngendlela esebenza ngayo emacaleni athile. Lo msebenzi wokuchaza awuwona oweqisayo; udinga abahluleli ukuba bacabangele inhloso yokushaya umthetho, isibonelo, nezimiso zobulungisa. Ngemibono ecatshangelwayo, abahluleli bachaza ukucabanga kwabo, okuthi kamuva kunikeze ukuqondisa kokuziphatha nokucabanga okungokomthetho kwabanye abadlali.

Izimiso Zokwahlulela Nezinga Eliyigunya

Izakhiwo zokwahlulela ziyahlukahluka ngokwezwe kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganyela inhlangano yezikhulu ezivumela ukudluliswa kwezicelo nesinqumo sokugcina. Ukuqonda lesisigaba sabefundisi kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda indlela ubulungisa obunikezwa ngayo kusukela phansi kuya phansi.

Izikhundla Zamankantolo

Izimiso eziningi zokwahlulela zinemigqa emithathu:

  • Izinkantolo ze-Trial (izikhombi ze-odoct yokuqala):[ Lezinkantolo zisingatha ukutholwa kokuqala nokusetshenziswa komthetho. Zizwa ubufakazi, zihlola ofakazi, futhi zinqume umphumela wamacala omphakathi nawobugebengu.
  • [ Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo: Imikhosi elahlekelwayo enkantolo ethatha icala, ebukeza umlando wokwahlulela ngamaphutha angokomthetho, hhayi ukuphinde uqinisekise ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswe kahle.
  • Inkantolo yecala eliphezulu (noma iNkantolo Ephezulu yeCassation):[ Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, inegunya lokugcina emibuzweni engokomthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano ezinkulu zomthetho, nezincazelo eziphikisanayo phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Izinqumo zayo zibopha zonke ezinye izinkantolo.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Amazwe amaningi aye amisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile zokusingatha izici ezithile zomthetho lapho ubuchwepheshe buzuzisa khona. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • [ Izinkantolo zomkhaya:[ ziphatha isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, kanye nobuhlobo basekhaya.
  • [[INkantolo:0] Izinkantolo zeTax:[ Ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ngokunqunywa kwentela nezijeziso.
  • Izinkantolo eziphethe:[ Izenzo zokubukeza zezinhlangano zikahulumeni zobumthetho.
  • Izinkantolo zomthetho: emazweni omthetho wesizwe, izinkantolo ezihlukene njengeNkantolo ye-Federal Constitutional isingatha ukubukeza komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseJalimane.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Izinkantolo zezebhizinisi: izimpikiswano zebhizinisi ezixoxiwe.
  • Izinkantolo ze-Cyber: Ukuhlangana kwezinye izifunda ukuphatha ubugebengu obuhlobene no-inthanethi.

Ama-Federal v. Unitary System

Emazweni ohulumeni anjenge-United States, Canada, nase-Australia, kunezimiso ezimbili zenkantolo: izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba zesizwe nomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi avamile omphakathi nawobugebengu. Izimiso zobu - Unitary zinesigaba esisodwa sezinkantolo zesizwe.

Indima YabaHluleli Namaphupho

Abahluleli bangabasizi abayinhloko ejajini. Bengamele ukuqulwa kwecala, bakhipha izinqumo ngobufakazi, bafundise abahluleli (lapho bekhona), futhi ekugcineni banqume umphumela wamacala lapho kungekho bahluleli.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yabahluleli

  • [ IKLA ngokungakhethi:[ Abahluleli baqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kungenziwa kahle, kuvumele izinhlangothi zombili ukuba zikhulume ngezindaba zazo.
  • Banquma ngeminyaka: banquma ngaphambi kokwahlulela nangendlela yokuhlola ngokuphathelene nobufakazi, ukubusa, nenqubo.
  • Imibono ecaciswe: Ezimweni eziningi] ngokwezilinganiso ze-apellate/* ahluleli baveza imibono ebhaliwe echaza isisekelo esingokomthetho sezinqumo zabo. Lemibono ibeka isiqalo sezezono zesikhathi esizayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] uphakamisa inkantolo:[ Abahluleli balondoloza ukuziphatha okuhle futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi amacala ahloniphekile futhi ahlelekile.
  • Isivumelwano:[ emacaleni obugebengu, abahluleli bafaka imigwebo phakathi kweziqondiso zomthetho, belinganisa izici ezikhubazayo nezilinganiselayo.

Isimiso SikaJury

Emazweni avamile omthetho, ijaji liyisibonakaliso senqubo yokwahlulela. Ijaji lezakhamuzi ezivamile linquma amaqiniso alelicala futhi, emacaleni obugebengu, linquma icala noma ubumsulwa. Ijaji lisebenza njengesehlo emandleni okwahlulela, liletha izindinganiso zomphakathi enkantolo. Nokho, amajaji futhi abhekene nokugxekwa: lingase lithonywe ubandlululo, lingaqondisi ngokomthetho, noma lithonywe abameleli abanekhono. Izimiso zomthetho eziningi zomphakathi azisebenzisi amajaji ngendlela efanayo; esikhundleni salokho, amajaji angosi angochwepheshe anquma kokubili iqiniso nomthetho.

Izimfanelo Zabahluleli Abaphumelelayo

Amajaji angcono kakhulu ahlanganisa ohulumeni abaqotho noqotho bomuntu siqu. Izimfanelo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhetha: Ikhono lokususa ubandlululo lomuntu siqu bese unquma kuphela emthethweni nasebufakazini.
  • [ Ukungaguquguquki: Ukunamathela ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha, ukugwema izingxabano zesithakazelo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ikhono lobubhabha: ulwazi olujulile lwezimiso, izibonelo, nezimiso zomthetho.
  • [ Amakhono okuhlanganisa:[[FT:1] Ikhono lokuchaza ukuqashelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi komthetho kumaphathi, kumajaji, nakumphakathi.
  • Ukubekezela nesimo: Ukuma uzolile futhi uqanjwe ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwempikiswano.

Ukunqunywa Nokwahlulela

Indlela abahluleli abakhethwa ngayo ithonya kakhulu ukuzimela kokwahlulela nokuthemba umphakathi.

Izindlela Zokunqunyelwa

  • Ukumiswa okusebenzayo:[ abameli noma ondunankulu bamisa abahluleli, ngokuvamile ngokuqinisekiswa yisishaya-mthetho. Lendlela isetshenziselwa abahluleli be-guvernel e-U.S. nakumajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ezizweni eziningi.
  • Ikhomishane yokukhetha i-Merit:[ i-Imppompant itusa abazothatha i-Implate ngokusekelwe ezimfanelekweni, ukunciphisa ithonya lezombangazwe. Izifundazwe eziningi e-U.S. kanye namazwe amaningi aseYurophu zisebenzisa lesisifanekiso.
  • Ukukhethwa kwamajaji: Ezinye izifundazwe ezikhethwe ngevoti edumile. Nakuba lokhu kuqinisekisa ukulandisa, futhi kufaka ukuhlukanisa ebhentshini futhi kungacindezela abahluleli ukuba basekele umbono othandwayo kunokucabanga okuqinile okungokomthetho.
  • Ijaji lomthetho: emazweni omthetho wesizwe anjengeFrance neJapane, amajaji aqala njengezisebenzi zomphakathi, aqeqeshelwe ezikoleni ezikhethekile futhi akhushulelwe ekusebenzeni.

Ukulandisa Ngaphandle Kokuzidela

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kudinga isivikelo ekususweni kwezinqumo ezingathandeki. Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi inikeza amajaji ukuphila noma amagama amade, asuswe kuphela ngenqubo yokungavumelani nokuziphatha okubi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amajaji ayolandisa ngokuhlola obala imibono yawo, ukubukeza, kanye nokuqondisa izindikimba ezisingatha ukuphulwa kwezimiso. Ukulinganisela kubucayi: ukulandisa okukhulu kungathuntulisa ukuzibusa; okuncane kakhulu kungaholela ekuzikhukhumeleni noma ekusebenziseni kabi igunya.

I - judiciary Emphakathini Obusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ebuthweni lomthetho-mthetho olawulwa ngomthetho-mthetho, imisebenzi yejaji njengegatsha elilinganayo eduze kwesikhulu nesishayamthetho. Inikeza imvume yokuphaphamela nokuvikela inkululeko kahulumeni eyisisekelo. Izinkantolo ziye zafeza indima engokomlando ekuthuthukiseni ukwahlulela kwezenhlalo (ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ku- Brown v. i-Broad of Education[ [1954]) iqeda isigaba sohlanga, noma iNkantolo ephakeme yaseNdiya yokusekela isivikelo sendawo ezungezile kanye nelungelo lokudla.

Ukuzimela komthetho kusekela futhi umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongaphezulu komthetho, kuhlanganise nezikhulu eziphethe kakhulu. Izinkantolo zingahlola iziyalezo eziphethe, zimemezele umthetho ongekhona umthetho, futhi ziyale uhulumeni ukuba uvumelane nezibopho zawo. Lokhu kwenza ijaji libe isehlo esibucayi kwamanye amagatsha, livimbele ukubekwa kwamandla angaholela ekubuseni ngonya.

Izinselele Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwendima yalo ebalulekile, abahluleli babhekana nezingcindezi eziningi ekhulwini lama - 21.

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene

Impikiswano ephikelelayo iyisigaba esifanelekile samandla okwahlulela. Abahluleli bazimisele ukuchaza umthetho kabanzi ukusingatha ukungalungi noma izikhala ezicatshangelwayo, kuyilapho abasekeli bokuzibamba bephikisa ngokuthi abahluleli kufanele bathathe izishaya-mthetho ezikhethiwe futhi babhidlize imithetho ngokusobala ephikisana nomthetho-sisekelo. Zombili izindlela zineziphakamiso nezingozi. I-Activivism ingavikela amalungelo uma izishaya-mthetho zingasabeli, kodwa futhi ingasongela ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi. Ukulinganisela kuyahlukahluka ezindinganisweni nasezikweni.

Ukuhlasela Kwezombangazwe Nokusongela Ukuzibusa

Emazweni amaningi, izigebengu zibhekene nokucindezela kwezombangazwe okungaphezu kwamandla abaholi ababheka izinkantolo ezizimele njengezithiyo. Ukugwetshwa kwenkantolo, ukuhlelwa kwemali, ukwesatshiswa kwamajaji, nokumiswa kwabaqotho abangaqeqeshiwe kululaza ukubusa komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpikiswano zamuva ePoland, eHungary, nase-United States ziye zaveza izixwayiso ngokuncishiswa kwenkululeko yokwahlulela. Ukuvikela izinkantolo ezihlaselayo kudinga isivikelo somthetho-mthetho wezwelonke, ukuqapha, nokucindezela kwezizwe ngezizwe.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokufinyelela Ekulungeni

Isinqumo se-internet sokuphikisana, ukuqulwa kwamacala enkantolo, namathuluzi okuzenzela aguqula indlela ubulungisa obunikezwa ngayo. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19, izinkantolo eziningi ezamukelwa ngokushesha, ukuphumelela okukhulu nokunciphisa ukushesha. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe buphakamisa izinkathazo: izibalo zihlukanisa labo abangangeni i-Internet; algoriths ze-AIAlgorith zingabandlulula; futhi ukuthatha isithunzi nesizo esiphansi senkantolo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenzise ubuchwepheshe ngokucophelela ukuze zigweme ukulingana okukhulayo.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwezindawo Ezinsundu

Ijaji elibonisa umphakathi eliwusebenzelayo linelungelo elikhulu. Nokho, amabhentshi amaningi ahlala emhlophe ngokungenakulinganiswa, engamadoda, futhi efundile. Amabhentshi athatha izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa ukumiswa kokwahlulela (ngokwangaphandle, ukunikeza umnyango, nokulunga okusobala) ukukhetha okunenzuzo, okuthola ukuzuza. Amajaji aveza imibono ehlukene ekuchazeni okungokomthetho futhi athuthukisa ukwethemba komphakathi kuyo yonke imiphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ijaji aliyona nje indlela yokuphikisana nokulungisa; yinhlangano esekela ukuphila ekubuseni umthetho. Ngokuchaza izimiso, ukuvikela amalungelo, nokuphatha amandla, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abuyona into engokoqobo kodwa buyinto engokoqobo. Kodwa ijaji linamandla kuphela njengomphakathi osekelayo. Ukwethenjwa komphakathi, ukuzibusa, ukusekela imali, nokuguqula okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuze kuhlangabezane nezimfuno zezwe elishintshayo. Njengezakhamuzi, ukuqonda nokuvikela indima ye-jadicary akuyona into esemthethweni.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngomthetho kanye nozimele kokwahlulela, hlola imibiko yeZizwe ezihlangene Ukubusa koMthetho[ ingcebo kanye ne International Commission of Jurists [ engsongongweni yokuzibusa emhlabeni wonke.