Indawo ephakathi ye-pilibuster kuhulumeni waseMelika

I-filbuster ingenye yemithetho elandelayo kakhulu futhi ephikisana kakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ifakwe phakathi kwemithetho yeSigele sase-United States, iyinqubo evumela isigele esisodwa noma iqoqo elincane ukuba likwazi ukunweba impikiswano ngokungenasiphelo, ivimbela ukuvota emalini noma ukumiswa kwemithetho ngaphandle kokuba itshebe elikhulu labaqondisi abangu-60 livume ukuyiqeda. Lomandla anquma ngokuyinhloko inqubo yomthetho, ahlela okuthi kudlule, ukuthi yini ehlulekayo, nokuthi iSigebengu sisebenzelana kanjani noMongameli nendlu yabameleli. Kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukucubunjwa kwemibuso yanamuhla, ukuqonda lelithuluzi le-scieval liyingxenye ebalulekile yezombangazwe.

Kunokuba ibe isiko eliqinile, i-filbuster iye yaqala ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka adlule. Okuqale njengenqaba yengozi yenqubo yeSigele kuye kwashintsha kwaba isikhali sezombangazwe esisetshenziswa yiwo womabili amaqembu ukuba siphazamise, sibambe, futhi sikhiphe ukuvumelana. Abasekeli bayo, i-finbuster iyisivikelo esibalulekile samalungelo amancane kanye nesivikelo sokumelana namajakadlana, umthetho owenqaba. Abagxeki bayo, bayinjini eyinhloko ye-rocklock, eyenza kube nonya kwentando ye-vota embalwa futhi ibhuntshile. Umsebenzi osebenzayo we-Filivbuster usekelwe emlandweni wayo, amanani, amanani, kanye nempikiswano enzima ezungezile.

Umsuka Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo: Kusuka Embotsheni Yengozi Kuya Esikhalini Sezombangazwe

I-filbuster ayifakwanga eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S. uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele amandla okunquma imithetho yaso siqu (Ingxenye 5). Imbewu ye-finbuster yatshalwa ngo-1806, lapho iSigele, lapho inxusa likaMongameli u-Aaron Burr, lisusa "umbuzo wangaphambili" ekunyakazeni kwemithetho yayo. Lokhu kuhamba kwavumela iningi elivamile ukuba linqume impikiswano. Ngaphandle kwayo, kwakungekho nqubo engokomthetho yokuphoqa ivota, kwadala ithuba lokungalawuleki. Lokhu kushiyeka okungamangalela isisekelo somjikelelo wesigebengwana sekhotha yomthetho enamandla kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ikhulu Le - 19 Nasekuqaleni Kwelama - 20

Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19, i-filbuster yayingasetshenziswa kakhulu. ISigele sasiyindikimba encane, futhi izimiso ezivamile zokubonisa inhlonipho futhi ziyekethise ngokuvamile zazivimbela ukuvinjelwa. Igama elithi "filibuster" ngokwalo (lisusiwe egameni lesiDashi elisho "uniberbooter" noma pranger) lathola imali kuma-1850. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwanamuhla kwaba okuvelele kakhulu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ngokuvamile lisetshenziswa abaqondisi bezensi bezwe ukuba bavimbele umthetho wemithetho yesizwe ongokomthetho.[

Isikhathi esibalulekile sokumisa lenqubo safika ngo-1917, phakathi nesimiso esikhethekile seSigele esibizwa nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson. Iqembu lama-senator angu-11 lifake umthetho wokuhlobisa imikhumbi yabathengisi ngokumelene nezikebhe zaseJalimane. Ekuphenduleni, futhi ngokudlondlobala komphakathi, iSigele samukelwa [iNQULA], eyamisa inqubo ye ukuphatha kwemikhumbi [] [indlela yokuqeda impikiswano. [indlela yokuqala yokushaya umthetho] yadinga ukuthatha ama-headersarma amabili [iinjini ye-3] nokuvota ukuze kuviswe i-RTY.[FLD][FFLT]][5]]

Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi Nokuguqukela Ezinhlangothini Ezimbili

I-filbuster yaba isici esichazayo sokulwa kwamaLungelo e-Civil. Abameli baseNingizimu bandisa i-monibuster ende kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika ngokumelene noMthetho Welungelo Lomphakathi ka-1964, ibambe phansi izinsuku ezingu-74, kuhlanganise nehora lama-24 ne-18 yeminute kaSenator Robert Byrd. Nakuba ekugcineni isenzo sadlula (ngevoti engu-71-29), i-Prinebuster yabonisa amandla ayo amakhulu okuba libaleke. Izindleko zezombangazwe ze "ikhuluma ne-Priciocebuster" zaziphakeme, zifuna izingwele ukuba zizibulale ukuze zigcine ukuvinjelwa kwazo.

Isimo se-filbuster sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngawo-1970 ngaphansi koMholi weMajolia uMike Mansfield. Njengoba ibhekene nezinsongo ezikhulayo ze-finbuster, iMansfield yasungula isimiso se- samashadi amabili [. Esikhundleni sokumisa zonke izigebengu ukuze zisebenzelane ne-Priecester, i-Senter yayingabekwa eceleni "umkhondo wesibili" kuyilapho i-Makhampathi i-gedenti iqhubekela ukuya kwelinye ibhizinisi. Lenguquko yayihloselwe ukuthuthukisa impumelelo yegele. Kunalokho, yayinomphumela ongathandeki wokususa izindleko zezombangazwe ze-kivironbuster. I-Steators akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuba ithathe indawo futhi ikhulume; babedinga ukuphawula nje ukusongela kwabo ukuze basongele phezu komdulo omkhulu.[2][3][3]

Imishini Yanamuhla Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

Ukuqonda ukuthi i-finbuster isebenza kanjani eSigeqeni samanje kudinga ukuhlukanisa phakathi "ukukhuluma" ngenhlalo" ne-"procedul" filbuster yanamuhla. Umehluko ubalulekile ezihlongozweni eziningi zenguquko.

"Okukhulumayo IFIbuster"

I-filbuster edumile, njengedrama edlalwa kumafilimu anjengo- Mnum. Smith Goes ku Washington, idinga umnini-data ukuba abambe phansi. U-senetor kumelwe akhulume njalo, ngaphandle kokuhlala phansi, ukuncika edeskini, noma ukunqamula nganoma iyiphi injongo ngaphandle kocingo lwe-divolomm. Imithetho ivumela ukuba kufundwe isihloko esikhona kuphela, ivumele izingwele ukuba zifunde ezincwadini zocingo noma izinkondlo. Injongo iwukubambezela ngokoqobo kuze kube yilapho iningi linikeza noma lizuza amavoti angu-60 adingekayo ngehlwiza. Loluhlobo lwe-Dialbuster luyivela kakhulu namuhla ngenxa yesimiso sokushaya.

I-"procedual" Filibuster

KuyiSigele sanamuhla, i-monillabuster ivame ukukhishwa ngesithiyo esilula. Uma uMholi we-Major ezama ukuletha umthetho phansi wevoti, umnini-jenali angaphikisa. Lokhu kubangela ukuba inqubo ye-rastature iqhubeke. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iSigele kumelwe siqhube ijubane. Ngaphansi kwemithetho yeSishaya-mthetho, ukuvota akukwazi ukudlula kuze kube izinsuku ezimbili zesimiso. Lokhu kuvumela iqembu elincane ukuba libambezele imvume ngezinsuku ezintathu ngaphandle kwe-testate, futhi lisho igama elisesiteji. Okubaluleke kakhulu, iSishaya-mthetho asinakunyakaza ekudluleni kwemvume ngaphandle kokuba i-60 ivoti efuna ukuvota. Ukuvota okungu 60, ukuvota okungu 60 kuphelile, noma ukuvumelana kwe-godliwe ye-busterywe.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemfuneko Ephakeme

Umphumela owusizo we-finbuster yanamuhla ukuthi iSigele sisebenza ngaphansi komnyango onama-60 ophikiswa kakhulu. Lokhu kuveza imiphumela enzima. Kusho ukuthi izinguquko ezinkulu zenkambiso yezempilo (ngokunakekela impilo, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, ukufuduka, namalungelo okuvota) azikwazi ukudlula emgqeni ngaphandle kokuba zingene emigqeni emincane yenqubo yokubuyisana kwemali, evikelwe kumthetho we-parioms. Imfuneko engu-60 esemthethweni iphoqelela iqembu elikhulu ukuba lifune okungenani ukusekela kwe-bipartarian, okuvame ukuhlanganisa ukunciphisa izinga zemali noma ukukhulula abantu abambalwa. Ngokuphikisana noko, ivumela iqembu elincane elisebenza ngokusemthethweni ukuba livimbele izinhlelo zeningi, kungakhathaliseki imiphumela yokukhetha.

Ukuhlobisa: Indlela Elula Yokuqeda Impikiswano

Ukunxusa Umthetho 22

Ukuhlanganisa kuwukuphela kwenqubo yephalamende engaqeda i-nfillbuster eSigeqeni. Ngaphansi kwamanje I-RULE 22, lenqubo inamagxama amaningi:

  1. I - seneta kumelwe ifake isicelo, esasayinwe izinyunyana ezingu - 16.
  2. ISigele silinda usuku olulodwa olugcwele lwesimiso ngaphambi kokuba sibambe ukuvota.
  3. Ngesikhathi esimisiwe, iSigele sivotela ukuhlasela kwehlule.
  4. Ukuze kuphumelele, ukunyakaza kumelwe kuthole amavoti [ase- amathathu aneziqu ezikhethelwe kanye nezifuhiwe , noma amavoti angu-60 uma zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe. Lomnyango awunakugwenywa abasizi abangekho; ulinganiswa ngokumelene nengqikithi yelungu leSigele.

Uma kusetshenziswa amahlule, enye impikiswano ngokwehlisa izindleko ilinganiselwe ngamahora angu - 30. Ngemva kwalokho, iSigele kumelwe sivote esilinganisoni esiyisisekelo nakunoma iziphi izinguquko ezisazohlehliswa.

"Indlela Yenuzi" Nezici Zayo Eziphambili

Iqoqo lama-60 le-rate lisebenza ekwayaleni umthetho. Nokho, uma kumiswa inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemithetho, imithetho ishintshwa ngochungechunge lwemithetho yephalamende ephikisanayo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukukhetha kwenuzi (noma ukukhetha komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo).

Ngo-2013, isithiyo somphathi omkhulu kaMongameli u-Obama nomphathi-mthetho we-Majority Harry Reid saphazamisa u-Harry, uMholi we-Majority Harry Reid wasebenzisa indlela yenuzi yokumisa inqubo yokuthi ukumelana nemithetho eminingi (ukudlulisa iNkantolo Ephakeme) kwadinga inani elivamile kuphela. Ngo-2017, uMajonity Monity Mhitch McConnell wandisa lesi sibonelo ukuze ahlanganise neNkathili ePhakathi Ephezulu, avule indlela yokuqinisekiswa kweJaji Neil Gormoth.[ [ict] i-Parentsster, esebenza ezinhleni zemali, ihlala ikhona, kodwa ukuba khona kwayo kuyingozi kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Ithonya Elihlakaniphile Nelezombangazwe Le - Filibuster

Ukuphonsa Imithetho Ngemfuneko Yevote Engama - 60

Ithonya elikhulu kakhulu le-filbuster alikona ukuvinjelwa komthetho, kodwa ukuphoxa kwawo. Ukwazi ukuthi umthetho kumelwe ugcine amavoti angu-60, aMajorbity Hosts avame ukuwenza ngaphambi kokuba afake umthetho olinganiselayo ukuze afake umthetho ohlukanisayo kumacala omabili. Lokhu kungaholela ekulinganiseni, ekwakheni imithetho eqinile. Nokho, kungaholela nasekwakheni izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni futhi kusetshenziswe ekulondolozeni amavoti angu-60. Inqubo yokubuyisana kwemali edinga amavoti angu-5 kuphela, iye yaba yimoto eyinhloko yenguquko yezimiso zomthetho, kodwa ingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile (ngemithetho ye-RDRD).

I-Gridlock no-"Ukweqela Kwamathuna"

Iqembu elilawula izihlalo ezingu- 41 noma ngaphezulu eSihlalweni seSigele linamandla okuvimbela cishe noma yimuphi umthetho eliwuphikisayo, uma nje lihlala linobunye. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekumangaleleni okuvamile "kweqembu labambalwa," lapho iqembu elimelela idlanzana labantu lingavimbela khona izinqumo zeqembu elikhulu, okungenzeka limelela ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yabantu. Lokhu kuye kwaqinisa khona ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka, njengoba amaqembu amabili ewenziwe ahlukahluka kakhulu futhi ukusetshenziswa kwe-Republicsster sekuye kwanda kakhulu. Phakathi ne- 113-2017, ngokwesibonelo, amaRepublican asebenzisa ingxenye enkulu ye-Democratic, ukuhlanganisa i-Puemperimes, i-Oma i-'engile i-"."

Impikiswano Enkulu: Izimpikiswano Zokulwela Nokumelana Ne - Filibuster

Impikiswano ephathelene ne - filbuster inciphisa umsuka wendlela ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika okufanele kusebenze ngayo.

Icala Le - filibuster

  • Isivikelo sama Greatitoity Rights:[ I-Patricbuster icindezela iningi ukuba licabangele imibono yedlanzana. Kuvimbela iningi elincane, lesikhashana ekuboniseni izinguquko ezithathelwanayo, ezingathandwayo ezingasusa ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi.
  • iprotates Delibration and Bipartisaship: ngokufuna i-magellary, i-palbuster ikhuthaza ukuyekethisa nokuxoxisana phakathi kwe-palles. Imithetho edluliswa ngokusekela okukhulu ingenzeka kakhulu ukuba iqine futhi iqine, ngoba ayikulungele ukushintsha ngokushesha uma amandla eshintsha.
  • Isuntswana nokuvinjelwa kwe-Wild Swings: I-finbuster isebenza njenge-macket enqubeni yomthetho, ivimbela ukushintshwa kwezimiso okusheshayo, okusheshayo okungahambisana nezinguquko ekulawuleni kweqembu. Iphoqa ukucabangela okuthatha kancane, ngamabomu okukhulu ushintsho lwenqubo enkulu.
  • Igcina indima eyingqayizivele yeSigele: ISigele saklanywa njengesour ukuze kupholishwe ikhofi lendlu. I-filbuster ibonwa abaningi njengesibonakaliso sokugcina salendima epholile, elula.

Icala Elimelene Ne - FIBUster

  • Iveza umthetho we-Gridlock ne-Dys function: I-palbuster yanamuhla iyimbangela eyinhloko yokugogeka kwegele. Ivumela abambalwa kwabangu-41 abanama-intshi ukuba baqede uhlelo lweningi, ngisho noma lelonani linegunya elicacile. Lokhu kubangela ukuba umphakathi unciphe ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-Mkhandlu kanye nokugxeka ngohulumeni.
  • imisa "Iziphakamiso ze-Trone" ngoba izifundazwe zimelelwa ngokulinganayo eSigeqeni, iqembu elimelela inani elincane labantu base-U.S. lingalawula izihlalo eziningi zeSishaya-mthetho. I-Preciousbuster ivumela leqembu elincane ukuba livimbele imithetho esekelwa amaMelika amaningi, njengokuhlola isizinda ukuthengwa kwezibhamu noma inguquko yokufuduka.
  • I-Nemines project: I-filbuster ivumela abavoti abaqinileyo ukuba bagweme ukuvota. I-senetor ingamelana nemvume ethandwayo ngokumane ivote ngokumane ikhethele amahlule, igweme ukuvota okungabhekisi phambili kwecala ngokwalo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukulandisa kwezombangazwe.
  • Isetshenziswa ukuvimbela iNguquko: ngokomlando, i-finbuster yasetshenziswa kakhulu yi-Southern Confections ukuvimbela umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi. Namuhla, abacusumbuli baphikisa ngokuthi isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela amalungelo okuvota, ukuguqula umkhankaso wezezimali, nezinye izinyathelo ezibalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi onempilo.

Izimpikiswano Zamuva Nezinguquko

ISishaya-Mkhandlu se-117 (1201-2023) sabangela ukuphikisana kwe-banbuster ephambili kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ngokwama-50-50 Sezigele sahlukana phakathi kwemikhakha yeqembu, i-Prinebuster yaba isithiyo esiyinhloko ekudluliseni izinto eziyinhloko zedemocratic Act, kuhlanganise nenkululeko kuVote nomthetho kaJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act. Ukwehluleka kwale mali, naphezu kokulawula iDimocratic House ne-Congress, kwaholela engxabanweni enkulu yeqembu langaphakathi kanye nomzamo wokuhluleka ukushintsha imithetho.

I - short - Put Ne - slippe Efiphele

Icebo lenuzi lakha isibonelo esicacile: i-filbuster ingasuswa noma ishintshwe izigaba ezithile zebhizinisi ngevoti elilula. Ngemva kokushintshelwa kokumiswa kwemifantu ngo-2013 nango-2017, abashisekeli bezinguquko abaningi bahlongoza "ukugawulwa-emoyeni" okufanayo ngokomthetho wokuvota. Lesi siphakamiso `ukukhipha amalungelo okuvota omnyango wama-62-ote" ngokulandela ukuphikisa kwe-Senator Joe Manchin noKyrsten Sinema, owavikela isimiso somnyango wama-60-vote.

"Inkulumo Yepilibuster" Impindiselo

Esinye seziphakamiso zenguquko ezivelele kakhulu ukuvuselelwa kwe-"econoting filbuster" ngaphansi kwalesisimo, abameli abamelene nemali bangadingeka ukuba babambe idolo futhi bakhulume ngokulokhu belivala. Uma isigebengu seyeka ukukhuluma noma sikhiphe iphansi, i-palbuster ingaphela, futhi imvume ingaqhubekela ekuvoteni okulula. Abaxhasi bayokuphikisa lokhu kungabuyisela izindleko zezombangazwe, kuphoqelele iqembu elincane ukuba libhale phansi ngokuphikisa kwalo ngendlela ephakeme kakhulu. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi lingasenakuvumele ukuba libambe isikhathi esibanzi futhi lidlalwe yizigebezo. Nokho, lokhu kuboniswa abaningi njengendawo ephakathi kwe-60 ye-vote nomnyango owehhd.

Ukuqedwa Ngokufanelekile Kwe - Filibuster Engokomthetho

Inani elandayo labashisekeli beSigele futhi likhethwa izikhulu lisekela ukususwa ngokuphelele kwe-genericbuster, liphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa okuningi kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo sentando yeningi. Bakhomba ekuphumeleleni kwezindlela zenuzi zonyaka ka-2013 no-2017 njengobufakazi bokuthi ukususwa kwe-finbuster akuyibhubhisi iSigele kodwa kunalokho kusenza sisebenze. Abaphikisi, kuhlanganise nenye elinganiselwe iDemocrates kanye neRepublics cishe yonke, kuphikisa ukuthi ukususwa kwayo kungaholela kumjikelezo wempindiselo kanye no "wplash" wenkambiso yemithetho yesikhathi ngasinye ishintsha izandla, ukuqhubekela phambili kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Umbono womphakathi uhlukene, nakuba abantu abaningi basekela uhlobo oluthile lwenguquko emithethweni.[FLD:0]

Ukushuba Kwenhliziyo Yesigele

I-filbuster ilokhu iyiphutha elikhulu ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokushintshwa kweSigele. Akulona isiko lasendulo, elingaguquki kodwa umthetho wezemfundo oye washintshwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezombangazwe zeningi nedlanzana. Ikusasa layo lizoxhomeka ekubaleni okukahle kwamaqembu kanye nasezindlekweni ezicatshangelwayo zenzuzo zamandla amancane. Kubantu, ukuqonda i-Fanbuster akusona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo; kuyisifundo esiwusizo ekusebenziseni amandla phakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika.

Ukungezwani phakathi komthetho omkhulu namalungelo amancane kudala njengerepublic ngokwayo. I-filbuster iyisibonakaliso esingokomthetho salokho kucindezeleka esiGungwini sanamuhla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kushintshwa, kuqedwe, noma kugcinwe, izinqumo ezenziwe ngalo mshini wokulawula ziyoliguqula kakhulu ikhono likahulumeni waseMelika lokuxazulula izinselele zekhulu lama-21.