Isimiso somphakathi simi ekwahlukaneni kwemigomo encintisanayo yezenhlalo, siphoqelela abenzi bemithetho ukuba balawule ukuphikisana okuphikelelayo phakathi kokuthuthukisa ukuphila kwabantu nokulondoloza amandla ezomnotho. Zonke izinqumo zokuqondisa, ukuguqula intela, noma uhlelo lwezenhlalo zithwala ukuhweba okungena emiphakathini nasezimakethe. Lesi sihloko sihlola lezo zimo zokuhweba ngokujule, ukuhlola indlela ohulumeni abangalinganisela ngayo inhlalakahle yezenhlalo nempumelelo engokomnotho ngaphandle kokudela ukuchuma isikhathi eside noma ukulingana.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Womphakathi

Isimiso somphakathi sihlanganisa imithetho, imithetho nezinhlelo zikahulumeni eziklanyelwe ukuxazulula izinkinga zezenhlalo. Yinqubo elawula ukuhlelwa kwemithombo yezindawo, ukumiswa kwezimiso zokuziphatha, nokukhuthaza inhlalakahle ehlangene. Inqubo yomphakathi inkulu, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundweni kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile nasekuvikeleni izwe.

Isimiso somphakathi esiphumelelayo sakhiwe emigomweni eminingana ebalulekile:

  • Inzuzo yenhlalakahle yezenhlalo – ukuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila kubo bonke abantu, ikakhulukazi imiphakathi esengozini
  • Ukuthuthukisa ukukhula kwezomnotho - umkhiqizo okhuphukayo, umsebenzi, kanye nomkhiqizo wezomnotho wonke
  • Ukuhlela ukusakazwa kwezimpahla okulinganayo – ukunciphisa ukungalingani nokuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ngokufanele amathuba nezinkonzo
  • Ukuvikela indawo ezungezile - - ukulondoloza imithombo yemvelo yezizukulwane ezizayo kuyilapho yenza intuthuko eqinile
  • Ukulondoloza ukulondeka [ - -ilawula izimali zomphakathi ukuze izimiso zamanje zingazithwali izizukulwane ezizayo

Lemigomo ivame ukungqubuzana. Inqubo esakaza imali kakhulu ingadambisa izisusa zokusebenza nokutshala imali, kuyilapho indlela yokukhipha izandla ekhulisa izinga lokuphumelela kwezomnotho ingakhuphula ukungalingani. Inselele ikhona ekutholeni indawo emnandi lapho intengiselwano incishiswa khona futhi ikhuliswa khona.

Umbono Wenhlalakahle Yomphakathi

Inhlalakahle yezenhlalo ibhekisele enhlalakahleni yabantu ngabanye nasemiphakathini. Idlulela ngalé kwemali eholayo ukuhlanganisa impilo, imfundo, izindlu, ukulondeka, nokuhlanganiswa komphakathi. Ohulumeni baphishekela inhlalakahle yezenhlalo ngenhlanganisela yomshuwalense wezenhlalo, ukusekela iholo, izinkonzo zomphakathi, kanye nezimiso zokuvikela.

Ukulinganisa Inhlalakahle Yomphakathi

Inhlalakahle ehlanganisa inhlalakahle yezenhlalo iyinkimbinkimbi. Izibalo ezingokwesiko njenge Gross Foal Fordual Product (GDP) kumuntu ngamunye zithatha ukuchuma ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Izikhombo eziningi ezibanzi zihlanganisa i-Human Development Index (HDI), ehlanganisa ubude besikhathi sokuphila, imfundo, neholo, ne-Redividence Progress Regresspoice Imbation (GPI), ebangela ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile nokungalingani kwenzuzo. Izazi zezesayensi zezezezenhlalakahle nezenhlalo zisebenzisa futhi ukuhlolwa okungokwenzuzo ukuze zithole ukwaneliseka kokuphila.

Isisekelo Esiwubuhlakani

Amasiko amabili ayinhloko efilosofi asekela isimiso senhlalakahle yomphakathi:

  • UbuUtalitalian [ - - Ifuna ukwandisa ingqikithi yenzuzo yomphakathi, ngokuvamile elinganiselwa njengenjabulo noma ukwaneliseka kokuthanda. Lendlela ingathethelela ukuvuselelwa uma kwandisa inhlalakahle, kodwa ingakushaya indiva ukuhlupheka kweqembu elincane uma inzuzo eningi.
  • Imithetho yamaRawlsian - uJohn Rawls wasekela isivumelwano somphakathi esibeka phambili i-panel engcono kakhulu. Umehluko wakhe wesimiso uveza ukuthi ukungalingani kwamukeleka kuphela uma kuzuzisa abaswele kakhulu. Le display ithambekela umthetho oqonde ekwakheni namanetha okuphepha angokwenhlalo kanye nentela eqhubekayo.

Owezinkampani wamazwe angase avume ukulingana okusesilinganisweni uma ukukhula kwezomnotho kuphakamisa zonke izikebhe, kuyilapho umuntu ohlala ebheja engafuna ukuba kuqale kwenziwe imithetho enciphisa indawo yokudlala.

Ukuchazwa Kokwaneliseka Kwezomnotho

Impumelelo yezomnotho idinga ukuzuza inani elikhulu kakhulu emithonjeni eyindlala. Itholakala lapho imithombo inikezwa kangangokuba akukho ukuthutha okungokoqobo okungenza omunye umuntu abe ngcono ngaphandle kokwenza omunye avele angabi mubi kakhulu – isifundazwe esaziwa ngokuthi i-Pareto provective. Ngokwenqubo, ihlanganisa ukusebenza kahle okusebenzayo (ukuveza izinto ngenani eliphansi kakhulu), ukuphumelela okungalawuleki (ukuhlanganisa ingxubevange yezinto ezithengiswayo ebaluleke kakhulu), kanye nokuphumelela okunamandla (ukuthuthukisa ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi nokukhula kwesikhathi eside).

Ukwehluleka Kwezentengiselwano Necala Lokungenela

Izimakethe ezikhululekile ngokuvamile ziyahluleka ukufinyelela impumelelo yazo siqu. Ukuhluleka kwezentengiselwano ezivamile kuhlanganisa ukuphumelela kwangaphandle, impahla yomphakathi, izimpahla zokwaziswa, amandla ombuso, kanye namandla okulawula. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungcola kubangela izindleko zempilo nezemvelo ezinganakwa; izinto zomphakathi ezinjengomoya ohlanzekile nokuzivikela kwesizwe zifakwa ngenxa yokuthi azinakwenziwa. Ukungenela kukahulumeni – ngentela, izintela, imithetho, noma ilungiselelo eliqondile – kungalungisa lokhu kwehluleka nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza.

Ukuphumelela ngokuncishiswa

Impicabadala enkulu enkambisweni yomphakathi ukuhweba phakathi kwempumelelo ne-equite. I-Economist Arthur Okun yabhala nge "big postaff" - ukuthi ukufinyelela ukulingana okukhulu ngokuvamile kudinga ukudela impumelelo ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, intela eqhubekayo inciphisa isikhuthazo sokusebenza nokutshala imali engxenyeni engaphandle; izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zingadala ukuncishwana kwemisebenzi. Nokho, ezinye izimiso zingathuthukisa kokubili ukulinganisela kwemfundo yasekuqaleni yemfundo, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthuthukisa ukuzuza amandla (ukuphumelela) ngesikhathi sokuphakamisa inhloko-nhloko yendlu nempumelelo (umkhiqizo). Imfanelo yesimiso somklamo yezenkambiso nezokuphatha komuntu.

Izindawo Zohwebo Phakathi Kwenhlalakahle Nezomnotho

Abenzi bemithetho babhekene nezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuhweba lapho belinganisela inhlalakahle yezenhlalo nempumelelo yezomnotho:

Ukuthunyelwa Kwemithombo

Imali ngayinye echithwa ezimisweni zezenhlalo iyimali engachithwanga ekuhlelekeni kwezezemfundo, ekunciphiseni intela, noma ekuncipheni kwezikweletu. Uhulumeni ulinganiselwe, futhi ukukhetha ngokuxubana kwemali esetshenziswayo edala abawini abawinayo nabangaphumeleli. Ukuthunyelwa okuqondile emakhaya athola imali ephansi kunganciphisa ubumpofu ngokushesha kodwa kunikeze amandla amancane okukhula kwesikhathi eside. Ngokuphambene, ukuchitha ukucwaninga nentuthuko kungase kubangele ukusungula inzuzo kodwa kuthathe amashumi eminyaka ukuzuzisa abampofu. Izindleko zezindleko zomphakathi zidinga ukuqashelwa phambili ngokucophelela.

Umthwalo Wokuqondisa

Imithetho eklanyelwe ukuvikela izisebenzi, abathengi, nendawo ezungezile ivame ukuphoqelela izindleko emabhizinisini. Lezindleko zinganciphisa inzuzo, ukuqasha intela, futhi zandise amanani. Ukuhlolwa kuka-2019 kwe-National Association of Manufacters kwalinganisela ukuthi iziqondiso zikahulumeni zibiza abakhiqizi abangaphezu kuka-R3 000 ngonyaka. Nokho iziqondiso ezivimbela ukulimala emsebenzini noma ukungcoliswa komoya zisindisa ukuphila futhi zinciphise izindleko zesikhathi esizayo zosizo lwempilo. Isihluthulelo siwukuklama imigomo efinyelela imigomo yabo yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zezomnotho, ngokusebenzisa izindinganiso zemisebenzi esemthethweni engekhona kweyangaphambili.

Ukukhokha Intela Nokukhuthaza

Intela ixhasa inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, kodwa futhi iphazamisa ukuziphatha kwezomnotho. Izinga lentela ephakeme ehlawulwayo ingadumaza umsebenzi, ukugcina, nokutshala. Intela ekhokhwayo inganciphisa ukusungulwa kwentela nokukhokha iholo. Ukukhokha intela yentela kufaka isithiyo phakathi kwalokho abaqashi abakhokhayo abakukhokhayo nalokho izisebenzi abakutholayo, okungase kunciphise umsebenzi. Nokho, izimiso ezigunyazwe kahle zentela zinganciphisa lokhu kuhlanekezelwa. Ukucwaninga kwe-IMF' enkameleni yentela nokungalingani [ kuqokomisa indlela intuthuko nesisekelo esikhona okunganciphisa ngayo inzuzo ngokulahlekelwa okungako.

Ukuhlola Icala Lokuhweba Ngezimiso Zomphakathi

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 1: Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo

Isibonelo sokunakekela impilo yamazwe amaningi athuthukile sandisa ukukwazi ukunakekelwa futhi sanciphisa ubunzima bezimali ezikweletini zezokwelapha. I-Affordal Care Act (ACA) yanciphisa izinga elingakhokhwa kusukela ku 16% ngo-2010 kuya ku-9% ngo-2016. Nokho, ukukhokha imali kahulumeni eyandayo, nomthetho womqashi ka-ACA nemithetho yomshuwalense wagxekwa ngokunyusa izindleko zamaqembu athile. Ukuhweba phakathi kwezindawo zonke nokulawula kusekhona. Izwe elinjengo-Switzerland neJalimane lisebenzisa i-projectalssionsss no-a quencesssssss ukulondoloza ukuphumelela ngesikhathi sokufinyelela intlawulo olunguqungengomhlaba wonke.

Ukuhlola Indaba 2: Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile

ISichibiyelo soMnyango Wezindiza Ezihlanzekile sango-1990 samisa imingcele eqinile yokukhishwa kwegesi ezimbonini nasemafekthri. Izinzuzo ziye zahlanganisa ukuncishiswa kwesifo sokuphefumula, ukubonakala okungcono, nokwehla kwezinga lokufa , i-EPA ilinganisela izinzuzo zezigidi zezigidi ezingu - R220 ngo-2020 ngenxa yezindleko zezigidi ezingu-R65. Nokho imiphakathi yamalahle yalahlekelwa imisebenzi, futhi ezinye izimboni zabhekana nezindleko zokuthoba ezithinta ukuncintisana nogesi. Ukudayisa imishini kunciphe kakhulu: imithetho eqinile ithuthukisa impilo yomphakathi kanye nokuzinzisazulu kodwa inganciphisa ukuphuma kwezomnotho esikhathini esifushane.

Ukutadisha Icala 3: Imithetho Encane

Ukwandisa iholo eliphansi lezisebenzi ezihola imali ephansi, ukunciphisa ubumpofu nokungalingani. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwanda kwenani leholo elingu-10% emalini encishisiwe kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokwehla kwamazinga amabili-4% empucukweni kwezinye izifundo. Nokho, ukucwaninga ngemiphumela yomsebenzi kuyaxubana. Ikhadi neKrueger's 1994 ukuhlola akutholanga kulahlekelwa umsebenzi omkhulu embonini yokudla esheshayo ngemva komholo omncane waseNew Jersey, kuyilapho kamuva kusebenza nguNeumark noWascher bethola imiphumela emibi elinganiselwe. Intengiselwano ixhomeke ekuncipheni kweholo, izimo zemisebenzi yezemisebenzi. [FLD: 0]

Ukuhlolwa Kwezimo 4: Ukuxhasa Imfundo

Ukutshala imfundo yomphakathi kuthuthukisa inhloko- dolobha yabantu, kunciphisa ukulingana, futhi kuthuthukisa ukuhambelana komphakathi. Ukuchitha imali eningi kuhlangene nokuhlola amanani angcono namathuba okuthweswa iziqu, ikakhulukazi abafundi abaswele. Nokho imfundo ingadala futhi izimali uma izimali zingakhohliswa. Imithetho yesigaba esincane idinga ukuqasha othisha abaningi, ukukhuphula izindleko ngaphandle kwezindlela zesigaba uma izinhlelo zemfundo seziphansi kakade. Izinhlelo ezikhethelwe izikole – izisekelo noma izikole zomthetho - – inhloso yokuthuthukisa impumelelo ngokuncintisana kodwa ibeka izingozi zokusebenzisa izikole zomphakathi. Ibhizinisi lemali iphakathi kwemali engekho ngokwezinga eliphezulu (ukuxhasa zonke izifundo) kanye nokuphumelela (izindlela zokudayisa izitengo). [FLD:] CD] ekutholeni ulwazi oluthengwayo nemiphumela emalini egcwele emazweni amaningi. [FLD:]

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 5: Umthetho Wentela Nokunikela

Intela eqhubekeka kancane-kancane - intela eholayo eholweni eliphezulu – ingenisa inzuzo yezinhlelo zezenhlalo futhi inciphisa ukulingana kwentela ekhokhwayo. Intela kahulumeni, enamazinga aphakathi kwe 10% kuya ku-3%, iyaqhubeka ngokusesilinganisweni. Nokho, intela eyandayo incishiswa ngezindlela zokuzibamba izimali nempatho yezimali eziphambili, inzuzo yezimali, nomshuwalense, ukunciphisa intuthuko nempumelelo. Ukuthengiselwa ngaphandle: intela ephansi, enezingasibalo ezingase zikhule (ukwane) kodwa kungadinga ukuncishiswa ekusebenziseni imali engokwenhlalo noma ukwanda. Intela yokwehlisa i-Cheast ne-Jobs Act yentela yezentengo yeze-201717, eyandisa ukuthengwa kwayo ekuqaleni kwayo nokukhula nokungalingani. I-Pisegickinglettes

Izinqubo Zokulinganisa Imisebenzi Yohwebo

Ayikho indlela eyodwa eqeda ukuhweba, kodwa amasu amaningana angasiza ekunciphiseni izingxabano futhi athuthukise imiphumela.

Ukuhlolwa Okunethonya

Phambi kokumisa isimiso esiyinhloko, ohulumeni kufanele baqhube ukuhlaziya okunzima okubiza izindleko (CBA) okulinganisela kokubili imiphumela yezezomnotho nezenhlalo. IHhovisi lolwazi nezeze-Relagetation lihlela ukuhlaziywa kwezimiso, lidinga izinhlangano zokuhlela izinzuzo nezindleko, licabangela ezinye izindlela, futhi lidalule izimpawu. Nakuba i-CBA inemingcele - ayiyona imiphumela encikekayo, futhi amazinga ahlanganisa ukukhetha ngokokuziphatha – kunikeza uhlelo olubonisa ngokucacile lokuhlola ukuhweba.

Ukuhlanganyela Esontweni

Ukuhlanganisa labo abathinteka yisimiso – amabhizinisi, izisebenzi, amaqembu omphakathi, nenzuzo engahleliwe kungaveza imiphumela engahlelelwanga futhi kwakhe ukusekela kwezombangazwe. Izindlela zokuhlanganyela njengezindlebe zomphakathi, amakomiti okuqondisa, nezikhathi zokuphendula nge-intanethi kuvumela imibono ehlukahlukene ukuba ikwazi ukusungula isimiso somthetho. Lapho ababambi bemidanti bezwa, izinqubo zingenzeka ngendlela ephumelelayo futhi zilungiswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Uhlelo lokuhamba nenhlolo-mlinganiso

Kunokuba kuqedwe uhlelo ezweni lonke, izinhlelo zabashayeli zivumela ukuhlolwa endaweni elawulwayo. Ukuhlola okungalawuleki okulawulwayo kuye kwaba yindinganiso ekwakhekeni kwezomnotho futhi kusetshenziswa kakhulu enkambisweni yasekhaya. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango wezempilo neMinyango Yobuntu wase-U.S. uye wasebenzisa ama-RCT ukuze ahlole izindlela ezintsha zokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi nosizo lwezindlu. Abashayeli baveza ubufakazi bokuthi iziphi izinto ezisebenzayo, ukunciphisa ingozi yamaphutha abizayo lapho kuphakama.

Ukwenziwa kwesinqumo sedata-ethunyelweyo

Imininingwane engcono yenza ukuba kube nenqubo engcono. Imininingwane yanamuhla yokuphatha – kusukela kumarekhodi entela, izimo zezempilo, nezimiso zemfundo – ingahlanganiswa (nezivikelo zangasese) emiphumeleni. Ama-predifiniting anama-alytic angabona ukuthi ubani ozozuza kakhulu ekungeneleni. I-minuctal , njenge-Social Progresss Index okanye i-OECD's Better Better Life Index, isiza ohulumeni ukuba bahlole ukuthi izinkonzo ze-OFLT zilawulwa ngokuphumelelayo yini. [ umsebenzi we-OECD's's procences processss processsssociation Index inikeza izilungiselelo zokusebenzisa ulwazi ukuze kuthuthukise inqubo.

Ukuklanywa Kwezici Zokucabanga Kwakudala

Imijikelezo emifushane yezombangazwe ingaba abakhi bezimiso zokucwasana ezimisweni ezibonakala ngokushesha kodwa ezikhokhelwayo isikhathi eside. Imikhandlu ye- Independent fiscal, imikhandlu elawulayo, namagama okushona kwelanga angasiza ekumelaneni nalobu bandlululo. Ngokwesibonelo, iHhovisi Lemali Yokuhlela Umthetho Wezimo Zomthetho iveza izibikezelo eziqokomisa ithonya lesikhathi eside lezimiso zamanje. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlola indawo ezungezile nezingozi zesimo sezulu kungasiza ekunqandeni izindleko ezibizela ukubonakala.

Isiphetho

Ukuhwebelana phakathi kwenhlala- kahle yezenhlalo nempumelelo yezomnotho akusona isithiyo esilawulayo kodwa isici esingokwemvelo sokubusa. Abenzi bemithetho abavuma lokhu kucindezeleka nokusebenzisa ubufakazi, ukuhlaziya okunzima, nezinqubo eziphelele bangaklama ukudambisa izindleko zezokuhweba kuyilapho kunezinzuzo ezandisisa. Akukho ukulinganisela okuphelele okukhona ngazo zonke izikhathi nezindawo – isisindo esinikezwa isilinganiso sokusebenza kahle ngokulinganayo nempumelelo esekelwe ezindinganisweni zomphakathi, emongweni womlando, kanye nasezintweni ezikhona. Okuhlala njalo kuyisidingo sokukhanyisa, ukwenza izinqumo ezisiza inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi nezomnotho ezikhona.