Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Izinyathelo Zokuqondisa Enqubweni Yomphakathi

Izimiso zokuqondisa ziwumsuka wokubusa kwanamuhla, unikeza uhlelo lapho izinhloso zomphakathi zihunyushelwa khona ukuba zibe yimithetho esebenzayo. Lezi zinyathelo zihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zemithetho elandelwayo, kusukela kwimithetho edluliselwe izishaya-mthetho kuya kubaphathi abakhishwe yizinhlangano, futhi ngisho nemithetho yokuzilawula ethathwa yizimboni. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukulolonga ukuziphatha kwe-(abantu, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano), ukuphishekela imiphumela enjengesivikelo somphakathi, isivikelo sezemvelo, ukuqina kwezomnotho, kanye nokuhleleka kwezenhlalo. Izinga lokulawula inqubo lidlulela cishe zonke izingxenye zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nokunakekela impilo, amandla emalini, ukuthutha, ukuphatha, nokusebenza kwazo. Ukuqonda umklamo, ukuklama, nokusebenza kwazo akuyona indlela engokwemfundo; ukuqinisekisa ukungenela kwezentengo yeze engokoqobo

Isiphithiphithi Sezikhali Eziqondisayo

Izindlela zokuqondisa azizona ezokuthatha unyawo. Zisukela kumthetho ophezulu olandelana nokulawula nokulandelana kwemithetho yomyalo kuya ezindleleni ezivumelanayo, ezisekelwe emakethe, futhi ngayinye inemiphumela ehlukile yokuhlola okuphumelelayo.

Ukuyalelwa-ukubuyiselwa komyalo kanye noControl

Lendlela engokwesiko ibeka izindinganiso eziqondile noma imikhawulo, njengokukhishwa kwemikhawulo yamafektha noma izimfuneko zokuphepha kwemithi. Nakuba ilula ukuphoqelelwa, lemithetho ingaba nemithetho eqinile futhi ingabangela ukungaguquguquki kwezindawo ezisemkhakheni noma ezisemongweni. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Espel Air Act [ e-United States] usebenzisa izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe eziye zanciphisa ukungcola komoya, kodwa abacusumbuli ngezinye izikhathi bavimbela ukusungulwa ngokunikeza izixazululo ezithile kunokuba bafake imiphumela.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemisebenzi

Kunokuba inqume izindlela zokuhlela, imithetho esekelwe ekusebenzeni ibeke izisulu futhi ivumele izinhlangano ezilawulwayo zinqume indlela yokubhekana nazo. Lendlela ikhuthaza ukusungulwa nokuncitshiswa kwezindleko. Lemikhakha idinga ukulinganisela ngokucophelela kwemiphumela ehloselwe ukulimala eU.S. iye yashukumiseleka ezindaweni ezifana nezingozi zokuxhumana, ivumela abaqashi ukuba balungise izinhlelo ezisezingozini zabo.

Imishini Esekelwe Kuhulumeni Wezentengiselwano

Lezi zihlanganisa intela, imvume encishisiwe, izimali, nezimiso zokufaka imali. Basebenzisa izisusa zezomnotho ukuze bafinyelele imigomo yenqubo. I-European Union Eugsing Trading System (EU ETS) iyisibonelo esivelele sohlelo lwesepaphu ne-trade oluhloselwe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ekhipha igesi eshisayo. Ukuhlola lapha kugxila ekuphumeleleni kwendawo ezungezile (ukuncishiswa kwesilinganiso esithile), impumelelo yezomnotho (intengo ngokwehla), kanye nokusakaza isilinganiso (othwala izindleko).

Ukuvuselelwa Kwezinhlayiya Nokushintsha Kokuziphatha

Ukuqonda okusheshayo okuvela kwezezomnotho, lezizinyathelo eziqondisa ukuziphatha ngaphandle kokudambisa noma ukunqabela ukukhetha. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukungabhali ngokomthetho ekuhleleni imali egciniwe yomhlalaphansi, ukunamakhaloriyu ophawulwe kuhlu, noma ukukhipha izitho ezikhethekayo ezifuna udwebo olunzima lokuhlola, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa uvivinyo olulawulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukuze kuhlukaniswe imiphumela yazo kwezinye izitho.

Isizathu Sokuba Uhlole Izindaba: Ukulandisa, Ukufunda, Nokwethembana

Ukuhlolwa kwezinyathelo zokuqondisa kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi. Okokuqala, kunikeza ukubala ngokubonisa ukuthi imithombo yomphakathi nemithwalo elawulayo iveza izinzuzo eziqinile. Okwesibili, yenza ukuba kukwazi [[[[FLT:]] ukufunda [ ngokuhlukanisa imisebenzi, ukuthi iziphi ezingakho, ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Lobufakazi bubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zomphakathi zinikeza izinhlelo zobujikelezo nezokubukeza imithetho ekhona. Okwesithathu, ukuhlola okuqinile kwakha ukuthembana kwabantu [[[[[FLT]] ]. Lapho izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi iziqondiso zisekelwe ebufakazini nasebusweni obuphathekayo, zisebenza njalo, zikhula ezinhlanganweni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola kusiza ekuboneni imiphumela elindelekile ] futhi kulungile nakubini. Umthetho oklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukulondeka kokudla unganciphisa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene noma wandise amanani abathengi abahliswayo abahliswayo. Ngaphandle kokuhlola okuhlelekile, imiphumela enjalo eyingozi ihlala ifihlekile, inciphe yona kanye imigomo efunwayo.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zokulawula Ukuphumelela

Ukuhlola inqubo yokuqondisa kudinga uhlelo lwezici eziningi. Nakuba isihloko sokuqala sidwebe ukuphumelela, ukuphumelela, ukuhleleka, nokulalela, singawandisa futhi senezele ukuvumelana okwengeziwe.

Ukuphumelela: Ingabe Le nqubo Yokubuyiselwa Yazifeza Izinto Ezahlosiwe?

Lona umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu. Ukuhlola okunempumelelo kuhilela ukulinganisa izinga imiphumela ehlongozwe (umzk., ukuncishiswa kokungcola, izingozi ezimbalwa, amanani aphansi) eyenzeka. Kudinga ukusungula i-actal-panectation(ukube bekungenzeka ngaphandle komthetho. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa, ukuhlaziya isikhathi, kanye nemiklamo ephikisanayo.

Ukwaneliseka: Ingabe Izinzuzo Zinkulu Kunezizindleko?

Ukuhlolwa kokwenza okuphumelelayo, ngokuvamile nge ukuhlolwa kwezentengiselwano (CBA), kulinganisa ithonya lezenhlala - kahle yezenhlala- kahle emphakathini. Izinselele zihlanganisa ukuhambisa izinto ezingasayi emakethe njengezempilo yomuntu noma izinkonzo zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, nokusingatha izinkathazo zokwandiswa. Ihhovisi lokulawula noHlambu lwezemali e-U.S.] lidinga izinhlangano ukuba ziqhube i-CBA ukuze ziqondise iziqondiso ezinkulu, zinikeze ikhampathi ye-teethi yendlela yokuhlola impumelelo.

Ukungaguquguquki: Ubani Othwala Umthwalo Nobani Ovuna Izinzuzo?

Imithetho ingathinta amaqembu ahlukene ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ukuhlola kuhlola ukuthi ukusakazwa kwezindleko nezinzuzo kulungile yini − amaqembu emali emali etholakalayo, izifunda, izizukulwane, noma izinhlanga. Izibalo zezemvelo zihlola ukuthi ukungcola kuzuzisa ngokungenakulinganiswa yini imiphakathi ecebile kuyilapho kushiya izindawo ezithola imali ephansi.

Ukubambisana Nokuphoqelelwa

Ngisho nomthetho omiswe kahle kakhulu awusebenzi uma ungalandelwa. I-uncication ihlola amazinga okunamathela, izizathu zokungahambisani, nokuphumelela kwamasu okuqinisekisa. Icabangela futhi umthwalo owenziwe ngemithetho [ [isikhathi], izindleko, kanye nobunkimbinkimbi obuphoqelela izinhlangano ezilawulwayo.

Ukungalawuleki Nokungagunyazi

Ingabe i-opera inikezwe amandla okulawula akhona? Ingabe ijabulela ukufaneleka kwezombangazwe nezenhlalo? Lezimiso ezithambile zinganquma ukugcinwa isikhathi eside. Umthetho osebenza ngobuchwepheshe kodwa ophikisa kakhulu ungabuyiselwa noma uncishiswe ngokungahambisani.

Izindlela Nezindlela Zokuhlola

Ukuhlaziya okuqinile kuxhomeke engxubevangeni yamasu ahlanganisayo nawamakhambi, ngokuvamile ehlangene ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ukuze kutholakale izinto ezitholakele.

Imiklamo Yokuhlola Enethonya

Ngaphandle kwendinganiso yegolide kodwa ayisebenzi kakhulu emithethweni emikhulu. Imiphumela enzima yokuhlola isebenzisa izindlela ze-quasi-emperium noma zokuhlola. Ukulinga okungalawulwayo (RCT) kungukusetshenziswa kwegolide kodwa ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka ekulinganiseni imingcele emikhulu. I-Quasi-emperiary ayzimomzimbi njenge-referiondiontinum, activement distion, nezindlela zokulawula ukwakheka kunikeza ezinye izindlela ezithembekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola ukuhlola ithonya lenkokhelo yombuso elingukhiso ungaqhathanisa ukwanda kwemisebe yokusebenza ehlelwe ngokulawula kokwenziwa ezizweni ezifanayo ezinganyusangakhokhwa elincane.

Ukuhlaziya Izindleko Nezindleko

Lokhu kuhlola kwezomnotho kulinganisela futhi kuqhathanise imiphumela emihle nembi yomthetho. Ukuhlola impumelelo kuwusizo uma izinzuzo zilinganiswa ngamaqoqo emvelo (umz., ukuphila kusindiswa, amathani ancishisiwe) futhi umgomo ukunciphisa izindleko ngengxenye ngayinye yemiphumela. Zombili izindlela zidinga ukusingathwa kokungaqiniseki ngokuhlola inqubo yokwazi ukuzwa.

Ukuhlola Inqubo Nokuyifeza

Akwanele ukubuza ukuthi umthetho uyasebenza yini; kumelwe futhi siqonde ukuthi kanjani futhi ngani. Inqubo ihlola ukumiswa kwetsheni elihlolwayo (kusukela ekuqinisekiseni ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuya ekuthobeleni ukuziphatha. Izingxoxo nabaqondisi bemithetho, izimboni ezilawulwayo, nemiphakathi ethintekayo yakhanyisa izithiyo nabaqondisi. Lendlela ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqapheleni ukwehluleka kokufeza okungalungiswa ngaphandle kokushintsha umthetho ngokwawo.

Ukusondela Komjovo Oxutshiwe Nokwehla

Ukuhlolwa kwendaba, amaqembu abhekisisayo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwephepha kunikeza ukwaziswa okucebile. Ekuhloleni i-EU’S General Data Protection Regation (GDPR), ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okuhlolwayo kwezindleko eziqinile kupheleliswa yizingxoxo zemininingwane nezikhulu ezivikelayo ezembula indlela umthetho oshintshe ngayo imikhuba yangaphakathi yemfihlo nempucuko yenhlangano.

Izinselele Eziphikelelayo Ekuhlolweni Kwezimiso

Naphezu kwentuthuko yezindlela zokulawula, ukuhlaziya imithetho kuhlala kugcwele izinkinga. Ukuqaphela lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuchazeni imiphumela nasekuthuthukiseni umkhuba.

Ukungezwani Kweminikelo Nezentengiselwano

Imithetho ivame ukulandelwa kanye nezinye izinqubo, ukushintsha kwezomnotho, noma ukuthambekela kwezenhlalo, okwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa umnikelo oyingqayizivele walemithetho. Njengoba kuphawulwe yi- World Bank Group ekuqondiseni kwayo ekuhloleni imiphumela elawulayo, ukusungula ukuhleleka kudinga ukucwaninga okuqinile futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlola okungokwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziya umphumela wemithetho emisha yokudla okukhuluphele kakhulu kuncitshiswa ngokushintsha kanye kanye kanye kwemikhuba yokuvivinya, ukuthengisa, namanani okudla.

Izithiyo Zemininingwane Nezinkinga Zokulinganisa

Imininingwane ethembekile igazi elifakelwayo lokuhlola, kodwa ngokuvamile ayitholakali, iphelelwe isikhathi, noma ayiguquguquki. Imininingwane ephetheyo ingase intule ukuthandeka okudingekile, ukuhlolwa kokwaziswa kungabangelwa ukusabela kobandlululo, futhi izilinganiso zomthetho wokulawula zingase zingathathi izakhiwo zeqiniso zesithakazelo. Ukuhlelwa kwe-Economic Cooperation and Development (OELD) kusungule [[[FLT:]] izisekeli zemiphumela yemiphumela elawulayo egcizelela ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane nezindinganiso zobuhle, kodwa iminyango eminingi isahluleka.

Isikhathi Sekhala Nemiphumela Yebanga Elide

Imiphumela egcwele yomthetho ingathatha iminyaka noma amashumi engeziwe ukuze ivuleke. Izimiso zendawo ezungezile ezihloselwe ukunciphisa amagesi abamba ukushisa komkhathi ziyothinta imiphumela yesimo sezulu kuphela ngemva kokuthatha isikhathi eside ukuncipha komoya osemkhathini. Ukuhlola okufushane kungathatha kancane noma ngisho nokulahlekelwa izinzuzo. Lokhu kubangela ukungezwani phakathi kwesidingo sezombangazwe semiphumela efike ngesikhathi nesidingo sesayensi sezikhathi ezanele.

Abathathi - hlangothi Abamelana Nesimo Sezomnotho Nezombangazwe

Ukuhlola uhulumeni kungasongela izithakazelo ezigxilile. Abadlali abanamandla bangafuna ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe noma okungasetshenziswa izinhloso ezifanele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abasekeli bangakhuthaza ukuqinisekiswa kokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho abawuphikisayo uyehluleka. Ukunquma lendawo yezombangazwe kudinga ukuzimela, ukubonakala, nokuthembisa ukuhlobisa ekuhlolweni.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwezimiso Eziqondisayo

Imithetho ayivamile ukusebenza ngokuzihlukanisa. Ihlanganisa inqubo enkulu, isebenzelana neminye imithetho, izisusa zentela, nezindinganiso zokuzithandela. Ukuthatha umthetho owodwa ngaphandle kokucabangela lokhu kuxhumana kungaholela eziphethweni ezidukisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphumelela kwamandla avuselelwayo kungaxhomeke ekutholeni izimiso zecarbon criplution nezimiso zesisekelo sesisekelo.

Ukuhlola Izifo Okubonisa Ukwenzeka: Izifundo Ezitholakala Ekuhlolweni Okukhulu Komthetho

Ukuhlola izwe langempela kusenza siqonde ngokucacile ukuthi yikuphi okusebenzayo nokungafanele nokuthi iziphi izinselele ezingaxazululwa kanjani.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 1: Iziphetho Zomthetho Womoya Ohlanzekile zango - 1990 (United States)

I-1990 inguquko yasungula uhlelo lwe-cap-trade ye-sulfur dioxide (SO2) ekhipha igesi ukuze kulwisane nemvula eneacid. Ngokulandelayo ihlola i- Environological Protection Agency (EPA) nabacwaningi bezemfundo basebenzisa inhlanganisela yokuhlola ukukhishwa kwemisebe ye-data, ukuveza kwezomnotho, nokuhlola imiphumela yempilo. Imiphumela yashaqiniswa: i-SO2 yehla ngo-90% ngo-20202020 ngengxenye yezindleko ezivezisekeli zemisebenzi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokukhuthaza inqubo yemakethengiso eshibhibhibhizayo kunokuba kulindelwe. Uhlelo oluqokonyiswe ukubaluleka kwe-FOLD [FFF:]

Ukuhlola Indaba 2: Ukuphepha Nemithetho Yezempilo (United Kingdom)

Ngemva kokumiswa kwe-Health and Safety act, i-UK yathatha ukuhlola okuhlelekile kokugcinwa kwezindlela zayo zokusebenza. Abacwaningi basebenzisa ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokulimala emsebenzini nokufa, behlangene nokuhlolwa okuthatha isikhathi eside kokuziphatha okuqinile. Ukuhlola kwembula ukuthi umbuso wokuhlola ngengozi we-Health ne-Safety ufaka izimali eziphezulu nefekthayo ezibhalwe phansi ngokungafanele. Lokhu kubonisa indlela inqubo yokuhlola engathuthukisiwe ekuthuthukiseni izingozi. Imiphumela yazisa ukusungulwa kwe- “Feee yezempilo ne-Intervention", okusola ukuthi iphula imithetho, ngaleyo ndlela yenza izisusa zemali zokulalela. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukuhlola okungathuthukisa ngayo amasu enqubo yokulungisa izinhlelo ngesikhathi.

Ukuhlolwa Kwendaba 3: Imithetho Yezimali Ngemva Kwenkinga Ka - 2008 (Umthetho Wezezimali)

I-Dodd-Frank uGreast Wall Street Reformation and Consumer Protection Act yamisa izinguquko ezinkulu ezilawulayo, kuhlanganise neVolcker Rule (ukuhweba okungalinganisiwe), yandisa izimfuneko zenhloko-mfuno, futhi ukudalwa kwe-Consumer Financial Protection Bureaunia. Ukuhlolwa kokuphumelela kwayo kuye kwaphikisana, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesikhathi eside i-jeethe nukungenela okukhulu. [[FLL:0] I-FEderal Reserve Board iye yashicilela izibalo zezehlolo [[[[[FLMF:1] ihlola ithonya lokungena ebhangengozini, isebenzisa izinyathelo ezinjengezinto eziyingozi nezingahlelekile zentengo yezentengo. Nakuba kunobufakazi obuningi bezentengo yokwenyuka kwezindleko nezimiso zesimiso, kuhlala kunezingatshalo ezisekwehlelayo ezinhle kakhulu.

Umbono Wezizwe Zonke Ngokuhlola Izimiso

Izindlela zokuhlola ezikhona ziyahlukahluka kakhulu emazweni. I-European Union’s I-Agenda engcono kakhulu idinga ukuhlolwa kwazo zonke izindlela ezinkulu zokuhlola, kuhlanganise nokuhlola kokubuya ukwenzeka (ukuhlolwa” kwezimiso ezikhona. I-Commission’s Ingcono kakhulu i-atravision [FLT] i-Agenda []] inikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe sokuhlola izindlela, ukubuza, ukukhomba, nobufakazi. Ngokuphambene, amazwe amaningi asathuthukayo abhekene nezimiso zemininingwane, amakhono alinganiselweyo, kanye nokwehluleka kwezenhlalakahle. Izinhlangano zomhlaba jikelele njengeBHAN kanye ne-OE systrusocioctive.

Ukuthambekela okuphawulekayo ukunyuka kweqembu ukuqonda okungaqondakaliyo phakathi kohulumeni (umzk., i-UK’S Paratorial Insights Team, i-US White House Social and Behavior Sciences) elisebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kwe-athonsi. Lamaqembu abonise ukuthi ukungenela kokuhlola kokukhanya kungavivinywa futhi kulinganiswe lapho kufakwa ekwakhelweni okuqinile.

Ukuqinisa Isimiso Semvelo Sokuhlola

Ukuthuthukisa umkhuba wokuhlola ukuhlelwa kabusha, kudinga izimo eziningana. Okokuqala, ukuhlaziya [ ekwayalelweni kwemithetho] hlanganisa izigaba zokushona kwelanga noma izikhathi ezibophekile(ukuveza isikhuthazo esingokomthetho sokuhlola ubufakazi.] [[FLT:]] ukuhlolwa kwemitapo yesakhiwo [[FLT]] kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kokwaziswa kokuphatha, ukuvulwa kwemininingwane yemidathangatho, nokugcinwa kwemfihlo kwamacala eyimfihlo okunezelwe. [FLT] Imiphumela yesithathu, [FLD:]] ukuhlolwa amandla okuhlolwa ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano ngokuqeqeshwa, ukuqamba, ukuqoqa kanye nokuthuthukisa izinhlangano zezemfundo. [Foctive] [5]

Ukuhlola akumelwe kubhekwe njengokuzivivinya okukodwa kodwa njengenqubo eqhubekayo yokufunda. Amapulani alungisayo, njengalawo asetshenziswa ekulawuleni amazinga amanzi nakwezobuchwepheshe bamanani, akhela emalungiselelweni okulungisa okusekelwe ekuhlolweni nasekuhlolweni. Lendlela enamandla ibonisa iqiniso lokuthi indawo ezungezile elawulayo iyazivelela, futhi ngokufanayo nezindlela eziklanyelwe ukuzibusa.

Isiphetho

Ukuqeda ukuphumelela kwezindlela zokulawula akuyona nje indlela yobuchwepheshe, iyingxenye eyinhloko yokubusa kwentando yeningi. Iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ifeza isithembiso sayo sokuvikela izithakazelo zomphakathi ngaphandle kokubeka imithwalo engadingekile. Ukuhlola ngokucophelela amakheli esimiso, ukusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezinzima, iqaphela izinselele ezingokwemvelo, futhi idwebe izifundo ezisekelwe ezifundweni ezihlukahlukene ezisezinhlalweni nasemazweni. Njengoba isimiso somphakathi silwisana nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, esheshayo, enziwa ngokushesha, (ukusukela ekushicini) ekushintsheni isimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo (-"isidingo sokuhlola ukulingana okuphezulu kokuhlelwa kwemiyalulo) kungoko. Ngokuhlola umjikelezo wenqubo nokulungisa amathuluzi ethu, singakha kabusha izimiso zokulawula ezingekhona kodwa eziphumelelayo, futhi zibuye ziphumelele, futhi zinciphekelele, futhi zithembeke kakhulu emphakathini.