Isingeniso: Ibhizinisi Lokuthula Elingancishisiwe

Ukusayinwa kwe-Good Wearth Agreement (Belfast Advrence) ngo-April 1998 kwakuyinkathi ephawulekayo emlandweni wase-Northern Ireland. Yaqeda inkathi enzima kakhulu yempi eyaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo, umzabalazo wehlelo nezombangazwe owabulala abantu abangu - 3 600 futhi washiya amashumi ezinkulungwane elimele. Nakuba iSivumelwano samisa uhulumeni owehlisa amandla ahlukene, amalungiselelo avamile okuphepha, futhi saqala ukususa izikhali zempi, enye yezinselele zaso ezingenakulawuleka: ukunikeza ifa lemisebenzi yempi.

Izindaba zefa azihlanganisi nje kuphela ukubulala okungaxazululiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu esikhathini esidlule kodwa futhi nethonya eliqhubekayo lamaqembu ezempi emiphakathini, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, ukuhlasela kwezindlela zezempi, nezibazi ezijulile ezibangelwa izisulu nabasindi. Ngaphansi kwe-Good Wear Account Parace, amaqembu azinikele ekuthatheni ifa elibanzi, kodwa ukuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe, ukuchazwa okuhlukene kobulungisa, kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi komlando kuye kwathuthuka kancane futhi kwaphikisana.

Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo sezindaba ezingokwefa lezempi ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Sesivumelwano SangoLwesihlanu, izinqubo eziklanyelwe ukusingatha zona, izinselele eziphikelelayo, namathuba okuphulukisa nokubuyisana ahlala evulekele eNyakatho Ireland.

Ukuqonda Izinkinga Nesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Sefa

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani izimpikiswano zefa lebutho lezempi zishesha kangaka, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde isimo salempi. Izinkinga (c. 1968-1988) zahilela umzabalazo wempi phakathi kwempi yama-republic (ngokuyinhloko i-Piniterational Irish Republican Army Army, noma i-IRA), amabutho athembekile (njengeUlster Lonication Force ne Ulster Defence Association), kanye namabutho eBrithani (kuhlanganise iRoyal Ulsterstabulary ne British Argue). Wonke amaqembu enza izenzo zobudlova, futhi amabutho ezokuvikela ayeboshelwa (njenge-coluis, i-upluation, futhi i-judial, ukubulala. Umphumela uwumphumela umbangomlando owenziwe ngomlando wezisulu kanye nempi.

I-Good Wear Agreement ayizange izame ukuletha i-offrey, i-active evumelanayo neqiniso. Kunalokho, yakha isakhiwo sokuhlalisana, ivuma ukuthi ukuthula kwesikhathi esizayo okudinga ukuxoxa ngakho esikhathini esidlule ngaphandle kokukuvumela ukuba kuqhutshwe intuthuko yezombangazwe. Amalungiselelo ayinhloko ahlanganisa: ukukhululwa kweziboshwa zempi eziselayisensi, ukukhishwa kwezikhali, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zobupolisa nokulunga, kanye nokuzimisela ukusungula izindlela zokubhekana nokufa okungaxazululeki. Lendawo yokugcina, yindlela yokufa, yashiya inqubo engacacile e-mthethweni yesivumelwano, ukuba iphele ngezingxoxo ezilandelayo.

I-External Ingxube:[ Ngesisekelo sezinkathazo, iNkonzo ye-Web ye- ye-CAIN [ eUlster University inikeza ugcino olubanzi lwemibhalo, izikhawu zesikhathi, nemininingwane yezibalo.

Ziyini Izinkinga Zefa Lempi?

Izindaba ezingokwefa lempi azigcini ngokubulala nokulimaza izinkulungwane phakathi nempi elwiwayo. Zihlanganisa nokuthi:

  • Ukubulala okungaxazululwanga: Acishe abe ngu-1,000 yempi ehlobene nokufa esele ingaxazululiwe noma ingaphenyiswanga ngokwanele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlasela nhlangothi zonke, kanye nezenzakalo lapho amabutho kahulumeni kungenzeka ukuthi aye ahlobana nebutho lezempi.
  • Uhlobo lwe-Paraist-style ahlasela (PS ): Ukushaya, ukudubula, nokudubula okuqhubeka kuze kube namuhla, okusetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela ukulawula nobugebengu ezindaweni ezisebenza emaqenjini.
  • ubugebengu nobugebengu obuhleliwe: Amaqembu amaningi ezempi aphenduka amaqembu ezempi ahileleke ekuhwebeni ngezidakamizwa, ukushushumbisa uphethiloli, ukuphanga imali, nokuphanga. Lokhu kululaza umthetho nokwethemba umphakathi.
  • Isidingo sokungalungi nokusinda: Imiphumela engokomzimba, engokwengqondo, nengokomnotho kubantu ngabanye nasemikhayeni, kuhlanganise nokuntuleka kobulungisa, izinkonzo zokusekela ezinganele, nobuhlungu obuqhubekayo.
  • Usizi lwesizukulwane: Ukudluliswa kosizi, ukwesaba, nokwehlukana kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye, kuqhubekisele phambili ukwehlukana komphakathi nobutha.

Ifa yikho kokubili ukubheka emuva (ubulungisa besikhathi esidlule) kanye nokubheka phambili (ukuqalisa). Uhlelo lwe-Good Frive Adment lwakuqaphela lokhu ngokubiza izinqubo ezizo “kuveza ukubuyisana nokuqondana” kuyilapho kuqinisekisa futhi“ ukwenziwa kobulungisa.”

Isivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Esisekela Ifa

Nakuba iSivumelwano sokuqala sabekwa izimiso ezibanzi, izinqubo ezisebenzayo zahlelwa ezincwadini ezalandela, ikakhulukazi i-St Andrews Accounting Progreement ka-2006, i-Sponsont House Agreement ka-202020 ne-New Header, i-Approach. I-Sponsont House Arect ibaluleke kakhulu, njengoba yamisa izakhiwo ezine eziyifa elibanzi ezihlanganisa izinhlangano ezine:

Ucwaningo Olungokomlando (HIU)

I-HIU yaklanyelwa ukuthatha umsebenzi wamaphoyisa akhona asemafa kanye nokwenza uphenyo olusha, lokuzimela ngokufa okuhlobene nengxabano okwenzeka phakathi kuka-1968 no-1998. Ihlose ukunikeza imikhaya izimpendulo, ibone noma yisiphi isigebengu noma ukuziphatha okungalawuleki, futhi iveze imibiko yomphakathi. Nokho, kusukela ngo-2025, i-HIU ayikasetshenziswa ngokugcwele ngenxa yezingxabano zezombangazwe ezihlobene nobukhulu bayo, ukuxhasana, kanye nobuhlobo namaphoyisa.

IKhomishane Ezimele Yokubuyisana Nokubuya Kokwaziswa (ICRIR)

Lendikimba, eyasungulwa ngaphansi koMthetho ka-2023 we-Northern Ireland Troubles (Izigwegwe no-Reconciliation) wathatha indawo yamasu angaphambili e-HIU. I-CRIR inikeza enye indlela kumthetho wokwahlulela owephula umthetho, igxile ekululameni kokwaziswa nasekukhulumeni iqiniso kunokuqulwa. Inamandla okunikeza ukunqanda ukunqandwa kokuvinjelwa ukuze ithole imvume yokuquliswa. Leli lungiselelo liye laphikisana kakhulu, namaqembu ezisulu, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, futhi uhulumeni wase-Ireland uveza ukuthi liphula isibopho saseYurophu samalungelo abantu neSivumelwano saseNhlanu elungile sokwahlulela.

[[Umthetho:0] Isivumelwano se-External:[ Umbhalo ogcwele weNyakatho Ireland Izinkinga (Isivumelwano nokubuyisana) UMthetho 2023 ukhona usuka kwiNcwadi ye-Irish.

Umlandu Odluliselwa Ngomlomo (OHA)

Lena inqolobane yezindaba zomuntu siqu nokuhlangenwe nakho okuvela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomphakathi, okuklanyelwe ukwakha ibhange lenkumbulo elihlanganyelwe, elifinyelelekayo. Alifushanizi iqiniso kodwa livumela abantu ukuba baxoxe ngezindaba zabo ngamazwi abo siqu. i-OHA ingenye yezinqubo ezingaphikiswani kakhulu, nakuba ukusekela kwayo imali nokuphatha kwayo isikhathi eside kungaqinisekile.

Ifa Lemizimba Nezenzo Zokubuyisana (IRG)

Lendikimba elawula ngokweqile yayihloselwe ukwengamela ezinye izinhlangano nokusiza ukuxoxa phakathi kwemiphakathi. indima yayo yayiwukukhuthaza ukuqonda nokubuyisana ngokutholana, ukuxhumana, nangemfundo. Empeleni, i-IRG iye yazama ukuthola inzuzo phakathi nokuphikisana kwezombangazwe.

Izinselele Ekusingatheni Izinkinga Zempi

Naphezu kwesimiso, ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi kuye kwabangela ubunzima. Izinselele eziyinhloko zingahlanganiswa ezinhlotsheni zezombangazwe, ezingokomthetho, ezingokwenhlalo, nezisebenzayo.

Ukungezwani Kwezombangazwe

Amaqembu amakhulu eNyakatho Ireland anemibono ehluke kakhulu ngefa. Amaqembu esizwe nerepublic athambekele ekubekeni phambili iqiniso, ubulungisa, nokulandisa, kuhlanganise nemikhosi kahulumeni. Amaqembu ahlangeneyo nawathembekile avame ukuphikisa ngokuthi inhloso kufanele igxile ekubuyisaneni futhi iqhubeke, ixwayisa ngokuthi ukuvula amanxeba amadala kuphazamisa ukuthula. Uhulumeni waseBrithani uye wabekwa icala lokubeka “ukulinganiselwa” ngokuphumelelayo ngokunikeza ukumelana nemingcele, kuyilapho uhulumeni wase-Ireland nezingqapheli eziningi zomhlaba wonke ziphikisa ukuthi iReface Act ilulaza i-Goolden Frive Recon Recon. Lokhu kunciltaganisa uhlobo lwezimpi zakudala oludingeka ukuze kubonakale njengelungelo elisemthethweni.

Isidingo Samalungelo Angokomthetho Nawomuntu

IRegacy Act iye yabekelwa inselele ezinkantolo. Ngo-2024 iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-UK yanquma ukuthi izinhlelo ezithile cishe amandla okunikeza ukugonywa − zazingavumelani nezibopho zamalungelo abantu ngaphansi kwe-European Convention. IZizwe Ezihlangene, uMkhandlu waseYurophu, nePhalamende laseYurophu. Lempi engokomthetho ibangela ukungaqiniseki nokulibala, ishiya izisulu ziseceleni.

Ukukhungatheka Nokusinda

Amaqembu amaningi ezisulu anomuzwa wokuthi amalungiselelo amasha abeka phambili izithakazelo zezempi nabaphathi bakahulumeni kunalabo abahluphekayo. Ithuba lokugonywa ekuvumeni ukubulala liyihlasimulisa kakhulu imikhaya eye yalinda amashumi eminyaka ilindele ubulungisa. I-ICRRIRR igcizelela ukuthi inganikeza ukwaziswa ngisho nangaphandle kokuqulwa umshushisi, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngaphandle kosongo lwejele, abahlaseli abanaso isikhuthazo sangempela sokuba babe neqiniso. Lokhu kuye kwaholela enkathazweni yokushaya umthetho ngenqubo yefa.

Ukuqhubeka Nempi

Nakuba amaqembu ayinhloko ezempi ewuqedile kakhulu imikhankaso yawo yokuhloma ngezikhali, amaRepublic aphikisayo kanye namanye amaqembu athembekile asalokhu ekhona. Imibiko yaminyaka yonke ye - Independent Commission on Paraild Accouty (emiswe ngemva kwe-Epresy Start Active ka-2014) iyaqhubeka ibhala ukushaywa, ukudutshulwa, namaqembu ezigebengwini. Ngo-2023, i-Police Service of Northern Ireland yabika ukuhlasela kwamabutho amasosha angu-44. Lobudlobo obuqhubekayo bubonisa ukuthi impikiswano yezempi ayiyona nje engokomlando kuphela, futhi iyizinkinga zamuva ezidinga ukuphepha njengendlela yokululama.

Amathuba Okuthuthuka

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, kunezindlela zokuthuthuka okunenjongo. Ukusingatha izindaba ezingokwefa lezempi ngaphansi kweSivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwentando yezombangazwe, amandla omphakathi nokusekelwa kwezizwe zonke.

Izinyathelo Zokubuyisana Nomphakathi

Izinhlangano ze-rasroot zivame ukuphumelela lapho izindikimba ezingokomthetho ziye zahluleka khona. Amaqembu anjenge-Healing Throughing, i-Junction, kanye nokuphumelela komphakathi ahlanganisa ababesebalwa, izisulu, nentsha ukuze bahlanganyele okuhlangenwe nakho nokwakha ubuhlobo. Lezi zinyathelo zigxile ekulungiseni ubulungisa, ukulandisa izindaba, kanye nokubambisana okusebenzayo ezindabeni ezinjengokuhlalisa izindlu, imfundo, nokuthuthuka kwezomnotho. Zisebenza ngaphansi kwe-radar yempikiswano yezombangazwe futhi zinomlando wokunciphisa ukushukuma kwemizwa.

Izifiki Eziyisisulu

Noma iyiphi inqubo engokomthetho ewumthetho kumelwe ibeke izidingo zezisulu nabasindayo emnyombweni wayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusekela impilo yengqondo okwanele, isinxephezelo sezimali, nokuthola ukwaziswa. Izisulu ze-Northern Ireland nezisebenzi ezisindayo zikhona kodwa zivame ukuncishwa. Ukunwetshwa komyalo wayo nemithombo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izisulu zinezwi eliqotho ekuklameni nasekuhlolweni kwezindlela zokuthola ifa, zingavuselela ukwethenjwa. Ibhusayithi ye-inter Ireland ne-ofisi yefa [

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Emhlabeni Wonke

Eminye imiphakathi yangemva kwesivumelwano se-consistent (i-South Africa, i-Colombia, i-Guatemala, izifundo ezinikezwayo). IKhomishane yeQiniso ne-Reconciliation ihlangene ne-Reference ne-thears egcwele iqiniso, kodwa iye yagxekwa ngokungaqiniseki kobungaqiniseki. Inqubo yokuthula yeColombia ihlanganisa kokubili ukuthunywa kweqiniso kanye nokulawula okukhethekile kobulungisa okulingana nesijeziso esingekhona isijeziso. I-Northern Ireland, isibonelo se-project evimbela ukumelana nokuzivikela kuyilapho kusaqhubeka ulwazi olunentengiselwa phambili lungavezwa nge-omfaxtername. Inhlangano ye-United States ye-teapy Institute of Peace isholot.

Ukufinyelela Kwemfundo Nezezinombolo

I-Oral History ingahlanganiswa nezindawo zobuchwepheshe ezisunguliwe ezenza izindaba zomuntu siqu zitholakale ezikoleni, abacwaningi, nasemphakathini. Ukuvuselelwa kwezenzakalo eziyinhloko, izimpawu zezikhathi ezihambisanayo, kanye nezifundo ze-website kungasiza izizukulwane ezisha ukuba ziqonde ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi besikhathi esidlule ngaphandle kokubanjwa yiyo. Izinhlelo zemfundo ezifundisa ukucabanga ngokugxeka umlando nokwakhiwa kokuthula zibalulekile ekubuyisaneni isikhathi eside.

Indima YoMbuso Namabutho Awokulondeka

Enye yezindaba ezibucayi kakhulu ezihilela ukuziphatha kweButho lempi laseBrithani neRoyal Ulster Consabulary. Ukunxuswa kokubambisana namabutho athembekile, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla abulalayo, nokugonywa kobufakazi ekuhlolweni kwamaphoyisa kuyaqhubeka kuvela. I-Good Wear Freement facel ihlanganisa izinguquko zamaphoyisa kanye nokwakhiwa kwe-Pice Ombudsman, kodwa ukubonakala okugcwele ngokuphathelene nezenzakalo ezingokomlando akukafinyeleli.

Izimiso zokuvikela imfuno zisebenza ngokufanayo kubadlali bangaphambili bakahulumeni, abaye bacasula amaqembu amalungelo abantu. Nokho, abanye baphikisa ngokuthi uma i-ICRIR ingaphoqelela ubufakazi obuvela kumasosha namaphoyisa angaphambili, inganikeza imikhaya ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kunalokho izinkantolo ezikwazi ukukwenza. Inselele iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi noma iyiphi inqubo enjalo izimele ngempela futhi ayikho isivikelo. IKhomisha ezimeleyo ePhakathi ye-Policing for Northern Ireland (Ingxelo ye-Patten) ibeke isisekelo senguquko; izimiso zayo kumelwe zisekelwe.

Isiphetho: Isifo Esiphikelelayo

Ukusingatha ifa lezempi ngaphansi kwe-Good Wear Agreement ayiyona into engenziwa ngokuzithandela, kodwa ayiyona into ebaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokuvuthwa kokuthula. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ngemva kwevoti engokomlando, i-Northern Ireland isewumphakathi ohlukene kakhulu, futhi ithonya lezempi liseyinkinga emiphakathini eminingi. Ngaphandle kwemizamo ethembekile yokubhekana neyadlula, ithemba elidingekayo ukuze kubuyisane kwangempela liyohlala lingafinyeleki.

I-Good Wear Agreement yayingahloselwe ukuveza umphumela ophelele; kwakuyisivumelwano esiphelele esamisa ukubulala futhi sadala indawo yezombangazwe. Lowomkhathi manje kumelwe usetshenziselwe ukuklama izinqubo eziwubuqotho, ezikhanyayo, nezinesihawu. Lokhu akudingi nje kuphela isenzo sikahulumeni kodwa futhi nokuhlanganyela okukhuthele komphakathi womphakathi, amasonto, abafundisi, futhi, ikakhulukazi, izisulu kanye nabasindi.

Azikho izimpendulo ezilula. Ukungezwani phakathi kweqiniso, ubulungisa, nokuthula kungokwemvelo kunoma yisiphi isimo sangemva kokwethulwa. Kodwa okunye okukwenza − ukuvumela ifa lobudlova ukuba likhule, lingaphindwa futhi lingaxazululwanga(-risk) ukuchitha inzuzo yesivumelwano. Ngokuqhubeka kwesibopho, ukusungula, nesibindi, i-Northern Ireland kungasawudumisa umoya ka-1998 futhi kwakhe umphakathi lapho ikusasa litshela khona ngaphandle kokuyilawula.