Abaphathi bedolobha basendaweni ekhethekile yokuhlela isakhiwo esingokomzimba, esingokwenhlalo, nesendawo ezungezile semiphakathi yabo. Izinqumo ezenziwa ehholo lasedolobheni nsuku zonke kususela ezinqumweni zezindawo zokuthutha ukuhlobanisa imali (_zezindawo zokuhamba) /ithonya ngokuqondile indlela izakhamuzi eziphila ngayo, umsebenzi, nenkathi yobudala. Nokho ukuhlobana phakathi kokuhlelwa kwamadolobha nempilo nempilo yomphakathi kuvame ukubhekwa njengendlela yokuklanywa yamuva kunesimiso somklamo wesisekelo. Indikimba ekhulayokucwaninga nokwenza ubuchwepheshe bubonisa ukuthi imiphumela yempilo ehlobene nesinqumo ngasinye sokuhlela akuzuzisi nje kuphela kodwa kubalulekile. Lesi sihloko sihlola imigwaqo ebucayi yempilo yomphakathi nesedolobhe, inikeza abaphathi bedolobha amasu angenza amasu okudala anempilo, aqinile.

Umlando Unqabela Ukuhlela Nempilo

Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo zasedolobheni nempilo yomphakathi kwakuhlangene kakhulu. Ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwelama-20, ukukhathazeka ngezifo ezithathelwanayo njengekholera nesifo sofuba kwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kwezimiso zokukhucululwa kwendle, izimiso zokukhuculula indle, nezimiso zokushaya indle, kanye nezimiso zokuhlalisa indle. Nokho, njengoba intuthuko yezokwelapha nezobuchwepheshe yanciphisa usongo lwezifo ezithathelwanayo, ukuwohloka kwezimoto, ukuwohloka komoya, ukuwohloka kweminyango, ukuphumelela kwezentengiselwano zomnotho, kuyilapho ochwepheshe bezokwelapha begxile ekunakekeleni kwezempilo kanye nezenzo zabantu ngabanye. Lokho kukwehlukana kuye kwaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo. Amadolobha anamuhla aklanyelelwa ukuba kube nezingozi zezimoto, ukulimala komoya, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu okuphawulekayo kwezifo zenhliziyo, isifo sikashuga, isifo sikashuga.

Ukuhlanganisa impilo yomphakathi nokuhlela amadolobha kudinga ukushintshwa ngenhloso, kusuka ekwelapheni impilo njengengxenye kuya ekuyiqhubeni njengenani elinqanyulweyo. Abaphathi bedolobha, njengezikhulu zezokuphatha eziqondisa imisebenzi yosuku nosuku futhi ezihlela phakathi kweminyango, basesimweni esihle sokuhola lowo mehluko.

Imiphumela Engokwempilo Yokuklama I - Core Urban

Izimiso Zokuhamba Nezixuku Ezikhuthele

Ngokulindelekile indawo yokuhlela engcono kakhulu ngenxa yemiphumela yempilo. Izimoto ezibeka izimoto ezihamba ngezinyawo nabagibeli bamabhayisikili zifaka igalelo ezingozini zomgwaqo, izinga lomoya eliphansi, nokuncipha kokusebenza komzimba. INhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo (WHO[) ilinganisela ukuthi ukungenzi lutho kubangela ukufa okuyizigidi ezingu-3,2 emhlabeni wonke unyaka ngamunye. Ukuhamba ngebhayisekili, kanye nokuhamba kwemiphakathi okukhuthaza ukuthutha okusebenzayo, okunganciphisa ingozi yesifo senhliziyo, unhlangothi, 2 diabetes, nohlobo oluthile lomdlavuza.

Abaphathi bedolobha bangasekela izimiso eziphelele zemigwaqo ezinikeza bonke abasebenzisi indawo, hhayi izimoto nje. Izakhiwo eziphephile − njengemizila evikelweyo yebhayisekili, i-ovaler, neziqhingi zabahamba ngezinyawo — zindisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo futhi zinciphise ukulimala. Ukufakwa kwemali ekuthutheni komphakathi kuthuthukisa impilo ngokunciphisa ukuminyana kwezimoto nokungcoliswa komoya. Ukuhlola kwe American Public Health Association kwathola ukuthi izakhamuzi ezisezindaweni ezisemotweni ezicebile zihamba imizuzu engu-8 kuya kwengu-15 ngosuku kunalezo ezisezindaweni ezizimele.

[[UMTH:0] Inzuzo:[ [[UMTHET] WHO Umsebenzi Ongokomzimba[

Izinga Lezindlu Nokuhlanzeka

Izindlu ziwukuvimbela okubalulekile kwempilo. Izindlu ezisezingeni eliphansi . Ukungalingani kwemali ezichitha imali engaphezulu kwemali yazo emakhaya, ukukhubazeka, ukukhubazeka kwezinambuzane, upende womthofu, nokungashisi kahle noma ukupholisa okunganele, /atting (izithoba) esifuba somoya, izifo zomthofu, nokulimala. Ukukwazi ukukwazi ukuhlala kuthinta impilo: imikhaya echitha imali engaphezulu kwamaphesenti angu-30 eholweni yayo eholweni, empilweni, nezinye izinto ezibalulekile, futhi ibhekana nezinga eliphakeme lokucindezeleka.

Izinqumo zokuhlelwa kwezindawo zasedolobheni mayelana nokwakhiwa, ukuqina, izinqubo zokufakwa kwezindlu, kanye nezimiso zokwakha ziwabumba ngokuqondile amasheya ezindlu. Amahhovisi amadolobha angasebenza ngokuhlela ukuze athole izindinganiso zezindlu ezinempilo, aqikelele amakhodi akhona, futhi asekele izinhlelo ezilondoloza futhi zithuthukise izindlu ezingabizi. Izinguquko zokulungisa indawo yokuhlala. Ngokufana nokuvumela amaqoqo (ama-ADU) noma ukunciphisa isilinganiso esincane sezindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kokwandisa izakhiwo zesakhiwo, ezisiza ekugcineni izisekelo eziqinile.

[[Umthetho:0] Inzuzo:[[[FT:1] [[QULT:2]CDC Izindawo ezinempilo – indawo zokuhlala nempilo [

Izindawo Eziluhlaza Nempilo Yengqondo

Ukukwazi ukuya emapaki, ezingadini zomphakathi, nasezindaweni ezingokwemvelo kuhlobene kakhulu nempilo engcono yengqondo, ukucindezeleka okuphansi, nokukhuphuka kwezenhlalo. Ukuhlola kulokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuchitha isikhathi ezindaweni eziluhlaza kunciphisa amazinga ecortisol, kuthuthukisa isimo somzimba, futhi kuthuthukisa ngisho nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokuzivikela komzimba. Kubantwana, ukukwazi ukufinyelela izindawo zokudlala eziphephile ngaphandle kuhlobene nezinga eliphansi le-ADHDHD kanye nokukhuluphala.

Kodwa izindawo ezingenisa imali encane nezindawo ezinemibala ephansi ngokuvamile zingenandawo eluhlaza kunezindawo ezicebile zokwenza izinhlelo ezingokomlando njenge redlining. Amamenenja edolobha angahlela ukutholakala kwepaki ngokulinganayo ngokusebenzisa imininingwane yokubona izindawo ezigciniwe futhi afake imali epakini elinamaphakethe, ama-elley aluhlaza okotshani, kanye nokuguqula isikole. Amasu aluhlaza anikeza futhi izikhungo ze-cobenefic, njengokulawula amanzi ashisayo nokushisa isiqhingi.

Ukufaneleka Komoya Nobulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile

Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zasedolobheni kuthonya ngokuqondile amazinga okungcola komoya. Ukuzimela emigwaqweni emikhulu, ezifundeni zezezimboni, nasemathekwini kubeka izakhamuzi ezingeni eliphezulu lezinto ezihlukene (PM2.5), isikhutha senitrogen (NO2), nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezibangela isifuba somoya, umdlavuza wamaphaphu, nokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Umthwalo wehlela ngokungenakulinganiswa emiphakathini yemibala kanye nemiphakathi ephansi.

Ukutshala izihlahla, ukwakha izikhawu phakathi kwemigwaqo emikhulu nezindawo zokuhlala, ukuthuthukisa izimoto zikagesi nokuvimbela imizila yamaloli ka - diesel ezindaweni zokuhlala konke kuyizimiso ezithuthukisa izinga lomoya.

Ukuthola Ukudla Nezolimo Zasemadolobheni

Indawo eyakhelwe kuyo ihlela imikhuba yokudla. Izindawo zomakhelwane ezingenazo izitolo ezigcwele zokudla kodwa ezinenqwaba yeziphuzo ezisheshayo zokudla, izitolo zamagumbi, nezitolo zotshwala zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi amaxhaphozi okudla. Izakhamuzi kulezindawo zinezinga eliphakeme lokukhuluphala nezifo ezihlobene nokudla okungalapheki. Ukuzilungisa zingathuthukisa noma zilungise lokhu kungalingani.

Izindawo ezisekela izingadi zomphakathi, izimakethe zabalimi, nezitolo ezinempilo ezisekhoneni ezisemgangathweni zisiza ekunyuseni amathuba okuthola imikhiqizo emisha. Abaphathi bedolobha bangakhuthaza izitolo ezinkulu kanye nabathengisi abanempilo ukuba bathole izindawo ezingaphansi kwezindawo eziqashiwe ngezindlela zokusebenzisa izwe, njengokuncishiswa kwemali evumela noma izibhonasi ezisindayo. Izolimo zase-Urban qhaqha qha, azinikezi nje ukudla kodwa futhi ziveza izindawo eziluhlaza nezindawo zokuhlangana zomphakathi.

Imisebenzi Yabaphathi Bedolobha

Ukuhlelwa Kwezici Eziyinhloko

Impilo ayiwona nje umthwalo wemfanelo womnyango wezempilo. Kudingeka ukuthatha isinyathelo esihlangene phakathi kokuhlela, ukuthutha, amapaki, izindlu, imisebenzi yomphakathi, nentuthuko yezomnotho. Amamenenja amadolobha angamisa indlela yokungena "empilweni kuzo zonke izinqubo" (i-HIAP) lapho umnyango ngamunye ucabangela khona incazelo yempilo emisebenzini yawo nezimiso. I-HiAP ihlanganisa ukwakha ikomiti yokuqondisa i-parpial ehamba ngesiphambano, uqhubela phambili ukuqeqeshwa kwempilo yezisebenzi, futhi ufake ama-millictoid esebenzayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini Nokulunga Kwempilo

Ukuhlela phansi ngokomlando kuye kwakhipha imiphakathi encishisiwe ehlukene, ephumela emiphumeleni eyingozi. Ukuthembisana okuqinisekile kusho ukudlula ngalé kokuthethwa kwecala lomphakathi, okuvame ukukhanga kuphela amaphimbo ahloniphekile (ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi anjengebhodi lokuqondisa umphakathi, ukuklama ama-chart, uhambo, nokuhlela izimali zokuhlukanisa. Abaphathi bedolobha kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi izinqubo zokubopha zisekelwe ohlabeni lwezilimi futhi zifinyelelwe ngokwesiko, zikhokhela amalungu omphakathi isikhathi sawo, futhi zihlanganyele ekusebenziseni izinqumo.

Ukubeka isilinganiso sempilo ngaphambi kokulinganisela kusho ukunaka ukuthi yiziphi izakhamuzi ezicindezelwe kakhulu ukuhlelwa okungekuhle nokungenela okungaqondile ngokufanelekile. Ukusebenzisa ukwaziswa okungahlukaniswa ngokohlanga, ubuzwe, inzuzo, nokuma kwezwe kwembula ukuhluka okungase kufihleke ngesilinganiso samadolobha.

Ukwenza Isinqumo Semininingwane

Abaphathi bamadolobha abadingi ukuba babe izazi zezokuphehla izingozi, kodwa kufanele bazi indlela yokusebenzisa ukwaziswa ukuze bazise izinqumo zokuhlelwa. Amathuluzi alula ahlanganisa izimiso zokwaziswa okungokwendawo (GIS) ukuhlola okufihlwayo okubangelwa ibalazwe lempilo (umz., ukuhambela okuphuthumayo) ngokumelene nokuchayeka kwendawo ezungezile (umz., ukusondela emigwaqo emikhulu noma ukuntuleka kwamapaki). Ukuhlola kwezempilo (ngokwemvelo) kunikeza indlela ehlelekile yokuhlola imiphumela engokwempilo yesimiso esihlongoziwe, icebo, noma iprojekthi. Izindlela eziningi eziphuthumayo ze-HIA ezikhona, kuhlanganise ne CD'S CD's shortumic shortism[FLT]

Ukuhlanganisa imininingwane yempilo yomphakathi ehlelweni kwe-software yasedolobheni − njenge-Draiceus, indawo yokuphatha okuqukethe okungenakhanda ngokuvamile esetshenziswa amadolobha ukuphatha nokuhlanganyela amasethi okwaziswa okuvulekile .----------attings angenza lenqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingasebenzisa i-Draiceus ukuze lenze ibhodi elibonakala umphakathi elibonisa izikhombo zempilo zomphakathi eduze kokuhlela i-metrics ezifana nokuhamba kahle noma ukumboza izihlahla.

Amasosha Ezomthetho Nezwe Asebenzisa Amathuluzi

Izimiso ze-Zoning zingamathuluzi anamandla kodwa angasetshenziswa kakhulu okuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi. Amamenenja amadolobha angakhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo ezihlanganisa indawo ezidayisa izitolo, izinkonzo, nezindlu phakathi kohambo lwezingcingo ezingu-15. Izimiso ezisekelwe ekulawuleni izici zokwakha kunokusetshenziswa kwendawo kuphela angaveza imigwaqo yesilinganiso sabantu. Imithetho ehlanganisa intuthuko entsha ehlanganisa isilinganiso sezinga lokuzimela, isiza ukulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezomnotho.

Izimiso eziphelele zemigwaqo, imithetho eqinile egciniwe egciniwe ekhona, nezimfuneko zokutshala imithi kunezinye izibonelo. Abaphathi bezakhiwo kufanele bahlole imithetho yabo ekhona neyahlukanisayo yemingcele yempilo ngqa ezimfunekweni ezimbalwa zokupaka ezivimbela ukuhamba noma izilinganiso ezikhudlwana zemoto ezinciphisa ukuncika emotweni.

Ukusekela Nobuhlobo

Izindlela eziningi zokuhlela impilo zibiza ngokumangalisayo uma ziqhathaniswa nezindleko zabo zempilo zesikhathi eside ezigciniwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukutshala emigwaqweni yezinyawo nebhayisekili, kubiza izindleko ezimbalwa kakhulu kunezokwelapha izifo ezingamahlalakhona ezisiza ukuvinjelwa. Amamenenja edolobha angasebenzisa imali evela emithonjeni eminingi: izimali zikahulumeni (umz., iCDC's Intacroates to Community Health, noma RAGB), iminyango yezempilo yezwelo, imali yokuthutha (umz., i-Federal Highway Administrations program) ne-phithroic.

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zingathuthukisa futhi imigomo yempilo. Izibhedlela, eziyizinhlangano ezinkulu zamahange, zitshala imali empucukweni yempilo yomphakathi, njengendawo yokwakha amapaki noma ukusekela isitolo sokudla okunempilo. Abaphathi bamadolobha bangahlanganisa laba bantu phakathi kwezinhlelo ezifanayo, njengokunciphisa ukukhuluphala kwabantwana noma ukuthuthukisa izinga lomoya ephasishini elithile.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Amadolobha Ahamba Ngendlela

Idolobha laseOklahoma, eOklahoma

Ngo-2010, iDolobha laseOklahoma lamukela icebo elinamandla leMetropolitan Accounting Projects (MAPS 3) elihlanganisa ipaki elinama-70 aphakathi, impilo ephakeme nezikhungo eziphambili, isimiso sesitimela, namakhilomitha amaningi emigwaqo. Icebo laxhaswe intela yesikhashana yokuthengisa nevoti evunyelwe. Idolobha lahlela ngokuqondile lokhu kutshala imali njengentuthuko yempilo, futhi ukwaziswa okwalandela kwabonisa ukwanda okunokwenzeka kwemisebenzi engokomzimba phakathi kwezakhamuzi. Iphakishi ephakathi yaba umzila wentuthuko entsha nezenzakalo zomphakathi, kubonisa ukuthi impilo nobunzima bezomnotho buhambisana.

Portland, Oregon

Icebo elibanzi lePortland, elaziwa ngokuthi i-2035 Plan, lihlanganisa izinjongo zempilo kuzo zonke izici, kusukela ekuthutheni kuya ezindaweni zokuhlala kuya emadolobheni. Idolobha lisebenzisa i-Health Impact Assessment (HIA) ithuluzi lokuhlola zonke izinqubo zohlelo nokuhlela kabusha endaweni ethile. Izwekazi futhi lihlela "izikhungo ezihlangeneyo" lapho izindlu, imisebenzi, nezinkonzo zibekwa khona phakathi kwebanga lokuhamba. Ngenxa yalokho, iPortland ihlala njalo phakathi kwezindawo eziphilile nezihambayo eziningi eUnited States.

IBogotá, eColombia

Bogotá uye waba umkhondo wembulunga yonke wokuhlanganisa impilo edolobheni nokuhlela ngaphansi kwezindawo ezibonwayo njengemeya. I-TransMilenio system yebhasi esheshayo, uxhaxha lwemizila yamabhayisekili (iCiclovía), kanye nesimiso sokulinganisela ukusetshenziswa kwemoto phakathi namahora aphezulu, konke kufaka igalelo lokunciphisa ukungcoliswa komoya kanye nomsebenzi ongokomzimba owengeziwe. UBogotá wabuye waphayona i "Sunday Ciclovía," lapho imigwaqo ivalelwe khona izimoto njalo ngeSonto ukuze ikhuthaze ukuhamba, ukushaya, nokuxhumana kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi kwamadolobha amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ukunqoba Izithiyo Ezivamile

Izinhlangano Ezishisiwe

Mhlawumbe isithiyo esivame kakhulu ukwahlukana phakathi kweminyango yezempilo neminyango yokuhlela. Amamenenja amadolobha angaqhekeka ngokuhlanganisa i-silos ngokuhlanganisa i-"Healthy Cities" ibutho lomsebenzi elihlangana nyanga zonke, elidinga ulimi lwezempilo ekuhleleni wonke ama-RFP, kanye nezisebenzi ezijikelezayo phakathi kweminyango ezabelweni zesikhashana. Ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zempilo kanye namapulani asedolobheni elilodwa kungakhuthaza ukubambisana ngokwethukela.

Umkhathi Ofushane Wezombangazwe

Izinzuzo zempilo zokungenela ekuhleleni ngokuvamile zithatha iminyaka noma amashumi eminyaka ukuze zifezeke, kuyilapho imijikelezo yokhetho iyiminyaka engu-2-4. Abaphathi bedolobha bangamelana nalokhu ngemisebenzi yokufaka izakhiwo ezisemfashinini ngokulingana nezindawo eziseduze zezimoto ezincishisiwe, izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphansi, noma amazinga empatho entengo ephansi yobugebengu, noma ngokuthuthukisa imikhankaso yempilo yedolobha ukuze ithuthuke esikhathini esifushane.

Ukuntuleka Kokwaziswa Noma Ukusetshenziswa Kwezobuchwepheshe

Amadolobha amancane angase aswele imithombo yokuhlola i-HIA noma i-GIS eyinkimbinkimbi. Imikhumbi yobudlelwane namayunivesithi aseduze ingasiza. Abafundi abaqeqeshiwe empilweni yomphakathi, ekuhleleni amadolobha, noma ekuhleleni indawo bangacwaninga njengengxenye yomsebenzi wabo wezifundo noma imisebenzi ye-capring. Imininingwane yaseziteji njenge-County Health Ranappal & Roadmap inganikeza isiqalo sokuthola izinto eziza kuqala empilweni yendawo.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekuhleleni Impilo Ne - Focud

Abaphathi bezinto eziqukethwe banamuhla namaplatifomu okwaziswa anjenge Directus angasiza amamenenja edolobha asebenza imniningo yempilo. I- directus ivumela amadolobha ukuba akhe amabhodi angokwesiko, alawule ama-geogratial date, futhi ahlanganyele ulwazi kokubili ngaphakathi nakumphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingadala izimpawu eziphilile ezihlelayo ezihlelelwe ukuhamba, ukufinyelela kwe-paki, amazinga e-asimu, kanye nokusondelana kokudla okunempilo ngesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kwenzela ukuba kusekele umphakathi ekusekeleni impilo engcono futhi kuvumela izicwangciso ukuba zilandele imiphumela yezokungenela.

Abaphathi bedolobha kufanele basekele izimiso ezivulekile zemininingwane ezenza ukuba abacwaningi, abasekeli, namalungu omphakathi bathole ukwaziswa okulula. Lapho abantu abaningi abakwaziyo ukuhlaziya nokubona ngeso lengqondo izixhumene zempilo, kulapho icala lokuthatha isinyathelo liqina khona.

Isiphetho: Impilo Njengokubaluleka Kwalo Lonke Idolobha

Ukuhlangana kwezindawo zomphakathi zempilo nezindawo zokuhlela amadolobha akuyona indawo ekhethekile; kuyisisekelo samadolobha anokusetshenziswa, alungile, nachumayo. Kubaphathi bedolobha, ithuba likhona ngokuqaphela ukuthi zonke izinqumo eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezwe, ezokuthutha, izindlu, nezindawo zokuhlala ziyisinqumo futhi ngempilo. Ngokucabangela impilo ngokuqhubekayo kuhlelwa kwenqubo yenqubo yenqubo yenqubo ye-"screaucratic stos", nokubhidliza imiphakathi, nokuphula ama-bitavilet system anganciphisa izifo ezingapheli, athuthukise inhlalakahle yengqondo, i-akhemistry elungele ukulahleka, futhi adale indawo lapho zonke izakhamuzi zingachuma khona.

Ubufakazi bucacile: impilo ayiyona into eyenzeka ezibhedlela nasemitholampilo kuphela. Iyenzeka emigwaqweni, emapaki, emakhaya, nasemoyeni abantu abaphefumulayo. Abaphathi bedolobha banamathuluzi, igunya, nomthwalo wemfanelo wokulungisa lezozimo ezingcono. Indlela engaphambili ingeyokubambisana, ukusungula, nokuzibophezela okungantengantengi kwenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zonke.