Izimiso zendawo yendawo zilawula umoya ophefumulayo, amanzi ophuza kuwo, namapaki lapho izingane zakho zidlala khona. Nakuba imithetho yesizwe neyomhlaba wonke ngokuvamile idla izihloko eziphambili, izinqumo ezenziwa imikhandlu yedolobha, amabhodi esifunda, kanye nemishini yokuhlela izifunda zithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke kunanoma isiphi isifunda esikude. Lemithetho yendawo ilawula yonke kusukela endleleni udoti wakho oqoqwa ngayo kunoma iziphi izinhlobo zamabhizinisi ezingasebenza eduze komuzi wakho. Ukuqonda ithonya lawo kukuvumela ukuba ube umsekeli ofundile wenhlangano enempilo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindawo eziyinhloko lapho imithetho yendawo ezungezile ithonya khona izinga lokuphila, isekelwe ngezibonelo eziqinile kanye nemininingwane, ngakho ungabona ukuthi kungani uvotela kwakho ezindabeni zokhetho zezindawo zokhetho njengakuvota kwakho njengovota kamongameli wakho.

Ukufaneleka Komoya Nempilo Ephefumulayo

Umoya ohlanzekile uyisidingo esiyisisekelo sempilo, kodwa usasakazwa ngokungenakulinganiswa. Izinqubo zendawo zokulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi emithonjeni ehambayo (izindawo zokuthutha ugesi) nemithombo ehambayo (izimoto, amaloli, amabhasi). Uma idolobha lithatha izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha izimoto ezisezimbonini noma eziziimalini eziziimali ezifakwa ekuthutheni ukuze kuncishiswe izimoto ezihambayo, izakhamuzi zizuza ngokuqondile.

Indlela Indawo Elawula Ngayo Ukungcola

Omasipala abaningi baye basungula i-primp ephansi noma ukuminyana. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ultra Low Euggict Zone (ULEZ) yase-London, enwetshwe ngo-2023, iye yahlotshaniswa nokwehla okukhulu kwe-nitrogen dioxide (NO2), amazinga e-ULEZ. Izimoto ezingcolisayo ezindala, izimoto ezingcolisayo zokungena enkabeni, zisunduza abashayeli ukuba bashintshele ekukhetheni ukukhetha okuhlanzekile (i-Transport ye-London, 2023). Ngokufanayo, amadolobha amaningana e-U.S, kuhlanganise neLos Angeles ne-Seattlett, adinga amalolishi ukuze aphinde asebenzise izikhungo zokwenzi ezihlanzekile. Lezi zivame ukuba zisebenzise izinyathelo zokusebenza kwezindawo eziphakathi nendawo eziyingozi kakhulu kunemithetho noma imibuso, inikeza izakhamuzi umoya ohlanzekile.

Intuthuko yempilo ilandela ngokushesha. Umbiko waminyaka yonke we-"Isimo Se-Air" ubonisa njalo ukuthi izibalo ezinezimiso eziqinile zomoya ezihlanzekile zendawo zinezinga eliphansi lesifo sesifuba somoya, ukuhambela amagumbi okuphuthumayo ekucindezelekeni komoya, nokucutha ukuphathwa kwenhliziyo ngemithambo yegazi. Izingane, abantu abadala, nalabo abanezimo zangaphambi kokuqala babona izinzuzo ezinkulu.

Isifundo Sendaba: Izigodi Zezindiza ZaseCalifornia

Izindawo zendawo zokuqondisa i-cooperate yaseCalifornia (njenge-South Coast AQMD) zinegunya lokubeka imithetho edlula izindinganiso zikahulumeni. Imithetho yazo ezikhungweni zokucwengwa, emathekuni, nasezikhungweni zokusakaza impahla iye yanquma iPMS2. Ukuhlolwa kwamashumi amabili22 ezindawo ezishisayo ze-University of Southern California kwathola ukuthi izindawo eziseduze kwamatheku anezingcingo eziqinile zokukhipha intuthu i - aspressia zabantwana zanciphisa isibhedlela sezingane ezingu - 22% ezibhedlela ezisesibhedlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu lesifo se - asphlo.

Uma umuntu ephila ngezinga elingcono lomoya, izinga lomzimba elingcono lisho ukuthi izinsuku zokugula zimbalwa, ukusetshenziswa kwempilo ephansi, nokujabulela imisebenzi yangaphandle kungcono futhi kuthuthukisa ikhono lokucabanga, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezibuchopho bazo obukhulayo buzwelayo lapho zichayeka ekungcoleni.

Ukufaneleka Kwamanzi Nokutholakala Kwawo Ngokulinganayo

Izimiso zamanzi zendawo zinquma ukuphepha kwamanzi asemanzini, impilo yamachibi nemifula eseduze kanye nokuqina kwamanzi phakathi nesomiso. Omasipala balawula izitshalo zokwelapha amanzi, baphoqelele amanzi asemathekweni, futhi balawule ukugeleza kwamanzi asesiphephweni ezindaweni zokwakha nasemapulazini.

Ukuvikela Amanzi Okuphuza Endaweni

Izinhlekelele zamuva nje, njengokungcola komthofu eFlint, eMichigan, nase PFAS ("amakhemikhali angalungiseki") ukutholakala emakhulwini emiphakathini yase-U.S. kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqondisa kwendawo. Izinhlangano ezisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlola eziqhubekayo, zitshala ukubuyiselwa kwamapayipi, futhi zilinganisela ukukhishwa kwezemboni emithonjeni yamanzi kuvikela izakhamuzi ezingozini zempilo zesikhathi eside njengokungathuthuki kokukhula, umdlavuza, kanye nokucindezelwa komzimba womzimba. I-PFAS Agency entsha yamanzi amanani angaphandle (2024) inikeza i-athomus angaphakathi, kodwa amadolobha amaningi kakade asehlola ngaphansi kwemingcele yombuso.

Izimiso zendawo futhi zakha amanzi alinganayo. Ezindaweni eziningi, izindawo ezingenayo nezindawo ezinemibala ephansi zinemibhobho emide, amapayipi amade, amanqamu ambalwa okulungisa, kanye nokuvala okwengeziwe ngenxa yemali engakhokhelwanga. Amadolokha anjenge Philadelphia azise izinhlelo zosizo lwamanzi olusekelwe emalini, aqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu angawathenga amanzi aphephile. Ukufunda ngemininingwane yamanzi yendawo engcono edlula e-EPA’s Chart Portal.

Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Edolobheni

Ngaphandle kwamanzi asempompini, izinqubo zendawo zivikela amanzi okuzilibazisa. Ukulawula amanzi emvula okuhlakaniphile . Ukusebenzisa izingadi zemvula, imigwaqo ethandekayo, kanye nezitsha ezivalekile − kugcwele indle evala amabhishi nezilwane zasendle eziyingozi. Ukuhlola kwase Boston University kwathola ukuthi amadolobha anezimiso eziqinile ezinokwaziswa okuluhlaza ancipha ngamaphesenti angu-30 engcoliseka ngamagciwane emifuleni yendawo, ukuthuthukisa ukudoba, ukubhukuda, nokushaya.

Izakhamuzi ezihlala eduze kwemifula egawulwe kahle zijabulela imfuyo ephakeme nempilo engcono yengqondo kusukela ekungeneni ezindaweni eziluhlaza. Ngokuphambene, amanzi angcolile acindezela amanani ezindawo kanye nezindawo futhi anciphisa ukuzilibazisa, enciphisa izinga lokuphila.

Izindawo Eziluhlaza Nokuhlelwa Kwamadolobha

Ukuba khona kwamapaki, ama-canopic, nezindawo ezingokwemvelo emadolobheni kuwumphumela oqondile wezimiso zendawo ezisebenzisa izwe. Izimiso zokulungisa i-Zoning ezidinga indawo yokupaki ekwakhiweni okusha, imithetho yokulondolozwa kwezihlahla, kanye nokutshala izimali ezilandelanayo kulololonga yonke indawo yakho yansuku zonke.

Izinzuzo Zempilo Zendawo Eluhlaza Efinyelelekayo

Ukucwaninga kwethi Trust for Public Land kubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezihlala phakathi nebanga eliphakathi kwebanga eliyi-10 elinamathumbu epaki zibika ukwaneliseka okukhulu kokuphila, ukucindezeleka okuphansi, nokusebenzelana nomphakathi. Amapaki akhuthaza futhi ukuvivinya umzimba, ukunciphisa amazinga okukhuluphala nesifo sikashukela. Izimiso zendawo ezimisa indawo ephansi epaki ngokulinganayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ethola imali ephansi kakhulu cishe ishiyekile ekuthengeni imali eluhlaza.

Imithetho yomphetho wemithi ingenye yezindlela ezinamandla. Izihlahla zipholile cishe nge 5°F, zinciphisa izifo ezihlobene nokushisa ezibangelwa amaza okushisa. Zithatha futhi izinto ezingcolisa umoya futhi zithathe amanzi esiphepho. Amadolobha anjenge-Austin, iTexas, nePortland, i-Oregon, ziye zagunyaza ukuba izihlahla zigcwale kancane ezindaweni zokupaka izimoto nentuthuko entsha, zithuthukise ngokuqondile ukunethezeka nomoya ofudumele kanye nobuhle bezinga lokushisa kwezakhamuzi eziseduze.

Impilo Yengqondo Nokubambisana Kwezenhlalo

Imvelo, ngisho naseziqiwini ezincane zasemadolobheni, i-cortisol ephansi futhi ithuthukisa isimo. Ukuhlolwa kuye kwahlanganisa izimiso zengadi zomphakathi nezibopho eziqinile zomphakathi futhi kwanciphisa amazinga obugebengu. EDetroit, ukuguqulwa kwezindawo ezingenalutho zibe sendaweni eluhlaza emphakathini, okusekelwa imithetho yokuhlela yendawo, kuye kwahlotshaniswa nokuncipha kwemizwa yokucindezeleka phakathi kwezakhamuzi eziseduze.

Lapho amadolobha elondoloza izindawo ezingokwemvelo namaphasishi, asekela abathutha impova, izinyoni nezinambuzane ezizuzisayo, okudala imvelo enempilo echichima amagceke nezingadi.

Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Nezomnotho Ezizungeze Umhlaba

Okwenzeka emfucumfucwini yakho, ekuvuselweni kabusha, nasemqulwini kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko uhulumeni wendawo yakini.

Imithombo Yezindle Zeqanda

Amadolobha anjengeSan Francisco, Seattle, ne-Austin aye athatha imigomo yokulahla imfucumfucu ekhandlekayo, ehambisana nemithetho yokubuyisela imfucumfucu ephoqelelwe nemithetho yokukhipha umquba. Izinkambiso zeSan Francisco ziye zasusa amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-80 emfucumfucu emfucumfucu enhlabathi. Kuzakhamuzi, lokho kusho ukunciphiswa kwemfucumfucu, amaphunga ambalwa, nokwaneliseka kokuhlanganyela kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano. Izinhlelo zokudla, manje ezivamile emiphakathini eminingi, zinciphisa ukukhishwa kwemethane enhlabathini futhi zikhiqini yenhlabathi eyigugu.

Izimiso zendawo zinganciphisa nepulasitiki esetshenziswayo eyodwa. Amakhulu omasipala ase-U.S. aye avala izikhwama zepulasitiki, utshani, nezitsha ze-polystyrene ezinamagwebu. Lokhu kuvinjelwa kuholela ekuhlanzeni imigwaqo, kungabi nangozi ezilwaneni zasendle (kakhulu izilwane zasemanzini), futhi kunciphe ukungcola okubangelwa yimicroplastiki emifuleni yamanzi. Abahlala khona babona intuthuko esheshayo yokubona ezindaweni zabo.

Izindawo Ezingokomnotho Nezempilo

Izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokulahla imfucumfucu ziphansi nge-house ye-house yezindleko esikhathini esidlulileyo futhi zidala imisebenzi eluhlaza yendawo ekuvuselelweni kabusha nasekufakweni kwamacomposi. Zinciphisa futhi ukulahlwa okungekho emthethweni, okuhlobene nobugebengu bempahla kanye ne-formin. Ukuhlola kwe-National Waste & Recybackker Association kwathola ukuthi amadolobha anezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa eziqinile anezikhalo ezimbalwa ngodoti nangezinambuzane, zithuthukisa ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila elicatshangelwayo.

Empilweni, ukunciphisa ukushiswa kwemfucumfucu evulekile nokungalawulwa kahle kunciphisa ukuchayeka entuthwini enobuthi nasemanzini angaphansi komhlaba angcolile.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile Nokungakhethi

Izimiso zendawo azizithinteli zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo. Imiphakathi ethola imali ephansi nabantu abamibalabala ngokomlando baye babhekana nengxenye enkulu yezingozi zendawo ezungezile: izakhiwo ezingcolisayo, amapaki amancane, izakhiwo zamanzi ezimpofu, neziqhingi ezishisa kakhulu. Izimiso zobulungisa bokusizungezile zizimisele ukulungisa lokhu kungalingani.

Ukuhlela Nokuhlela Okungaqondile

Amadolobha amaningi manje adinga ukuhlaziywa kobulungisa bendawo ezungezile ukuze kutholakale imvume entsha yezimboni noma imisebenzi emikhulu yezezisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-AB 617 yaseCalifornia (2017) igunyaza ukuqashwa kwezindiza nokwehliswa kwemisebe yegesi esendaweni ethinteke ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ukusetshenziswa kwendawo kuye kwaholela ekuqondiseni okuqinile kokucwengwa kukawoyela, izinqolobane, nezikhungo zeziteshi. Izakhamuzi kulezi zindawo zithola intuthuko engcono emoyeni kanye nemiphumelo yempilo ehlobene nayo.

Izimiso zomkhathi eziluhlaza ngokulinganayo, njenge- “park ecty” ezifaka emadolobheni njengeMinneapolis, ziqondisa amapaki amasha nemikhondo ezindaweni ezigciniwe. Uma izakhamuzi zinezindawo ezilondekile, ezikhangayo zokuqoqa nokuvivinya umzimba, izinqanda impilo engcono kanye nempilo engokomzimba.

Ukukhipha Izwi Lomphakathi Enqumweni 2016

Imithetho yobulungisa bendawo ezungezile ihlanganisa izimfuneko zokubopha umphakathi, njengebhodi elihlobisayo lezemisebenzi yendawo ezungezile noma ukuhlelwa kwemali ephakathi. Lokhu kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlela izimiso ezithinta isakhiwo sazo. ERichmond, eCalifornia, umkhankaso womphakathi owenziwe ngokunyenyiswa waphumela “ekuhlahleni” phakathi kwesikhungo esikhulu sokucwenga kanye nezikole zendawo, ukunciphisa izimbangela zesifuba sezingane.

Lapho ohulumeni bendawo bebeka ukulingana phambili, bakha ukwethembana. izakhamuzi ezibona lokho okuzozibangela izinguquko zangempela zivame ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni zokuvuselela izinto, ukuya emihlanganweni yomphakathi nokusekela imizamo yendawo ezungezile yesikhathi esizayo.

Ukushintsha Isimo Sezulu

Izimiso zendawo yendawo zilungisa ngokuqhubekayo ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kusukela emikhunjini eshisayo nasokhukhuleni kuya ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu olwandle.

Amacebo Okuthatha Isinyathelo Asebenza

Amadolobha anjengeMiamiשDeace County nePhoenix aye amisa izikhulu zokushisa kanye namasu ezindawo ezibanzi okusabela ekushiseni. Izikhulu zesonto zihlanganisa ukudinga uphahla olupholile ezakhiweni ezintsha, ukutshala izihlahla zomthunzi emaphasishi aphambili, nokuvula izindawo zokupholisa lapho kushisa kakhulu. Lezizenzo zinganciphisa ukufa okubangelwa ukushisa futhi zenze izinyanga zasehlobo ziphephe kakhulu kuzisebenzi ezingaphandle nasemiphakathini esengozini.

Ukuphathwa Kwezikhukhula Nezakhiwo Eziluhlaza

Izikhulu eziqinisa imithetho yokwakha ezifundeni ezikhukhulekayo, zibuyisela izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi, futhi zifake izakhiwo eziqinile zivimbela ukulimala kwempahla nezingozi zempilo ekukhulisweni. Ngemva kweSiphepho iSandy, amadolobha amaningi aseMpumalanga Coast alungisa amabalazwe awo anezikhukhula futhi athatha izimfuneko eziqinile zokukhushulwa. Abahlala kulezo zindawo babhekana nezindleko zomshuwalense eziphansi futhi balulame ngokushesha ngemva kweziphepho. Imisebenzi yezakhiwo zezakhiwo zezitshalo zezitshalo nezivale zemvula inezela ukukhanga nokusekela izilwane zendawo ezungezile.

Izimiso zokulima zasedolobheni, njengezisusa zokufudumala ezisophahleni lwaseChicago, zinezela kokubili ekuzinzeni kwesimo sezulu (ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwasendaweni kunciphisa igesi yokuthutha) futhi zinciphise ukulondeka kokudla.

Izinzuzo Ezingokomnotho Zezimiso Zendawo Ezungezile

Abantu abaningi bakhathazeka ngokuthi imithetho yendawo ezungezile ilimaza umnotho.

Ukukhula Komsebenzi Oluhlaza

Ushintsho lokuvuselelwa kwamandla, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, nokulungisa izakhiwo kudala amathuba emisebenzi angenakuba yimithombo. Abafaki belanga, ochwepheshe bezokusebenza kwezulu, nabaqondisi bemfucumfucu bayimisebenzi yonke yendawo. Ukuhlola kwe-Brookings Institution kwathola ukuthi izindawo ezinezinqubo zesimo sezulu eziklanywe ngobudlova zabona ukukhula okuluhlaza kwe-25% kunesilinganiso somhlaba phakathi kuka-2018 no-2022.

Izindinganiso Zempahla Nokukhanga Kwebhizinisi

Ukusetshenziswa kwamapaki, amanzi ahlanzekile, kanye nokuthuthwa okunokwethenjelwa kwandisa amanani ezindawo zokuhlala ngo-5-20% ezimakethe eziningi (Ukuthemba Izwe Lomphakathi, 2023). Izimiso zendawo yendawo ezungezile ezilondoloza izinga eliphezulu lokuphila zikhanga izinkampani ezifuna izisebenzi eziphilile. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo yokucwaninga i-Parclectal Park eNyakatho Carolina sekuyisikhathi eside isebenzisa indawo yayo ezungezile yezindawo zokuhlala ngo-"/izindawo zokuhlala, i-greenters, i-oceat, i-atradio , i--aeyerrecruit amathuluzi e-lecten .

Amabhizinisi athatha imikhuba eqinile azuza ezindleko eziphansi zezentengiselwano kanye nezithombe eziqinile zendawo ezisekela imizamo yawo (isinye, isilinganiso, imvume yokuvumela amapulangwe azungeze ilanga) anciphisa ukushayisana okuphansi. Lokhu kwakha umjikelezo omuhle: imisebenzi eyengeziwe engokomnotho isekela ukugcinwa kwezindawo ezizungezile, ithuthukisa izinga lokuphila kwawo wonke umuntu.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokufundisa Komphakathi

Okokugcina, izimiso zendawo yendawo zixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezinolwazi, ezibophayo. Uma abantu beqonda indlela izimiso ezithinta ngayo indawo abahlala kuyo((nendlela abangayilawula ngayo leyo mithetho) — i-communitunis iyaqina futhi iyazikhetha.

Indlela Yokuhlanganyela

Amanye amadolobha asebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali ukuze avumele izakhamuzi ukuba zinikeze ingxenye yezimali zikamasipala ezakhiweni zendawo ezungezile. EDolobheni laseNew York, izinqubo ezinjalo ziye zaxhasa ngezimali izingadi zomphakathi, ukutshala izihlahla, nezingxenye zezindlu zomphakathi.

Izinhlelo zemfundo yendawo ezikhungweni zezemfundo zomphakathi zifundisa amakhono asebenzayo njengokuqamba, ukulondoloza amandla nokulawula amanzi aphehla amandla.

Ukwakha Inhloko - dolobha Yomphakathi

Ukuhlanza izihlahla, izinsuku zokutshala izihlahla, nokuncintisana ngokubuyisela izinto kukhuthaza ukuhlobana kwezenhlalo. Inhloko - dolobha eqinile yezenhlalo ngokwayo iyisibonakaliso esinamandla sokuzinza nokuzimela komphakathi ezinhlekeleleni. Izimiso zendawo ezisekela lemizamo yokuzithandela ($] ngemitapo yamathuluzi, ukusekela ngokwezimali, noma ithonya layo elilula.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nezindaba Endaweni

Kusukela emoyeni ophefumula kuwo ukuya epaki lapho uhamba khona, izimiso zendawo ezungezile zithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Azizona izimpikiswano ezingekho emanhloko- dolobha akude; ziyimithetho enqumayo ukuthi umgwaqo wakho unomoya ohlanzekile yini, amanzi akho ampompi aphephile, indawo ohlala kuyo inezihlahla zomthunzi, futhi udoti wakho uguqulwa ube umquba esikhundleni sokugcwalisa igesi esendaweni ezungezile. Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana kukusiza ukuba ubone ukuthi kungani uqala ukuya emhlanganweni wedolobha, ukuvota okhethweni bendawo, futhi ukukhuluma ngezindlela eziqinile zokuvikela indawo ezungezile kungezinye izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuthuthukisa izinga lakho lokuphila.

Ubufakazi busobala: imiphakathi efaka imali emoyeni ohlanzekile, emanzini ahlanzekile, endaweni eluhlaza, ukuncishiswa kwemfucumfucu, nokuncishiswa kwemfucumfucu, nezindawo ezingcono kakhulu. Unendima eqondile yokudlala izakhamuzi ezinempilo, ezichumayo, ngokusekela abaholi bendawo ezungezile, nangokuba nezwi lakho. Qala ngecebo eliqinile noma ikhomishane yendawo ezungezile yedolobha lakho. Ngokuzayo ufaka ibhola noma uhlanganyele emhlanganweni womphakathi, khumbula: Izimiso zendawo yendawo ezungezile aziphathelene neplanethi nje kuphela. Zikhona ngawe, umkhaya wakho, nomakhelwane bakho, nanamuhla, futhi sekuyiminyaka eminingi ezayo.