Table of Contents
Ukuqonda I - Electoral College: Isisekelo Sentando Yeningi YaseMelika
I-Electoral College ayiyona indawo, kodwa inqubo − ekhethekile yaseMelika yokukhetha uMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli wase-United States. Imiswe eMthethweni, ibiyindaba yempikiswano kusukela ekusungulweni kwerepublic. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo okhethweni futhi ahileleke engxoxweni yezenhlalakahle. Lesiqondiso siphula indlela i-Electoral College esebenza ngayo, umlando wayo, izimpikiswano zayo, futhi imelene nayo, futhi siwusizo ku-vota.
Indlela I - Electoral College Esebenza Ngayo: Hamba Ngenyathelo
Inqubo ye-Electoral College ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana, kusukela ekukhethweni kwabavoti kuya ekuqiniseni kokugcina okwenziwa yiSishaya-mthetho. Nansi indlela esebenza ngayo ngonyaka wokukhetha kamongameli:
Ukukhishwa Kwezinsimbi
Isifundazwe ngasinye sithola inani labavoti abalingana nenani labeSimemezelo saso (ngaso sonke isikhathi ababili) nabameleli baso eNdlu (okuthi kuyahluka ngokwenani labantu). ISithili saseColumbia, nakuba singekho umbuso, sabelwa abathathu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sekhulu. Ingqikithi yabavoti ingu-58, imelela ikhulu lamaSenator, 435 abameleli, ne-3 kwe-D.C.
Ukukhethwa Kwezinzwa
Phambi kokhetho oluvamile, amaqembu ezombangazwe esifundazwe ngasinye aveza izikweleti zabavoti abaqotho beqembu, izikhulu zendawo, noma abashisekeli. Uma izakhamuzi zivotela umongameli ngoNovember, empeleni zivotela isileti salowo mvoti. Amagama abavoti awavamile ukuvela kuvoti; kunalokho, abavoti babona amagama abameleli bomongameli nomphathi omkhulu.
3. Ukukhetha Okuvamile Nokuthatha Konke
NgoSuku Lokukhetha, abavoti bafaka amavoti abo. Kuma-48 ku-D.C., ozothola amavoti athandwa kakhulu (ubuningi, hhayi iningi) uthola wonke amavoti alo hulumeni. Lokhu kungu- win-yonke [ isimiso. Amavoti amabili ahlukene yi-Maine ne-Nebraska, ahlanganisa amavoti akhethiwe ngesifunda se-consountal kanye namavoti amabili amakhulu. Isibonelo, e-Nebraska, kungenzeka ukuba abavoti bahlukanise amavoti kazwe.
4. Ukuhlangana Kwabaqondisi
NgoDecember, ngemva kwemiphumela yokukhetha ifakazelwa yisifundazwe ngasinye, abavoti bahlangana ezinhloko - dolobha zabo zesifundazwe ngasinye ukuze bavote amavoti abo angokomthetho − ibhodi elilodwa likaMongameli nelomongameli ongumongameli ongumongameli. La mavoti alo abhaliwe ezitifiketini zaseVote, ezibe sezithunyelwa kuMongameli weSigele (Umongameli Ongumongameli wase-United States) nakwezinye izikhulu ezimisiwe.
5. Ukubala Izindawo Eziphambili Ezingqungqutheleni
Ekuqaleni kuka-January, isiqephu esihlangene soMkhandlu sihlangana ukuze sibale amavoti akhethiwe. UMongameli ongumsizi, njengoMongameli weSigele, uqondisa ukubala. Umfundi othola amavoti angaba ngu-270 angowokuvota kuyathiwa aphumelele. Uma kungekho mvoti ofinyelela ku-270, ukhetho luphonswa eNdlini yabameleli, olukhetha uMongameli (amanxusa ombuso ngamanye athola ivoti elilodwa) futhi iSigebengu sikhetha uMongameli we-Moni. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka kabili kuphela emlandweni: ngo-1800 no-1824.
Amaqiniso Ayinhloko Ngekholiji Le - Electoral
- [[AKMT:0] Abavotisi: 538
- Squarl ukunqoba: 270 amavoti akhethiweyo
- Inani lezimo kanye nokunqoba-khokho: 48 (u-Plut D.C.)
- Izimo ezihlukanisa amavoti akhethiweyo: Maine ne Nebraska
- Inani lezikhathi umvoti awina umongameli ngaphandle kokunqoba ivoti ethandwayo: Abahlanu (1824, 1876, 188, 2000, 2016)
- Abakhethi abangenalukholo: Abakhethi abavotela umbhalisa ohlukile kulowo abathembise yena. Ezinye izifunda-zwe zinemithetho yokujezisa noma ukuthatha indawo yabavoti abanjalo. Ngo-2020, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi izifunda zingafuna abavoti ukuze balandele izifungo zabo.
Imvelaphi Engokomlando: Isizathu Sokuba Abasunguli Badale Ikholiji Lase - Electoral
I-Electoral College yamiswa ngendlela evumelanayo phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1787. Abasunguli baphikisana ngezindlela eziningana zokukhetha uMongameli: ukuvota okuthandwayo, ukuvota okuqondiswe ngokuqondile, noma ukukhethwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Bagcina benqabile ukuvota okuthandwayo ngokuqondile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana:
- Iphepha lokuxhumana kwesizwe:[ ekhulwini le-18, izwe lalilikhulu futhi lihamba kancane. Abasunguli babesaba ukuthi abavoti babezobazi kuphela abazothatha izifunda.
- Ukwesaba "ukubusa okungalawuleki" Abasunguli abaningi abathemba idemokrasi eqondile, bekholelwa ukuthi ukhetho olungenalwazi lungathonywa amademogue.
- Amandla okulawula: Izigodlo ezincinci zikhathazekile ngokuthi amazwe amakhulu abusa amavoti athandwayo. IElectoral College yawanikeza izwi elinamandla ngokwesilinganiso (ngoba uhulumeni ngamunye uthola amavoti amathathu akhethweyo noma ngabe ungowaphi umphakathi).
- Ubugqila kanye no-Fiths Ehlehlayo: Ngaphansi kokuhlehla okuthathu, abantu abagqilaziwe ababalelwa njengezingxenye ezintathu kwezinhlanu zomuntu ngenjongo yokumelelwa, bethuthukisa amandla akhethiwe ezifundazwe zaseNingizimu ngaphandle kokunikeza labo bantu ilungelo lokuvota. Lelifa lihlala liyimpikiswano.
Isimiso sasiklanyelwe ukuba sibe nezakhamuzi ezihlakaniphile nezizimele zenza ukwahlulela. Nokho, lokho kuhle kwathatha indawo ngokushesha yokwethembeka eqenjini nesimiso sanamuhla lapho abavoti bethenjiswa khona abazothatha igalelo.
Ukugxekwa Kwekolishi Le - Electoral
Emakhulwini eminyaka, abaningi baye baphikisa ngokuthi i - Electoral College iphelelwe isikhathi, ayisasebenzisi intando yeningi, noma ayihambisani nokubusa ngentando yeningi.
1. Ungangeni eSontweni Lesizwe
Ukugxeka okuvelele kakhulu ukuthi umuntu ozongenela ukunqoba umongameli ngaphandle kokunqoba amavoti aphakeme ezweni lonke. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka okhethweni oluhlanu: 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, no 2016. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kululaza isimiso sika "umuntu oyedwa, ukuvota okukodwa" futhi kungaholela kumongameli ongakhethi iningi lamaMelika.
2. Ukuhlasela I - Swing States Ngokweqile
Ngenxa yesimiso sokunqoba esithola yonke into, imikhankaso kamongameli igxile kakhulu ezindaweni ezimbalwa "ezihambayo" (njengeFlorida, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Arizona, Georgia, ne Nevada). AmaVoter ku "ephephile" asho izifunda eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ezibomvu ngokuqinile", funda izivakashi ezimbalwa kakhulu, izikhangiso, kanye nezimiso. Lokhu kudala ithonya elingenakulinganiswa lomvoti kulo lonke izwe.
3. Ukuwohloka Kwentshiseko Ezindaweni Ezingalwi
Uma uhlala esimweni lapho isiphetho siqinisekile khona, ukuvota kwakho kungase kuzizwe kungenanjongo.
4. Bangaba Nabo Abangakholwa
Nakuba kungavamile, abavoti bangamvotela omunye umuntu ngaphandle kwaleyo abayithembisayo.
5. Izinqubo Eziyinkimbinkimbi Nezici Ezivumelanayo
Uma kungekho mvoti ofinyelela kumavoti angu - 270, ukhetho luphonswa eNdlu yabameleli. Kulesosimo, abameleli bombuso ngamunye banevoti eyodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyini, engaholela emphumeleni ohluke kakhulu kumavoti athandwayo. Lokhu akuzange kwenzeke kusukela ngo-1824, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi kusekhona kubagxeki.
Izimpikiswano Ezisekela Ikholiji Lase - Electoral
Abavikeli be - Electoral College baphikisa ngokuthi ifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile zomthetho - sisekelo futhi ivikela izinto ezithandwa abantu abambalwa.
1. Ivikela Amazwe Amancane Nezindawo Zasemaphandleni
I-Electoral College iqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda ezincane nezinabantu abambalwa zinezwi kukhetho lukamongameli. Ngaphandle kwalo, abazofuna ukubhapathizwa cishe bangasinaki sonke isifundazwe ngaphandle kwesesintu esikhulu kakhulu njenge California, Texas, Florida, ne New York. Isimiso siphoqelela ukuba kuhlanganiswe izifunda ezihlukahlukene.
2. Ukuthuthukisa Ubudlelwane Bomphakathi
I-Electoral College igcizelela indima yezindawo esimisweni sikahulumeni. Izinhlelo zinikezwa ngokwezinga likahulumeni, futhi inqubo inikeza imingcele engokomthetho. Isimiso futhi sinikeza isilinganiso esithile sokuqonda endleleni abavota ngayo amavoti, njengoba kubonakala eMaine naseNebraska.
3. Ukuvinjelwa Kwezikhungo Zasemadolobheni Ezimbalwa Ezinkulu
Ngaphandle kwe-Electoral College, abazobhapathizwa bangagxila ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kuphela emadolobheni futhi bangayinaki imiphakathi yasemaphandleni. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvota okuthandwayo kunganikeza amandla angenakulinganiswa ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezinabantu abaningi, kunganakwa lonke izwe.
4. Inikeza Ukuqina Nokushisa
Isimiso somnqobi sivame ukunikeza umnqobi ongcono ngobusuku bokhetho (noma ngezinsuku ezilandelayo), ukugwema isidingo sokuphuma noma ukulandisa okuyinkimbinkimbi ezweni lonke. Ngokuphambene, ukuvota okuthandwayo kungaholela ezimpikiswaneni eziningi ezilandiswayo ngezindawo eziningi uma umngcele uncane kakhulu.
5. Umlando Wangaphambili Nobumsulwa Bomthetho - sisekelo
Kwabaningi, iElectoral College iyingxenye yomklamo woMthetho-sisekelo futhi kufanele ilondolozwe ngaphandle kokuba kudluliswe ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukushintsha isimiso ngaphandle kokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo kululaza isisekelo sikahulumeni.
Imizamo Yokuguqula Izwe Noma Yokulithuthukisa Ikholiji Lase - Electoral
Kuye kwaba nemizamo eminingi eminyakeni eminingi yokuguqula noma ukuqeda i-Electoral College. Lemizamo iwela ezigabani ezimbili eziyinhloko:
ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo
Indlela eqondile yokuqeda i-Electoral College ingeyokulungisa okungokomthetho-mthetho, okudinga ukuvunyelwa kwezindawo ezimbili-ntathu zombili ezisemikhandlwini kanye nokuhlaziywa ngezindawo ezintathu (izifundazwe ezingama-38). Iziphendulo eziningi ziye zahlongozwa, kodwa azikho ezaphumelela ezikhathini zanamuhla. Indlu eseduze kakhulu yaphumelela ngo-1969, lapho indlu idlula i-antement ethandwayo, kodwa yafakwa eSihlalweni.
Iqoqo Le - Interstate Ethandwayo Kazwelonke (NPV)
Enye indlela i- i-National Popular Vote Interstate Compact , isivumelwano phakathi kwezifundazwe sokuthola wonke amavoti azo akhethiwe kulowo ophumelele evoti ethandwayo yesizwe. I-compty iqala ukusebenza kuphela uma inezindawo ezanele (kuyingqikithi yamavoti angu-270 avoti athandwayo) ukuqinisekisa umphumela. Njengango-2024, amazwe angu-17 no-D.C. iye yahlanganyela, ingqikithi yamavoti angu-209 abadlali abavoti abathandwayo. I-comptam ayikafiki ku-70, kodwa imelela intshukumo ebalulekile eqondeni elikhona ngaphandle kokuvota okuthandwayo. Umthetho womthetho-sisekelo we-obumbani uye wabuzwa, kodwa awukabuzwangakho inkantolo.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe nge-NPV, bheka ingosi esemthethweni ye- ne-National Popular Vote.
Ulwazi Oluwusizo Lokwazi Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezinolwazi
Ukuqonda i-Electoral College akuyona nje imfundo kuphela, kodwa kunemiphumela engokoqobo yendlela ohlanganyela ngayo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika. Nazi izinto eziwusizo zokukhetha abavoti:
Yazi Indima YoMbuso Wakho
Misa ukuthi isimo sakho singu "simo sokuhanjwa," "isimo esilondekile," noma isimo esinamavoti ahlukene akhethiweyo (Maine ne-Nebraska). Uma uhlala esimweni esijingayo, cishe ivoti yakho izothola ukunaka okwengeziwe emikhankasweni. Kodwa ngisho nasesimweni esiphephile, ukuvota izindaba ngoba kuthinta izinhlanga ezihlohla ibhola le-galot (i-Sanate, iNdyungu, isifunda ne-ofisi yendawo) bese unikeza izimpawu zesiqondiso sezombangazwe zikahulumeni wakho.
Ukuqonda Umehluko Ovamile Nezigaba Ezincane
Uma uvotela uMongameli, uvota ngokobuchwepheshe kwabavoti. Qaphela ukuthi ukhetho oluthandwayo lwesizwe alumnqumeli owawina.Lolu lwazi lukusiza ukuba uchaze imiphumela yokhetho futhi udlulisele imibiko yezindaba ngokugxeka.
Hlanganyela Kulempikiswano
I-Electoral College iyindaba yempikiswano yezombangazwe neyomphakathi. Ukwazi kukuvumela ukuba uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezingxoxweni ngokuthi uzoba nenguquko noma uthathe indawo yesimiso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usekela noma uphikisa isimiso samanje, ukuqonda kokubili kukwenza ube nengxenye ephumelela kakhulu.
Cabanga Ngethonya Emalini Yakho
Abanye abavoti ezifundazweni ezingaphikisi bazizwa bedumele. Nokho, kunezindlela zokwenza izwi lakho lizweke: izisebenzi zokuzithandela emikhankasweni, banikele ngezimbangela ezivumelana nezindinganiso zakho, futhi bahlanganyele okhethweni oluyinhloko, olungaba nethonya elikhulu kunokhetho oluvamile kwezinye izindawo.
Landela Inqubo Ngemva Kosuku Lokhetho
Yazi ukuthi ukhetho alupheli ngoLwesibili lokuqala ngemva koMsombuluko wokuqala ngoNovember. Amavoti aphezulu afakwa ngo-December futhi abalwa ngo-January. Ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kukusiza ukuba ulandele izindaba ngokunembile, ikakhulukazi okhethweni oluseduze lapho izinselele ezingokomthetho zingavela khona.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Kaningi Ngekholiji Lase - Electoral
Kwenzekani uma umuntu ozobhapathizwa efa noma ekhubazeka ngaphambi kokuba i - Electoral College ihlangane?
Lesi simo asichazwa ngokucacile eMthethweni, kodwa amaqembu ezombangazwe avame ukuhlongoza. Abavoti bangavotela ozothatha indawo, noma uMkhandlu ungadlulisela umthetho ukuze ukhulume ngalesisimo. Asikho isenzakalo esinje esake senzeka.
Ingabe abavoti bangajeziswa ngokungalandeli ukuvota okuthandwayo?
Yebo, ezifundazweni eziningi. Ngo-2020, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma Chiafalo v. Washington enqumayo ingamisa imithetho efuna abavoti ukuba bavotele ozofuna ukusekela. Eminye imibuso iphonsa amafa noma ikhiphe abavoti abangenalukholo.
Kungani ukhetho oluyinhloko nezindlela zokusebenzisa zibaluleke kangaka?
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqale inqubo ye - Electoral College, iqembu ngalinye likhetha uchungechunge lweziqu zikahulumeni nama - caucuse. Ukuqonda indlela izihambeli ezithola ngayo imincintiswano nakho kubalulekile ukuze zibe isakhamuzi esinolwazi, njengoba kunquma ukuthi ubani ovelayo ehholo lokhetho.
I - Electoral College iyithinta kanjani ingxenye yesithathu yalabo abazobhapathizwa?
Ingxenye yesithathu ayivamile ukuwina amavoti ngenxa yokuwina i-athomo-yonke hlelo. Nokho, bangasebenza njenge "i-spoilers" ngokudonsa amavoti kubantu abathatha isigaba esikhulu ezifundazweni eziseduze, okungathinta umphumela. Ngokwesibonelo, uRalph Nader ngo 2000 noJill Stein ngo-2016 wagxekwa ngokumpompa amavoti avela ku-Democratic commistssions ezifundazweni eziyinhloko.
Ukuze uthole umbono oningiliziwe ongokomlando, iNational Archives yase-U.S. inikeza ukucatshukiswa okuhle kwenqubo ye-Electoral College: Iyini i-Electoral College? nebalazwe elihambisanayo 270toWin iwusizo ekulandeleni izibalo zokhetho esikhathini sangempela.
Isiphetho: I - Electoral College eButhweni Lentando Yeningi Lanamuhla
I-Electoral College isezici zempikiswano kakhulu zesimiso sezombangazwe sase-U.S. Iwumkhiqizo wesikhathi sayo, owenziwe ngokuyekethisa okuphathelene nokukhathazeka kombuso wekhulu le-18. Namuhla, isebenza ezweni elihlukene kakhulu elinokuxhumana okusheshayo, umshini omkhulu nohlukene kakhulu, kanye nokushintsha okukhulu kwezombangazwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyibheka njengesivikelo sobuzwe noma isithiyo sokumelela ngokungakhethi, ukuqonda i-Electoral College iyingxenye eyinhloko yemfundo yokufunda yokufunda efundekayo yomphakathi. Izakhamuzi ezifundelwayo zingahlanganyela ekukhetheni okungcono, zihlanganyele ekukhetheni izingxoxo eziqhubekayo mayelana nendlela engcono kakhulu yokukhetha umholi wezwe elikhululekile.
Ukuze kufundwe ngokwengeziwe ngomlando nangabenzi be-Electoral College, [[FLT: 0] ukungena kwe-Encclopædia Britannica [ kunikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi, futhi inhlangano yeFairVote inikeza imininingwane ngemizamo yokuguqula okukhethiweyo: Fairvote e-Elctoral College[.