Isingeniso: Ukungqubuzana Komthetho Womshado Nokulondeka Kwezimali

Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kunezinzuzo ezinkulu ezidlulela ngalé kokuqashelwa kwezemikhosi noma kwezenhlalo. Emazweni amaningi, ukuma komshado kuyinto eguquguqukayo ekwandiseni izimiso zomphakathi nenzuzo yempesheni. Uma amalungelo omshado enwetshwa noma elinganiselwe, imiphumela ibangelwa izimpawu zokuthola inzuzo, izibalo ezizuzisayo, kanye nenhlalakahle engokwezimali yezigidi zabantu ngabanye nemikhaya. Ukuqonda indlela amalungelo omshado athonya ngayo lezi zinzuzo kudingekile kubenzi bemithetho, abahleli bezezimali, nanoma ubani okhathalela ukulondeka komhlalaphansi kanye namanetha okuvikela umphakathi.

Izinhlelo zokuphepha komphakathi, impesheni yomphakathi, kanye namalungiselelo omhlalaphansi ngokomlando kuye kwaklanywa ngesibonelo somshado wokuphila konke, oqashelwa ngokomthetho. Lesi sibonelo sihlanganisa ukuncintisana kwezimali futhi sinikeza izindlela zokuqhubekela phambili kwemali lapho umngane womshado efa noma ethatha umhlala-phantsi. Njengoba imithetho yomshado ishintsha ikwazi ukuhlanganisa imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo namanye amaqembu ahlukene ngokwezimo ezingokomlando, ukufinyelela lezinzuzo ezibucayi zemali kuyakhula, kodwa futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokuzinziwa kwesimiso nokuhleleka kwezimiso.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ubuhlobo obuhlukahlukene phakathi kwamalungelo omshado nokulondeka komphakathi nezinzuzo zempesheni, ukuhlola izisekelo ezingokomthetho, izinhlobo zezinzuzo ezithintekile, izenzakalo zezezomnotho nezezenhlalo, ukuhlola kwezezimali zangempela, kanye nezinselele ezihambisana nokufinyelela okwandayo. Umgomo ukunikeza umbono ocacile, onegunya ocacisa indlela ukuqaphela umshado okuthonya ngayo ngokuqondile ukulondeka okungokwezimali emiphakathini.

Isimiso Sasemthethweni: Isizathu Sokuba Isimo Somshado Sibaluleke Izinzuzo

Izimiso zokuphepha kwezenhlalayenza kanye namasu empesheni aziklanywanga ngokungenalutho; ziveza izinqubo zomphakathi ngokuphathelene nokwakheka komkhaya, ukuncika kwezomnotho, kanye nokuhlanganyela izingozi. Umshado ngokwesiko uye waba yikhosha lokubambisana ngokwezimali, wenze kube yindinganiso engcono yokuqondisa yezinzuzo ezinika inzuzo. Izinzuzo, izinzuzo ezisindayo, kanye nokuncishiswa kwemali kunciswe yikho konke kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi imibhangqwana eshadile ihlanganisa imithombo yemali futhi ihlanganyele izingozi zezomnotho.

E-United States, i-Social Security Act ka-1935 yadala isimiso sezwe sokuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukukhubazeka, nezinzuzo zabasinda. Ukukholeka kwezinzuzo zomshado nosinda kwahlotshaniswa nokuma komshado. Izisekelo ezifanayo zikhona emazweni anjengeCanada, i-United Kingdom, i-Australia, nezizwe eziningi zaseYurophu. Izinyunyana zomphakathi kanye nezibopho zasekhaya ngezinye izikhathi ziye zanikeza ukuqashelwa ngokwengxenye, kodwa amalungelo agcwele omshado anikeza inzuzo enkulu kakhulu.

Ukubekwa ngokomthetho komshado ohlangene ngezocansi ezimele ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kuye kwaphoqelela lezi zimiso ukuba zivumelane. Izinkantolo nezishaya-mthetho kuye kwadingeka ukuba zinqume ukuthi izinzuzo zingavela yini ngosuku lomshado, usuku lwenyunyana yangaphambili, noma ngisho nosuku oluphoqelelweyo lwemibhangqwana eyayingakwazi ukushada ngaphambili. Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukuthi ukulingana komshado kumelwe kuguqulele ekutholeni isivikelo esilinganayo sezimali esibangelwa umshado.

Omunye umqondo obalulekile wezomthetho yi- "umshado ohloniphekile" indinganiso. Abaphathi benzuzo kumelwe banqume ukuthi isibopho sihlangabezana yini nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho zomshado ezindaweni owenziwa kuzo. Kuleyomibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili, lokhu kwakunzima ngokomlando ngenxa yokungatholi mvume ezweni noma emingceleni yesizwe. Namuhla, amazwe amaningi anesilinganiso somshado ayaziqaphela imishado eyenzeka kwenye indawo, kodwa imibuzo iyaqhubeka ngemibhangqwana eshadile ebusayo lapho imishadonsekile kamuva noma ingaqashelwanga.

Ngaphandle kokuvuleka, isimo somshado singathinta inzuzo. Ngokwesibonelo, umngane womshado angathola inzuzo engcono kakhulu noma amaphesenti angu-50 enkathi yomhlalaphansi kamngane wakhe. Izinzuzo zokusinda zivumela umfelokazi noma umfelwa ukuba athole inzuzo efinyelela ku-100% yomngane wakhe oshonile. Lemithetho ithatha umshado oqashelwe ngokomthetho ngesikhathi sokufa noma isicelo somhlala phansi.

Indlela Ukwandisa Amalungelo Omshado Okuthuthukisa Ngayo Ukufaneleka Nokutholakala Kwawo

Lapho amalungelo omshado edluliselwa kubantu ababengasasetshenziswa, umphumela osheshayo uwukwanda kwabantu abathi bazuza ngokungenasizungu futhi basinde. Lokhu akukona nje ukulungisa okucatshangelwayo; kunemiphumela eqinisekile yezimali ezinkulungwaneni noma ngisho nasezinkulungwaneni zabantu.

Ngaphambi komshado, imibhangqwana ehlanganyela ubulili obufanayo yayivame ukuphoqelelwa ukuba ithembele emalini egciniwe yomhlalaphansi, umshuwalense womuntu siqu, noma amalungiselelo avamile. Ayikwazanga ukungenela isivikelo somshuwalense somphakathi imibhangqwana eshadile eyayingasinaki. Kwabaningi, lokhu kwasho ukunciphiswa kwezomnotho lapho igugile futhi isengozini enkulu yobumpofu ngemva kokufa komngane wayo. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi imibhangqwana engontanga efanayo, ikakhulukazi abantu abadala, ibhekene nezimo ezinkulu zezomnotho uma kuqhathaniswa neyabo abashadile.

Ukwanda kwamalungelo omshado kusingatha ngokuqondile lezizimo ezingafani. Ngemva kokubekwa ngokomthetho, imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo ingazuza inzuzo ehlanganyelwe, inzuzo yomshado phakathi nomhlalaphansi, futhi ithole izinzuzo zasinda ekufeni komngane womshado. Lokhu akukona nje ukulingana kokuqashelwa; kungokomphumela wezomnotho.

Nokho, ushintsho alunakuhlala lungenalutho. Imibhangqwana eyashada kamuva ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ingakwazi ukwenza kanjalo, kungaba nokubala okuzuzisayo okusekelwe esikhathini esifushane somshado, okungathinta ukufaneleka kwezinzuzo ezithile. Ezinye izimiso zokuphepha zomphakathi zidinga imishado ethatha isikhathi esincane kakhulu (ngokuvamile unyaka owodwa) ukuze ithole izinzuzo ezizosetshenziswa, nakuba ingenzeki ngokufa ngengozi. Futhi, abantu abahlukanisile ngaphambi kokuba balinganise bangase bazithole besendaweni ewubalayo ngokuphathelene nobuhlobo obudlule.

Okunye okubalulekile ukucabangela ukuhlobana kwamalungelo omshado kanye namasu okuzisholo. Imibhangqwana eshadile inezinqumo zokuhlela inzuzo yayo zokuthi ithola imali engcono eholweni lekhaya phakathi kokuphila kwayo. Imibhangqwana efanayo exubile esanda kushada, ukukwazi ukuthatha lamacebo kungasho umehluko phakathi kobumpofu nenduduzo uma ithatha umhlala-phansi. Abaqondisi bezezimali nabahleli kuye kwadingeka ukuba balungise isiqondiso sabo ukuze babonise amaqiniso amasha alabo abangashadayo nokuthi lokho kuthinta kanjani ukulondeka kwezenhlalo kanye nokuhlelwa kwempesheni.

Isihluthulelo Sezinzuzo Ezinhlotsheni Ezithinteka Ukuqashelwa Komshado

Amalungelo omshado athonya izigaba eziningana ezihlukene zokulondeka kwezenhlalo nezinzuzo zempesheni.

Izinzuzo Ezinhle

Izinzuzo ezithathelwe isikhathi esiningi zivumela umngane womshado ongasebenzi noma ohlala phansi ukuba athole inzuzo esekelwe emthonjeni womngane wakhe. Kuhlelo lwezenhlalakahle zomphakathi wase-U.S., umngane womshado angathatha amaphesenti angu-50 enkathi yomhlalaphansi wesisebenzi, uma nje eneminyaka engu-62 ubudala futhi isisebenzi sesithola izinzuzo. Lokhu kuyinzuzo enzima kakhulu emibhangqwanani eminingi ethathe umhlalaphansi, ikakhulukazi leyo umngane wayo athole kuyo imali ephansi kakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi noma ukukhetha umsebenzi.

Kubantu abashadile abangongqingili, ukufinyelela izinzuzo zomshado kwancishwa ngokuphumelelayo ngaphambi komshado. Ngisho nalapho imibhangqwana izinikele, ihlala ihlelile, ukuntuleka komshado oqashelwe ngokomthetho kwasho ukuthi umngane womshado ongaphansi wayengenakuthola inzuzo engcono. Ngemva kokwanda kwamalungelo omshado, lemibhangqwana manje ingathola lenzuzo, ngokuvamile ephumela ekwandeni okukhulu kweholo lekhaya lomhlalaphansi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinzuzo zomshado azizenzakaleli; kumelwe zishiwo ngokwemithetho ethile nesikhathi. Imibhangqwana kumelwe inqume ukuthi izothatha isikhathi (ngokuncishiswa okuhlala njalo) noma ilinde kuze kube yilapho ithatha umhlalaphansi ngokugcwele ukuze ithole inani eligcwele. Ukuqaphela umshado kunikeza imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obuhlukile indawo yesinqumo njengemibhangqwana ethandanayo, kodwa futhi ifuna ukuba ihambele endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi efanayo efunayo.

Izinzuzo Ezisasele

Izinzuzo ezisasele ziphakathi kwesivikelo esingokwezimali esibangelwa umshado. Uma isisebenzi esishadile sifa, umngane waso womshado osele unelungelo lokuthola inzuzo elingana nekhulu laleyo esisebenzi esifile esasiyithola (noma sasinelungelo lokuyamukela). Lenzuzo ingaba bucayi ekuvimbeleni ukuba umfelokazi angaholeli ebumpofwini, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane abadala ngokuvamile abaphila ngaphandle kwabayeni babo.

Kubantu abashadile abangocansi, ukwehluleka ukushada kwasho ukuthi umngane osele wayengenalo ilungelo elizenzekelayo lokuthola inzuzo yomngane wakhe ofileyo yomphakathi wezokuphepha noma impesheni. Lokhu kwakungekona nje ukuhlukanisa okungokomfanekiso; kwakunemiphumela yangempela yezimali. Imibhangqwana eminingi yakudala engokobulili obufanayo yalahlekelwa amakhaya ayo noma yalahlekelwa ubumpofu ngemva kokushona komngane wayo ngenxa yokuthi ofelwe wayengenakukwazi ukufinyelela inzuzo yomngane wayo oshonile.

Ngemva kokulingana emshadweni, izinzuzo ezasinda zaba khona kubantu abahlanganyela ubulili obufanayo, kodwa izinkinga zahlala. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbhangqwana wawusebuhlotsheni obude kodwa usanda kushada ngaphambi nje kokufa komngane oyedwa, imfuneko yomshado (cishe izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye kuya onyakeni owodwa) ingamenza angakufanelekeli owasinda. Nokho, i-Social Security Administration (SA) iye yabangela ukuba kuvumelane nezimo lapho ukufa kwakuzenzekile noma kungalindelekile.

Enye impikiswano ukuphatha abashadi abashadiwe. Ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-Social Security, umngane womshado osele ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka engu-60 uvame ukulahlekelwa inzuzo yokusinda ngenxa yomshado wangaphambili. Nokho, uma ukuphinde ashade eqala ngemva kweminyaka engu-60, izinzuzo zingaqhubeka. Lemithetho isebenza ngokufanayo kuyo yonke imibhangqwana eshadile, kodwa ingadala izinselele eziyingqayizivele kubantu abashadile ababengenakho ngaphambili abakhetha ukushada futhi kamuva bashade nothile.

Ilungiselelo Lokuthatha Ifa Nomhlalaphansi

Amalungiselelo empesheni yomphakathi noma yeningi avame ukuhlanganisa ukukhokha imali efihlwayo empontshelwe oshade naye osele ngemva kokufa kwecebo. Lokhu kudinga ukuba othatha igalelo akhethe inzuzo enciphile uma ekhokha ishende eliqhubekayo. Ukuqashelwa komshado kunquma ukuthi ubani ofanelekela lezi zinjongo.

Emazweni amaningi, amalungiselelo empesheni ayadingeka ngokomthetho ukunikeza izinzuzo ezisindayo kumngane womshado ongokomthetho wombambiswano. Ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelelwe, abantu abahlanganyela ubulili obufanayo bakhishwe kulesivikelo, ngisho noma bebesebuhlotsheni obuqinile amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Ngemva kokwanda kwamalungelo omshado, amalungiselelo empesheni kumelwe aqaphele abangane bomshado abafanayo abangontanga, okusho ukuthi abahlelile bangakhomba umngane wabo oyedwa wobuntu obufana nalowo osaphila ngenzuzo yamalungelo angokomthetho njenganoma yimuphi omunye umngane womshado.

Lokhu kunemiphumela emikhulu ekuhleleni impesheni. Imibhangqwana manje ingasebenzisa izindlela zokuthola impesheni ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi imali esele iyaqhubeka ngemva kokufa, kodwa futhi kumelwe iqonde ukuthi lokhu kukhetha kusebenzelana kanjani neminye imithombo yeholo lomhlalaphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukukhetha inzuzo ephansi yempesheni yokondla umngane womshado, kodwa ukuhweba kunganciphisa iholo lakhe siqu, kodwa ukuphuma kungavikela ngokwezimali kosindisiwe.

Imali yempesheni yomphakathi, impesheni yezempi, nesitimela zinzuzo zonke zisezingeni ezifanayo. Ukulingana kwabaphathi balemishado kuye kwaphoqelela abaphathi balezi zinqubo ukuba bahlanganise izincazelo zabo kanye nezinqubo ezihlanganisa ubulili. Kwezinye izimo, lokhu kuye kwadinga izinguquko ezisebenzayo kwimibhangqwana eyayishadile eminyakeni yangaphambili kodwa eyayingaqashelwa.

Izinzuzo Ezinokwethenjelwa Nezomkhaya

Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo zomshado nowokusinda, ukuqashelwa komshado kungathinta izinzuzo zezingane ezixhomeke kumalungu omkhaya.

Imibhangqwana ehlanganyela ubulili obufanayo nabantwana, umshado unikeza ukucaca okungokomthetho mayelana nokuba umzali nokuzuza ukulingana. Ngaphambi komshado, izingane ezisemikhayeni engokobulili obufanayo zingaba nezinselele ekuboniseni ukuhlobana ngokomthetho nabo bobabili abazali ngenjongo ezuzisayo. Umshado uveza umbono ongokomthetho wokuba umzali osemthethweni emikhakheni eminingi, okungasiza izingane.

Ngokufanayo, ezinye izimiso zokuzivikela zenhlalo zinikeza izinzuzo kubazali noma izingane ezincikene nazo, kodwa ngokuvamile lezi zilandela izinzuzo zomshado nezingane. Ukuqaphela umshado kungathinta uhlelo lwenzuzo kanye nemali etholakalayo yesigaba ngasinye sendlalifa.

Izinkinga Zezomnotho Nezenhlalo Zokwenyuka Kobuqotho

Lapho abantu abaningi bethola izinzuzo zomshado futhi besinda, ukulondeka okungokwezimali kwabantu kuthuthuka, okubangela imiphumela ephansi kakhulu yamanani obumpofu, ukuthenga nokusetshenziswa kwabathengi nezinhlelo zomphakathi zokusiza.

Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi imibhangqwana emidala engokobulili obufanayo yabhekana nenani eliphakeme lobumpofu kunabantu abashadile ngaphambi kokuba ilingana nendoda nenkosikazi. Ngemva kokubhaliswa ngokomthetho, lamanani obumpofu aye ehla njengoba imibhangqwana ithola isivikelo esingokwezimali somshado. Ucwaningo lwango-2021 lwe-Greek Institute eUCLA School of Law lwathola ukuthi imibhangqwana engontanga efanayo ehlala ezifundazweni ezilinganayo yabika ukuthi inhlalakahle engcono kakhulu yezomnotho nencikekile ezinhlelweni zokusiza umphakathi.

Uma iqembu elithile likhishwa amalungelo omshado, lidlulisela umyalezo wokuthi ubuhlobo balo abukufanelekele ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho nangokwezimali. Ukwandisa amalungelo omshado kukhuthaza ukubambisana kwemikhaya futhi kuqinisekisa isithunzi esilinganayo sayo yonke imikhaya. Lokhu kunemiphumela engenakulinganiswa kodwa ebalulekile empilweni yengqondo, ekuzinzeni komphakathi, nasekuthembeni umphakathi.

Nokho, ukuvuleka okukhulisiwe nakho kubangela izindleko zezimiso zokuphepha zomphakathi. Abazuza kakhulu basho ukukhokha imali ephakeme, okungacindezela izimali zesimiso. Abaphathi-mamejaji kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi izindleko ezengeziwe zincishiswa yini ngezinzuzo zezomnotho ezikhudlwana, njengomkhiqizo owengeziwe, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zobumpofu, kanye nentela ekhudlwana kubantu abangase basebenze isikhathi eside ngenxa yokulondeka komhlalaphansi okungcono.

Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukwandisa amalungelo omshado kungaholela ekuncipheni ngokweqile kwezimiso zomphakathi zokuphepha uma abantu abaningi befaneleka ukuba bazuze ngokufa futhi basinde. Nokho, ubufakazi obubonisa ukuthi ithonya lenani labantu lilinganiselwe. Imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili imelela inani elincane labantu, futhi eminingi yayo kakade yayisebuhlotsheni ngaphambi kokulingana. Ukwanda okuzuzisayo kuyindaba yokuqaphela ubuhlobo obukhona kunasekwakheni obusha.

Enye incazelo engokwenhlalo ithonya ezinhlalweni zomkhaya. Ukuqaphela umshado kuyavuma ukuthi imikhaya inezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi ukuncintisana kwezimali akugcini kuphela emibhangqwaneni eshadile. Lokhu kungathonya inqubo yomphakathi ngokunakekela, ukuhlela umhlala-phantsi, nokusekelana phakathi kwezizukulwane. Njengoba abantu abaningi bebheka umshado njengenhlangano enikeza isivikelo esiqinile sezimali, bangase bahlele ubuhlobo babo, kanye nemiphumela engase ibe khona ekusimameni kobuhlobo kanye nokwakheka komkhaya.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Umphumela Womshado Ongokoqobo Olinganayo Ngezinzuzo

United States – Obergefell v. Hodges

Isinqumo seNkantolo evelele yase-U.S. ePhakeme obergefell v. Hodges (2015) sathola ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo exubile inelungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokushada kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50. Umphumela osheshayo wawuwukunika izinkulungwane zemibhangqwana exhunyiwe ukuba ifinyelele ezingeni eligcwele lezinzuzo zikahulumeni nombuso ezixhomeke esimweni somshado, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo ze-Social Security.

Ngaphambi ko-Obergefell, imibhangqwana efanayo engokuziphatha okubiye yabhekana nokuqashelwa okuncane. Ezinye izifundazwe zavumela umshado, kuyilapho ezinye ziwenqabela ngokucacile. Umthetho we-University of Marriage Act (DOMA), ochaza umshado njengophakathi kwendoda nowesifazane, wawusuhlatshwe ngo-2013 United States v. Umoya , kodwa leso sinqumo sathinta imibhangqwana eyayise ishadile kakade ngokomthetho esizweni sayo. Ngemva kokwehla kwe-Obergefell, ukulingana komshado kwaba yindawo yonke, futhi i-SSA yakwazi ukubona imishado efanayo ngezinjongo zonke.

Ithonya ezinzuzo zeNtlalo-ntle yabantu lalibalulekile. I-SSA yanikeza isiqondiso ngendlela yokusingatha iziphakamiso zemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo ezithathelwanayo kwezinye izimo. Izinkulungwane zabantu ezazingavunyelwa ukuba zingenelwe ngenxa yokukhetha kwabo ubulili. Inhlangano yalinganisela ukuthi lesi sinqumo sasizothinta amashumi ezinkulungwane ezinzuzo eminyakeni yokuqala embalwa.

Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo sihilela imibhangqwana eyafa omunye ngaphambi kwesinqumo se-Obergefell. I-SSA yasebenzisa inkambiso evumela abantu abaphila nabo abangokobulili obufanayo ukuba bafune izinzuzo zokusinda uma bebonisa ukuthi babeshade uma umthetho uvunyelwe. Nakuba lesimiso sanikeza usizo oluthile, sasidinga ubufakazi benhloso yokushada, okungaba nzima ukubhala. Amaqembu ombuso ayaqhubeka ecindezela abantu ukuba baphilele izindinganiso ezivumelana kakhulu.

Icala le-Obergefell laqokomisa futhi indima yama SSA ekusebenziseni ukulingana komshado. Lenhlangano kwadingeka ilungise izimiso zayo, iqeqeshe izisebenzi zayo, futhi inikeze imithetho emisha ukuze iqinisekise ukuphathwa okungaguquguquki kwemibhangqwana exubile engokobulili obufanayo. Lenqubo yayingeyikho ngaphandle kwemicu, kodwa yabonisa ukuthi izimiso ezinkulu zezinzuzo zingazivumelanisa nezinguquko ezingokomthetho eziphawulekayo ngokuhlela okufanele.

ECanada – Isinqumo Somshado Wangaphakathi

I-Canada yagunyaza umshado ongokobulili obufanayo ezweni lonke ngo-2005, kulandela uchungechunge lwezinqumo zenkantolo yesifunda. Izinhlelo ze-Pension Plan (CPP) ne-Old Age Security (OAS) zavuselelwa ngokushesha ukuze ziqaphele abangane bomshado abafanayo abangocansi ngenjongo yokuzuza.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kweCanada kunikeza ukuqhathanisa okuwusizo ne-United States ngoba ukubekwa ngokomthetho kwakukuhle kakhulu futhi kubanzi. Ushintsho lwalushelela ngokwengxenye ngoba umthetho waseCanada wawusuqaphela ubuhlobo obufanayo nobulili obusenyuswani phakathi kweminye imibuso kanye nomngane womshado ofanayo kwezinye izifundazwe. Ukushintshela ukulingana okugcwele emshadweni kwandisa amalungelo azuzisayo emibhangqwaneni efana neyasenabo abasuba nobuhlobo obufanayo kakade ngaphansi kwezakhiwo ezithile zezifunda.

Esinye isici esithakazelisayo sesimiso saseCanada ukuphathwa komthetho owodwa. Ngisho nangaphandle komshado, umthetho waseCanada uqaphela ukubambisana komthetho ovamile ukuze kuzuze izinjongo ngemva kwesikhathi sokuhlalisana (ngokoqobo unyaka). Lokhu kwasho ukuthi imibhangqwana eminingi engowexekekileyo kakade yayinazo izinzuzo ezithile zobusha ngokuqaphela umthetho owodwa, kodwa ukulingana okugcwele kwanikeza isivikelo esengeziwe futhi kwayenza yaba lula inqubo eshoyo.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseCanada kusikisela ukuthi ukuqaphela ukuhlangana okuhlangene phakathi kobuhlobo bobulili obufanayo kungavula indlela yezinguquko ezishelelayo lapho ukulingana okuphelele emshadweni kufika. Nokho, kubonisa nokuthi ngisho nokuqaphela ngokungakhethi kushiya izikhala ezingagcwalisa umshado ogcwele kuphela, njengokuqaphelanakwa kwamazwe kanye nezinzuzo ezidinga ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho.

Umthetho Ka - 2013 Umthetho Owenziwe I - United Kingdom – Umshado (Same - Sexcorder System)

Umshado osemthethweni owenziwe ngo-United Kingdom eNgilandi naseWales ngo-2014, iScotland ilandela ngo-2014 nangeNyakatho Ireland ngo-2020. Isimiso sokuphepha somphakathi sase-UK, esihlanganisa i-State Pension nePension Credit, savuselelwa ukuze kuqashelwe imishado efanayo yokuhlanganyela ubulili kusukela ngosuku lokubhaliswa ngokomthetho.

Enye yezimpikiswano eziyinhloko e-UK kwakuyimpatho "yokuvikela abantu" ababeke bahlangana nomphakathi ngaphambili. Umthetho wavumela abantu abahlala ndawonye ukuba baguqule ubuhlobo babo bazenze imishado, okwabe sekubenza bakwazi ukuthola izinzuzo eziphelele ngaphansi kwesimiso sikaHulumeni. Nokho, umehluko waqhubeka phakathi kokuphathwa kwemibhangqwana eshadile kanye nabantu abashadile kwezinye izindawo ezizuzisayo, okuholela ekufuneni ukubhaliswa okuqhubekayo.

Ucwaningo lwezehlakalo ze-UK lubonisa ukuthi ukulingana komshado kuvame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo ayinkimbinkimbi. Imibhangqwana eyayikade inobuhlobo obufanayo nobulili obubodwa ngaphambi kokuba iqaliswe ngokomthetho yayidinga imithetho ecacile yokuthi umshado wayo uzakuqashelwa yini ngokunenzuzo. Uhulumeni we-UK wasebenzisa isiqondiso esivame ukubheka imishado njengesebenza kusukela osukwini lomkhosi, kodwa ivumele imiphumela ethile eguquguqukayo lapho kwakukhona khona ukuhlangana komphakathi kwangaphambili.

I - Australia – ISichibiyelo Somshado (Inkululeko Nenkululeko Engokwenkolo) Act 2017

I-Australia imishado efanayo esemthethweni ngo-December 2017 ngemva kokuhlola kweposi kwezwe lonke yabonisa ukusekela okukhulu komphakathi. Isimiso somphakathi somphakathi sase-Australia, esiphethwe yi-Division Australia, savuselelwa ngokushesha ukuze siqaphele imishado efanayo yezokuhlangana kwezingane zobulili ngezinjongo ezizuzisayo, kuhlanganise ne-Pension yeNkathi Yeminyaka, i-Dasensibility Service Pension, kanye no-Carer bhabhis.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Australia kuqokomisa indima yokuhlola umphakathi ekushintsheni kwezimiso zokugunyaza. Ukuhlola kweposi, ngenkathi kuphikisana, kwanikeza igunya elicacile lentando yeningi elasiza ekushelelezeni inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo. Uhulumeni wanikeza nemithombo yokulungisa izimiso ze-IT kanye nezisebenzi eziqeqeshayo ukuze kusingathwe izimo zemibhangqwana engokwasengathi iyahlangana.

Esinye isici esiphawulekayo sesimiso se-Australia ukusebenzisa iholo nempahla kuhlolwa inkathi yomshado. Ukuqashelwa komshado kusho ukuthi imibhangqwana ehlanganyela ubulili obufanayo manje ihlolwa njengombhangqwana ngezinjongo ezifanelekile, ezingathinta ukufaneleka kwayo kwempesheni. Eminye imibhangqwana yathola ukuthi ukuqoqa imali njengendoda nenkosikazi kunciphisa isilinganiso sayo sempesheni uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlolwa njengabantu ngabanye. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuqaphela umshado akuzuzisi ngaso sonke isikhathi ezicini zonke; kuguqula imithetho yazo zombili iziqondiso.

Izinselele Zesimiso Sezomthetho Noshintsho Lwesimiso

Ukuhlanganisa wonke amalungelo omshado nemibhangqwana kuletha izinselele eziningana zokuphepha emphakathini nabaphathi bempesheni. Lezi zinselele azixazululeki, kodwa zidinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela, ukukhulumisana okucacile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nokumiswa kwemithetho.

Enye inselele enkulu ukuphindela emuva. Uma kwaqala ukulingana komshado, imibhangqwana ebilokhu inobuhlobo obudala kodwa ibingakwazi ukushada ingafuna izinzuzo ezavela ngaphambi kosuku lokuqanjwa ngokomthetho. Abaphathi-mapali kumelwe banqume ukuthi kufanele bakhokhelwe isikhathi esingakanani futhi yini ifuna ubufakazi benhloso yokushada. Indlela yama SSA eUnited States yokufuna ubufakazi benhloso iye yagxekwa njengenzima, kodwa ibonisa ubunzima bokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kobuhlobo obungaqashelwanga ngokomthetho.

Enye inselele ukuhlangana komshado nobudlelwane bangaphambili besizwe noma ubunye basekhaya. Kwezinye izindawo, imibhangqwana yathola izinzuzo ezilinganiselwe ngokuhlangana komphakathi ngaphambi kokulingana komshado. Lapho kamuva ishada, amalungelo ayo azuzisayo angase ashintshe, futhi abaphathi-mthetho kumelwe banqume ukuthi inkathi yokuhlangana kwezakhamuzi ibaluleke kakhulu ekuzuzeni ukuvunyela. Lokhu kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuze ithole izinzuzo ezisindayo, lapho isikhathi sokufa esihlobene nomshado nezindaba zomphakathi.

Ukwenziwa kwesimiso sohlelo kuyinto ewusizo. Imishini yokuhlola inhlalakahle nempesheni ngokuvamile yakhiwa ngesibonelo somshado esithatha imishado ehlukile kuphela. Ukuvuselela lezi zimiso ukuze kuhlaliswe imishado efanayo idinga ukugcinwa okubalulekile kwemitapo yemininingwane nezinhlelo ze-software. Izinhlangano eziningi kuye kwadingeka ziphinde zihlole izakhiwo zazo, izinqubo, kanye nezincazelo ezingokomthetho ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zikhona.

Ukuqeqeshelwa nokufundiswa abaphathi benzuzo kungenye inselele eqhubekayo. Izisebenzi kumele ziqonde indawo engokomthetho, zigweme imikhuba yokukhipha isigwebo, futhi zisebenzise imithetho njalo kubo bonke abacela. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezikhundleni lapho umbono womphakathi ngomshado oxubene nobulili obufanayo uhlala uhlukene, ngoba ubandlululo lomuntu siqu lungathinta indlela abasingatha ngayo izikhalo.

Okokugcina, kunempikiswano yokuthi ukulingana komshado kuhlobene kanjani neminye imigomo yezimiso, njengokungaguquguquki kwezimiso. Njengoba abantu abaningi befaneleka ukuba bazuze emakhaya futhi baphume, izindleko zezinhlelo zokuphepha kwezenhlalo zingakhula. Abaphathi-mapliging kumelwe balinganisele umgomo wokwelashwa okulinganayo kanye nesidingo sokugcina izimiso zincibilikisile. Lokhu kungadinga ukulungisa ukuze kuzuze izinhlelo, noma imithombo exhasa inzuzo.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi amalungelo omshado awakho ngokuhlukaniswa. Ahlangana nezinye izici zomthetho, kuhlanganise nentela, ukufuduka nefa. Indlela ebanzi yokulingana emshadweni idinga ukuhlangana ezikhundleni eziningi ezingokomthetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphathwa ngokungaguquki kwemibhangqwana eshadile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ithambekele ebulilini.

Isiphetho: Amalungelo Omshado Ayisisekelo Sokulondeka Kwezimali

Umphumela wamalungelo omshado ekulondekeni kwezenhlalo nasezinzuzo zempesheni ugcwele futhi unezici eziningi. Ukuma komshado kunquma ukufaneleka kwezinzuzo zomshado, izinzuzo zabasindi, nokuncika ezimisweni eziningi zomshuwalense wezenhlalo emhlabeni wonke. Lapho amalungelo omshado enwetshwa ukuze ahlanganise imibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo namanye amaqembu ahlukene, umphumela osheshayo uwukufinyelela lezisivikelo ezibucayi zezimali.

Isimiso somthetho esihlanganisa umshado sisekelwe ekucabangeni okungokomlando ngokwakheka komkhaya nokuncintisana kwezomnotho. Njengoba imithetho yomshado iphenduka ibonise ukulingana okukhulu, izimiso zomphakathi kumelwe zivumelane nokuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imibhangqwana eshadile ngokomthetho ithola ukwelashwa okulinganayo. Lokhu kuvumelana akuhileli ukushintshwa kwemithetho kanye nezimiso kodwa futhi kuhilela nokuthuthukisa izimiso zokuqondisa zobusha, izisebenzi zokuqeqesha, nokusingatha izindaba zoshintsho oluyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuhlolwa kwezehlakalo zezwe langempela e-United States, eCanada, e-United Kingdom nase-Australia kubonisa ukuthi ukulingana kungahlanganiswa ngokuphumelelayo nezimiso zomshado ezizuzisayo ezikhona. Le nqubo ayisheshi njalo, futhi iyaqhubeka inzima, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokuphindeka, ukuphathwa kwezinyunyana zangaphambili, kanye nezimiso zobuzwe. Nokho, i-trathicateose ibheke ekuhlanganisweni okukhulu nokwelashwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukwandisa amalungelo omshado nakho kunemiphumela ebanzi yezomnotho nezenhlalo. Kunciphisa ubumpofu phakathi kwemibhangqwana emidala engokobulili obufanayo, kukhuthaza ukubambisana komphakathi, futhi kuqinisekisa isithunzi sawo wonke ama-commony system. Nakuba kunemiphumela yezimiso zomphakathi zokuvikela umphakathi, lokhu kuvame ukuba nesizotha futhi kuncishiswe yinzuzo engokwezomnotho. Isimo sokuziphatha nezenhlalo sokulingana sinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokwenza ushintsho oludingekayo.

Uma bebheka phambili, abakhi bezimiso kufanele baqhubeke belungisa izindlela zabo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omshado aphendulela inzuzo efanayo. Lokhu kusho ukusingatha izikhala ezisele zezinzuzo eziphindiwe, ukwenza lula izinqubo zokufuna, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imibhangqwana iyawaqonda amalungelo ayo kanye nezinketho. Abahleli bezezimali nabaqondisi bemali nabo banendima yokufeza ekusizeni imibhangqwana ukuba ilungise inkimbinkimbi yezenhlalakahle nemali yempesheni etholakala emongweni wesilinganiso somshado.

Ngokuqaphela imishado yayo yonke imibhangqwana, imiphakathi ingaqinisekisa ukuthi ukulondeka komphakathi nezinzuzo zempesheni kugcwalisa isithembiso sayo sokubeka isisekelo sesithunzi nokuzinza emhlalaphansi.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngokuhlangana komthetho womshado nezinzuzo zomphakathi, hlola imithombo yezobungane ye- i-social Security Administration , Jaliams Institute[[ eUCLA School of Law, kanye nesiqondiso UGuvelment on State Pension and Difeal sur facio[. Lemithombo inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngezimiso zamanje nangezenzakalo eziqhubekayo kulendawo yomthetho nezenteko yezezimali.