Table of Contents

I-Gerrymandering ingenye yemikhuba ephikisana kakhulu nemithetho yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesifunda esikhethiwe ukuze ithande iqembu elithile lezombangazwe, ngokuvamile eliphumela ekufanekisweni okusontekile okungabonisi intando yeqiniso yabavoti. Ukuqonda olawula imigqa yesifunda nendlela inqubo yokuguqula esebenza ngayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi amandla ezombangazwe asakazwa futhi agcinwe kanjani e-United States.

Lomkhuba uthinta yonke into kusukela ekumeleni kwendawo kuya ekulawuleni iNdlu yabameleli base-U.S., ngisho nezinguquko ezincane emabalazweni esifundazweni zingakhomba ukulingana kwamandla eWashington. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izwe eliyinkimbinkimbi lokulungisa, sihlola ukuthi ubani odweba imigqa, ukuthi isithakazelo sabaphi abakhiqizi simi kanjani kulenqubo, nokuthi iziphi izinguquko ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kwenziwe amabalazwe akhethayo.

Yini Ebangelwa Umdlavuza Futhi Kungani Kubalulekile?

UGrerymandering uwumkhuba lapho abezombangazwe abalawula inqubo yokuvuseleleka bedweba imigqa yesifunda ngendlela endisa inzuzo yeqembu labo. Igama liqala emuva ngo-1812, lapho uMbusi waseMassachusetts Elbridge Gerry evuma ibalazwe lesigodi abagxeki abathi lifana nesalamandander, eliholela echwebeni le-manteau "gerrymander."

Izinhlelo kulindeleke ukuba ziveze imiphumela ebonisa okuthandwa ngabavoti, kodwa uma amabalazwe ekhohliswa, abezombangazwe nabavoti abanamandla esikhundleni sokukhetha abavoti. Lokhu kuthathelwa phansi kwezimiso zentando yeningi kunemiphumela efinyelela kude kakhulu yokumelelwa nokubusa.

Umphumela uwenziwe wafinyezwa, ungamelelwa amabalazwe lapho imiphumela yabavoti iqinisekiswa khona, ngisho nalapho abavoti bekhetha ukuvota ishintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Ezifundazweni ezigcwele ukuhlasela, omunye angawina izihlalo eziningi kakhulu zemithetho kuyilapho ethola ingcosana nje kuphela (noma ngisho nedlanzana le-offray ekhona) ekhona ekhona.

Ukwanda Kokushintsha Ukwakheka Kwamagciwane

Umthetho wokuvota ulokhu uwumkhuba eMelika kusukela ekusungulweni kwezwe, kodwa emijikelezweni yamuva elungisayo, ukunemba kwezindawo zokuvota nokudweba i-software kuye kwanda kakhulu, okuholela ekuthambekeleni kwamabalazwe aqoshwe ngokuphindwe ka-2010. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buvumela amashadi ebalazwe ukuba abikezele amabalazwe ngokunembe ngendlela yokuvota, ngokwezingxenye zedolobha ngalinye.

Njengoba abezombangazwe bephendukela kakhulu kuyi-software ye-computer enamandla ukuze benze kube nzima ukuqaphela, kubalulekile ukuba umphakathi ukwazi ukuthola amathuluzi angahambisana. Lo mjaho wezobuchwepheshe wezikhali wenze ukuba izikhali ziphumelele futhi kube nzima kakhulu ukubekela inselele enkantolo.

Ubani Odweba Imigqa Yesigodi EMelika?

Igunya lokubeka imingcele yezifunda zezevoti liyahlukahluka kakhulu kulo lonke elase - United States, njengoba amazwe ahlukahlukene esebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ukuqonda lezizindlela ezihlukahlukene kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi ukuqamba imishini kwenzeka kanjani futhi kuqhubeke kanjani.

Imithetho Kahulumeni: Indlela Engokwesiko Yokuzihlela

Ngokomlando, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zanquma imingcele yesifundazwe, futhi lokhu kuseyiqiniso ezifundazweni eziningi. Ezizweni ezingu-26, abezombangazwe balawula ngokuphelele amabalazwe. Kulezi zifundazwe, iqembu elilawula isishayamthetho linamandla okudonsa izifunda ezibonisa isithakazelo kubantu abazozenza.

Iqembu lezombangazwe elilawula uhulumeni ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu lizolawula ukuhlaziywa. Lokhu kubangela isikhuthazo esinamandla kumaqembu ukuba awine ukhetho lwemithetho yezwe eminyakeni eminingi ephela ngo-zero, ngaphambi nje kokuba kuqalwe ukubalwa kwabantu okungapheli kanye nokugcinwa okulandelayo.

Ezifundazweni eziningi, isishaya-mthetho sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokudweba nokuvumela izigodi zabavoti ezinendawo elula e-tubernonator i-veto. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma iqembu elithile lilawula kokubili isishaya-mthetho nehhovisi lombusi, cishe linamandla angavinjelwe okudweba izigodi uma libona kufaneleka.

Izimemezelo Zokulungisa Izindawo Ezizimele

Okwamanje, izifunda ezingu-21 zase-U.S. zinohlobo oluthile lwekhomishane engaphakeli noma i-bipartisan redigaling. La maqembu amelela enye indlela eklanyelwe ukunciphisa imingcele yesifunda.

I-A Independent Redilifeging Commission (IRC) iyindikimba ehlukile kumthetho wokuhlela owenziwe ngokudweba izigodi ezisetshenziswa ekukhetheni izishaya-mthetho ze-conostic. Kule mibuso engu-21, engu-13 isebenzisa izikhomishane zokufaka izigaba ukuze idwebe imingcele yesifunda esine-votary.

Izifundazwe eziyisikhombisa – i - Arizona, iCalifornia, iColorado, i - Idaho, iMichigan, iMontana, neWashington State – ziye zasungula amakhomishane azimele anezigodi ezizimele anomthwalo wokudweba imingcele yezifunda ezikhethiwe ngendlela enganikezi noma iliphi iqembu lezombangazwe inzuzo engenabulungisa.

Izifundazwe eziyishumi nanye zisebenzisa izikhomishane zokudweba imigqa yesifunda sesifunda, kuhlanganise nezifundazwe ezinezindlela ezixubile. Eziyisishiyagalolunye zalezi ziyikhomishane engeyona eyapolitician, okusho ukuthi amalungu azo awakwazi ukuba nesikhundla sezombangazwe.

Amabalazwe adwetshwayo enkantolo

Lapho izinqubo zokuvuselela zihluleka noma ziveza amabalazwe angavumelani nezimiso, izinkantolo ngezinye izikhathi zithatha isinyathelo ukuze zidwebe imingcele yesifunda. Nakuba izifunda eziningi zesifunda zazidwetshwa ngokulandelana kwale nqubo yokulungisa, izinkantolo zikahulumeni kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele zafeza indima enkulu kunanini ngaphambili, ngokudweba ngakunye ezingxenyeni zesihlanu zesifunda sesifunda.

Kuwo wonke umjikelezo ka-2021, izinkantolo zahlasela wonke noma ingxenye yamapulani ezindawo eziyisikhombisa (i-Allama, iGeorgia, iLouisiana, i-Maryland, i-New York, i-Ohio, ne-Utah), futhi zadweba imigqa ngokwazo emazweni angu-9. Lokhu kungenela kokwahlulela ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho amabalazwe etholakala ephula imithetho-mthetho kazwe, umthetho kahulumeni, noma i-Voting Rights Act.

Inqubo eyingqayizivele yannopartisan e-Iowa

Iowa usebenzisa inqubo ekhethekile yokulungisa i-redigaliging engasebenzisi isishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni noma ikhomishane ezimele yokukhipha imingcele yesifunda se-votor. Kunalokho, izisebenzi ze-propatistanti zidweba amabalazwe ngokwezimiso eziqinile, isishaya-mthetho esibe sesivota ukuba sivume noma silahle ngaphandle kokulungisa. Lenqubo ibhekwa kabanzi njengenye yezinga eliphezulu kakhulu ezweni.

Isimiso Sesikhathi Nenqubo Esibomvu

Ukuqonda ukuthi ukuhlaziya kwenzeka nini nokuthi kwenzeka kanjani kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani kunethonya elibaluleke kangaka kwezombangazwe.

Inani Eliphelele Nesivuno

Njalo eminyakeni eyishumi, izifundazwe zase-U.S. ziphinde zidwebe amabalazwe azo emithetho ye-conostic ukuze zichaze ushintsho lwenani labantu. Lenqubo ibangelwa i-U.S. Censures, ebala inani labantu bezwe futhi inquma ukuthi zingaki izihlalo zomphakathi othathwa yisifundazwe ngasinye.

Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, umbuso uthola inani lawo lamalungu endlu ngokwenani lawo. Uma uhulumeni ezuza noma elahlekelwa inani labantu, angazuza noma alahlekelwe ilungu lendlu, futhi inzuzo yombuso othile idinga ukulahlekelwa ngomunye uhulumeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukubalwa kwabantu ngo - 2020 kwabonisa ukwanda kwenani labantu baseFlorida; iFlorida yamukela ilungu elisha lendlu ngenxa yalokho, kanti iTexas yamukela amalungu amabili amasha, kuyilapho iNew York neCalifornia ngayinye yalahlekelwa ilungu lendlu ngemva kuka - 2020.

Ukuvuleka Kwaphakathi: Ukuthambekela Okukhulayo

Nakuba ukuvuselelwa ngokwesiko kwenzeka kanye ngeshumi leminyaka ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu, eminye imibuso muva nje iye yahlanganyela ekufuneni inzuzo yabashokobezi emaphakathi ne-deciade. Ngaphambi kuka-2025, izifunda ezimbili kuphela ezaye zaqhuba ukuhlaziywa kokuzithandela phakathi nonyaka ka-1970.

Kusukela ngo - July 2025, izifundazwe eziningana zase - United States ziye zaphinde zadweba noma zisenqubweni yokuphinde zidonse izigodi zazo ngaphambi kokhetho lwango - 2026, okuphawula omunye wemizamo emikhulu kakhulu yokudweba kabusha izifunda zemihlangano phakathi nokubala abantu okungahlali isikhathi eside emlandweni wanamuhla waseMelika.

Ngo - February 2026, izifundazwe eziyisithupha zazinamabalazwe esigodi engqungquthela ayeshintshwa ngaphambi kokhetho lwango - 2026, futhi izifundazwe eziyisithupha — iCalifornia, iMissouri, iNyakatho Carolina, i - Ohio, iTexas ne - Utah — zazinamabalazwe amasha.

Ecaleni leNkantolo Ephakeme uLulaC v. Perry, iNkantolo yawucacisa kabusha umkhuba wokulungisa izinjongo zobandlululo phakathi nendawo, isusa isithiyo esingokomthetho esingase sivimbele lomkhuba.

Indlela I - Gerrymandering Esebenza Ngayo: Imisebenzi Evamile

I-Gerrymandering incike emasubeni amaningana asungulwe kahle alawula imingcele yesifunda ukuze afinyelele imigomo yokufuna ukulwa. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kwembula indlela ukudonsa ilayini ebonakala ingathathi hlangothi okungaveza ngayo imiphumela ephawulekayo.

Ukupakisha: Ukuqeda Imishini Yokuphikiswa

Ukupakisha kuhilela ukugxilisa izigodi ezimbalwa ngangokunokwenzeka abavoti abaphikisayo. Ngokwakha izigodi lapho umphikisi ewina khona ngezindawo ezikhungathekisayo (ngokuvamile 80-90% yamavoti), amashadi ebalazwe "washa" lawo mavoti futhi alinganisela inani lezihlalo ukuphikiswa okunganqoba. Nakuba iqembu eligcwele linqoba lezozifunda kalula, abanamalo ancintisanayo kwezinye izindawo.

Ukushwibeka: Ukuhlukanisa Izinhlangano Zokuphikiswa

Ukuhlukanisa abavoti abaphikisayo ezifundeni eziningi ukuze bangakwazi ukwakha iningi kunoma isiphi isifunda. Lendlela iphumelela kakhulu ezindaweni zasedolobheni, lapho abavoti bokuphikiswa bengahlukaniswa khona phakathi kwezifunda eziningana ezinwebela ezindaweni ezisemaphethelweni noma emaphandleni ezibuswa iqembu elidweba amabalazwe.

Izigodi Ezinesimo Esingavamile

Kungokwenzuzo yeqembu elilawulayo ukufaka iningi "labavoti balo" ezifundeni eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi eziningi, uma kungezona eziningi, izifunda namuhla zidonswa ngalendlela eqondile, ngisho noma zingaqondi ngendawo. Izifunda eziwumphumela zivame ukuba nezimo eziyinqaba, eziguquguqukayo eziphikisana nemibono engokwesiko yemingcele yomphakathi.

Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho Kwe - Gerrymander

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zokulawula ukugawulwa kwezindawo ziye zashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuyisisekelo zihlaziya izinselele ezingalethwa emabalazweni anezintambo.

Isinqumo SikaRucho: Izinkantolo Zesifunda Ziyabuya

Umjikelezo wokulungisa ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngo-2020 kwakungowokuqala kusukela ekunqumeni kweNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2019 ukuthi amabalazwe abekwe ngempoqo akanakubekelwa inselele enkantolo kahulumeni. Enkantolo engu-2019 icala likaRucho v. IMbengo ePhakelele, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi nakuba i-gerrymanindering yayingu "ehlangene nezimiso zentando yeningi," ukusho kwe-gerrymander kuyi-"umbuzo we-Pritistiki" ngaphandle kokufinyelela kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ngo-2019, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ukunqanda ukuvocavoca akuwuphuli umthetho. Lesi sinqumo sasusa ngokuphumelelayo izinkantolo zikahulumeni njengendlela yokuhlola ukunqanda ukuvocavola, sishiyela le ndaba ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nasemithethweni yesizwe.

Amadilosi ebalazwe engxenyeni enkulu yezwe awasadingi ukwesaba ukungenela kokwahlulela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, eqinisa imizamo yobudlova.

Izimfuneko Zomthetho - sisekelo

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yabeka ukuguqulwa kwemingcele ethile engokomthetho-mthetho, kuhlanganise nokuthi isifunda ngasinye esingaphakathi kwezwe kumelwe sibe nabantu abalinganayo. Lo "muntu oyedwa, uhlelo lokuvota" olusungulwe ngawo-1960, lufuna ukuba izifunda zibe nenani elicishe lifane.

Ngo-2015, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States yakhipha isinqumo sayo e-Arizona State Legislature ngokuphikisana ne-Arizona Independent Redicifealing Commission, ebusa i-5-4 ukuthi amakhomishane okuvuselela iziqu awawuphuli umthetho we-United States. Lesi sinqumo sasusa indlela yokusebenzisa izikhomishane ezizimele ekulungiseni izintambo.

Isinqumo Samalungelo Abantu

IVoing Rights Act ilinganisela ikhono lezwe lokuvuselela imingcele ngendlela elimaza ikhono leqembu lobuhlanga lokukhetha ilungu lendlu elikhethwe yilo. Ukuvuleka kungase kungaphucuze amandla amancane okukhetha () impikiswano evame ukuhlaziywa phakathi nenqubo yokubomvu.

Ingxenye 2 yoMthetho we-Voting Rights inqabela imikhuba yokuvota ecwasayo ngesisekelo sohlanga, futhi leli lungiselelo liye lasetshenziselwa ukubekela amabalazwe alulaza amandla okuvota okuvota kwedlanzana. Nokho, izinga nokusetshenziswa kwalesivikelo kuyaqhubeka kubekwa ezinkantolo kulo lonke izwe.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Njengoba izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingenamqoka wokusho ukuthi i-gallera, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni iye yaba indawo eyinhloko yempi engokomthetho. Eminye imithetho-mthetho yombuso inemimiselo ecacile emelene nomthetho egcinwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Ngemva kokuba iNgqungquthela yeNkantolo ePhakeme yaseCarolina ishaye ibalazwe lesifundazwe ngo 2021 njenge-gerrymander engakholeki engaphansi komthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, inkantolo yabeka ibalazwe elidwetshwe ochwepheshe benkantolo abamisiwe, kodwa ngemva kokushintsha kokwakhiwa kwenkantolo ephakeme, inkantolo yasilahla isinqumo sayo samuva futhi yathi ngeke isakwazi ukuthatha imvume yamaphoyisa.

Umphumela Wokwengamela Intando Yeningi YaseMelika

Imiphumela yokuzitika idlulela ngalé kwemiphumela yokukhetha komuntu ngamunye, ithinta ukusebenza okuyisisekelo kwentando yeningi yabameleli.

Ukufanekisela Okudwetshiwe

Ngokulinganisa kweBrennan Center, amabalazwe asetshenziswa okhethweni lwango - 2024 ngokwesilinganiso ayenenetha lezifunda zeDemocratic noma zeDemocratic noma zeDemocratic - leans ezingu - 16 ezimbalwa kunamabalazwe ayevumelana namabalazwe anamandla amelene nomthetho omthetho wenkululeko yokuzimela i - Vote Act.

Ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngo-2020, amaRepublica alawula inqubo yokuvuselela izifundazwe ezisezindaweni eziningi kunabaseDemocrat, futhi asebenzisa lenzuzo ngonya. Amabalazwe aseTexas naseFlorida ashaywa kakhulu, kodwa iNyakatho Carolina inikeza esinye sezibonelo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zamandla okuthinta ukulingana kwamandla, hhayi kuphela ezweni kodwa nasezweni.

Ngemva kokhetho lwama 2024, iNorth Carolina yabona izifunda ezintathu zeDemocratic zihlasela amaRepublicans, okwanele ukunikeza ukulawulwa kweGOP e-U.S. ngesilinganiso esincane. Umzamo wokuzivuselela walezwe elilodwa wawunemiphumela yobuzwe yokulawula iSishaya-Mkhandlu.

Umncintiswano Oncishisiwe

Kusukela ngo - 1997, amaphesenti angu - 42 okuncipha kwezigodi zokuncintisana abangelwa ukuncintisana okubangelwa ukuncintisana. Lapho izigodi zifuna ukuphepha kweqembu elilodwa, ukhetho oluvamile luba oluncintisanayo, futhi umncintiswano wangempela ngokuvamile uphendukela okhethweni oluyinhloko lapho abafuna ukubhapathizwa abaningi bengase babe nenzuzo enkulu khona.

Yinani elincane kuphela lezinhlanga ezithatha i-conodias ezibhekwa njengeqembu, futhi eziningi zisemikhawulweni edonswa yizikhomishane ezizimele noma izinkantolo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezizweni lapho izishaya-mthetho zilawula khona ukuhlobisa, izihlalo ezimbalwa kakhulu ziyancintisana ngempela.

Ithonya Emiphakathini Emincane

Ukuhlasela umbuso wezombangazwe wemiphakathi emincane ngokuvamile kuyisici esiyinhloko sokuhlasela okuhlukanisayo, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu, lapho abamhlophe abaDimocrates beyingxenye encane khona yabavoti futhi ngokuvamile bahlala ezindaweni nasemiphakathini efanayo nabaseRiphabliki emhlophe.

Lokhu kwakha izimo lapho ukuvota okuxubile nokuncintisana kwezinhlanga kuhlangana khona, njengoba imizamo yokululaza amandla okuvota entando yeningi ingase inciphise amandla okuvota amancane ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ukudangala Kwezinto Eziphilayo

Izigidi zabavoti abafanelekayo zihlala ezifundeni eziphephile zeqembu lezombangazwe eziphikisayo. Uma abavoti bazi isifunda sabo baxwayiswa kakhulu neqembu labo abalithandayo, bangase bazizwe ukuthi ukuvota kwabo akunandaba, kunganciphisa ukuthembisana ukuvota nomphakathi.

Izimpi Zamuva ZaseGerrymandering: 2024-2026

Inkathi esukela ku - 2024 kuya ku - 2026 iye yaba nomsebenzi wokulungisa izinto ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili, njengoba amazwe amaningi edweba amabalazwe futhi ngomzamo ohlangene wokuzuza inzuzo yabashokobezi.

ITexas: I - Salvo Evulayo

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezisha kwaqala lapho iTexas ihlela ibalazwe layo eliyingqungquthela ukuze kuzuze amaRepublica ngaphansi kweziqondiso zikaDonald Trump. Republican Gov. uGreg Abbott wasayina ibalazwe elibukeziwe lendlu emthethweni ngoAugust 2025 elingasiza amaRepublica ukuba azuze izihlalo ezengeziwe ezinhlanu.

NgoAugust, iTexas yadweba kabusha ingqungquthela ephakathi ekhethekile, futhi lelicebo ligxilisa abavoti bentando yeningi futhi landisa izinzuzo zeGOP emaphethelweni akhula ngokushesha azungeze iHouston, iDallas\ Fort Worth neAustin.

Ukusabela Ngentando Yeningi: ECalifornia Nangemuva

Iphendula ngokuthi, amazwe ahamba ngedemocratic aqala inqubo yokuhlela amabalazwe awo siqu e-cornion ukuze alwe nenzuzo yeRepublica, iCalifornia iyiyokuqala, idlulise impinda yokuphinde idwebe i-corational e-Democrat.

Izifunda zase California ngoNovember zavuma ukuba izigodi zezindlu ezibukeziwe ezidwetshwe yiDemocratic Legistration ezingasiza amaDemocrates awine izihlalo ezinhlanu ezengeziwe. Isilinganiso, esasithiwa 2025 California Proposition 50, savunyelwa abavoti kukhetho lukaNovember 2025.

I-Grymander yaseNyakatho Carolina Enolaka

IRiphabliki elihanjwe iNyakatho Carolina ngokushesha lilandelwa ukudlulisa amabalazwe amasha anezihlalo zeRepublica. I-General Assembly yamisa izigodi ezintsha zobungqungquthela ngasekupheleni kuka-October, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa nebalazwe lika-2024, lemigqa emisha yandisa izihlalo ezicishe zibe iRiphabliki ngokukhipha i-DEmocratic polition ku-Triangration nase-Charlotte ngokuhlela kabusha izigodi ezimbalwa ezisempumalanga, ushintsho olwalungasusa ezimbili ziye ezihlalweni ezintathu ukuya e-GOP.

IMissouri NeOhio

EMissouri, uMbusi Mike Kehoe wamemezela isimiso esikhethekile sokudweba kabusha izigodi zikahulumeni, i House yavota ukuqhubekisela phambili ibalazwe elisha elalizonika iRepublica esinye isihlalo, futhi ibalazwe elisha lasayinwa njengomthetho ngoSeptember 28, 2025.

Ngemva kwezinyanga eziningi zokuhlolwa kwekhomishane, ngo - September i - Ohio yavumela ipulani elisha lengqungquthela elaligudle izihlalo eziningana eziseRepublican ezizungeze iCincinnati, iDayton nenkaba ye - Ohio futhi ihlanganisa izihlalo ezimbili noma eyodwa endaweni encintisanayo.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho

Ngo - April 2026, kunezinselele ezikhona ezinhlanganweni zemithetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ezifundazweni ezingu - 14, ezilwa ngokuma kwemigqa yemithetho elandelanayo e - Alabama, eCalifornia, eFlorida, eGeorgia, eLouisiana, eNew York, eNew York, eTexas, eUtah, eVirginia, naseWisconsin.

Izimpi ezingokomthetho zalebalazwe lamaphakathi nenkathi cishe ziyoqhubeka izinyanga noma iminyaka, zishintshe indawo ekhethweyo izikhathi eziningi ngaphambi komjikelezo olandelayo ovamile wokulungisa imvelo ngo - 2031.

Zombili Izigigaba

Nakuba amaRepublican ebenonya kakhulu emijikelezweni yamuva yokulungisa isimo ngenxa yokulawula izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezengeziwe, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi womabili amaqembu ahlanganyela ekuhlonzeni uma enethuba.

IRepublican ayizange ibe yodwa ekulawuleni igerymandering; ngokwesibonelo, amaDemocrates e-Illinois, ngokuqapha ahlaziya ibalazwe lawo elibunjwa uhulumeni ukuze anciphise amaRepublic abambe izihlalo ezintathu kwezingu eziyi-17 kuphela, inani elincane kakhulu lezihlalo zaseRiphabliki kusukela eMpini yoNovale, kuyilapho iBrennan Center ilinganisela ukuthi ibalazwe lase-Illinois elinois lingaba nezihlalo ezicishe zibe ngu-6 GOP.

Indlu ehlukene kakhulu yabameleli idala isikhuthazo sokulawula kokubili amazwe e-Democratic and Republican alawulayo ku-gerrymander ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma ukulawula kwe-Congress kusesilinganisweni, isilingo sokundisa inzuzo yabameleli ngokufaka i-redicriation sicishe singavinjelwa nganoma yiliphi iqembu elilawula inqubo yokudweba kahulumeni.

Imizamo Yenguquko Nezixazululo

Beqaphela imiphumela ebhubhisayo yokulawula ngentando yeningi, abashisekeli bezinguquko baye baphishekela amasu ahlukahlukene okusungula izinqubo ezilungisayo.

Izimemezelo Zokulungisa Izindawo Ezizimele

Enye indlela yokulwa nokukhangisana iwukwakha izimemezelo ezizimele zokulungisa iziqu, izindikimba ezihlukene nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ezinecala lokudweba izifunda.

Ama - IRC ayinguquko esetshenziswayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abavoti — hhayi abezombangazwe — banquma ukuthi izigodi zikavoti zidwetshwa kanjani, futhi isakhiwo sama - IRC siyahlukahluka ngokwesifundazwe, kodwa ahloselwe ukwenza inqubo yokuhlaziya ibe sobala ngokwengeziwe futhi ingakhethi ngokumisa izindinganiso zokukhonza komsebenzi nezimiso okumelwe zilandelwe.

Ama - IRC aphumelelayo afuna ukuba abakhomishane banamathele ezindinganisweni eziqinile, njengokuvumelana nomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni nombuso, inani labantu elilinganayo, ukuvikela ulimi nezinhlanga ezincane, ukungakhethi, ukubambisana, nokuzwana, phakathi kwezinye.

Ama - IRC aphumelelayo adinga futhi ukuba ikhomishane igcine izimemezelo zomphakathi, yenze ukwaziswa okusetshenziselwa ukudweba amabalazwe obala, ukwamukela ukukhulumela komphakathi, futhi ivumele abavoti ukuba bathumele amabalazwe kuyi - Internet.

Impumelelo Nezingqinamba Zamuva Zezinguquko

Ngo - 2018, abavoti ezifundazweni ezine – eColorado, eMichigan, eMissouri, nase - Utah – abagunyaziwe benza ama - IRC, ne - Ohio badlula nesilinganiso sokushintsha i - bipartisan rediformation.

Nokho, imizamo yokulungisa ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu. Phakathi nokhetho lwangoNovember 2024, abavoti baseOhio benqaba inqubo yomthetho - sisekelo eyayihlongozwa (Issue 1) eyayiyomisa ikhomishane yokulungisa izakhamuzi ukuze ithathe indawo yesimiso esikhona esikhiqiza amabalazwe angekho ngokwezimiso.

Ukulungisa izinguquko ezakha amakhomishane okulungisa izinto ngokuzimele kwaphumela emabalazweni angcono, kuyilapho kwazama izinguquko ezingezinhle. Ukuphumelela kwenguquko kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuklanyweni okuqondile kwalekhomishane kanye nezimiso okumelwe ilandelwe.

Imithetho Yesifunda

Ngo - 2022, uMkhandlu wasondela kunanini ngaphambili ukuze uqede ubhadane lokuzifaka esigabeni sokugcina izintambo, kodwa manje lowomzuzu usudlulile, nakuba uzophinde ubuye ufike.

Muva nje, kuye kwafakwa izikweleti eziningana ezingadinga ukuba amazwe asebenzise izikhomishane ezizimele zokulungisa i - redigation ye - United States; iNdlu yadlulisa izikweletu ezimbili ezinjalo eMkhandlwini Wangaphambili, i - H.R. 1 (1117th Congress) ne - H.R. 1 (1116th Congress), nakuba ingekho eyaba umthetho.

Nakuba izinguquko zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zikahulumeni zingayixazulula ingxenye yalenkinga, cishe ngeke zibe yimpendulo yonke indawo, futhi ukuxazulula lenkinga ngempela, uMkhandlu kumelwe uthathe isinyathelo.

Ukubonana Nabantu Ngokugqamile Nokuhlanganyela Nabo

Ngisho nasezifundazweni ezingenazinsika ezizimele, izinguquko zingathuthukisa inqubo yokulungisa isimo ngokubona ngokukhululekile nokuhlanganyela komphakathi okwandayo. Izimfuneko zokuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, ukunyatheliswa kusengaphambili kwamabalazwe ahlongozwayo, kanye nezimiso ezicacile zokudweba ibalazwe kungasiza konke ukunqanda ukweqisa kokudweba.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge projekthi ye-Princeton Gerrymaning kanye Planscore zisungule amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi okuhlaziya amabalazwe ahlongozwayo nokuhlukanisa amabalazwe, zinika umphakathi nemithombo yezindaba ikhono lokuhlola iziphakamiso zokuncitshiswa ngokuqina okukhulu.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekulungiseni Izindawo Kwanamuhla

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha ukuhlaziywa kwemithi eqinile emashumini eminyaka amuva, benza kokubili imizamo yokulwa nokuphazamiseka kwesondo neyokulwa nomzimba yayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe.

Isoftware ephambili enommephu

I-software yanamuhla elungisayo ivumela amashalophu ebalazwe ukuba afinyelele isilinganiso samanani abantu, ukuvota, kanye nemininingwane yendawo esibalweni. Bangabona ngokushesha ukuthi ukumiswa kwemingcele okuhlukile kungathinta kanjani imiphumela yabashokobezi, ukwakheka kohlanga nezinye izici. Lokhu kulunga kwenza ukuba i-gerrymander iphumelele kakhulu kunaleyo eyayikhona ezikhathini zangaphambili.

Ukuhlaziya Umthetho - sisekelo

IRediFrigialing Report Cardi isebenzisa indlela yokuhlela-edge algoriths ukuze inikeze ukuhlaziywa okungakaze kubekho kobulungisa bebalazwe lokulunga kwebalazwe, ikhiqize amasu acishe abe yisigidi ahlelelwe isifundazwe ngasinye, inikeza isisekelo salokho okungase kudwetshwe esizweni esinikwe isimo sezombangazwe nemithetho ehlaziyayo.

Lezizindlela zobu - algorith zingabonisa lapho ibalazwe liba likhulu kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nendawo yonke yamabalazwe angenzeka angadwetshwa ngaphansi kwezimfuneko ezingathathi hlangothi, okunikeza ubufakazi obunamandla bokulisebenzisa ngenhloso.

Amathuluzi Okudweba Imephu Yomphakathi

Ubuchwepheshe obufanayo obusiza i-gerrymanidering eyinkimbinkimbi futhi bunika izakhamuzi amandla okudweba nokuveza amabalazwe azo. Izifunda eziningi manje zivuma ukuzithoba komphakathi emahlelweni okulungisa izinto, futhi ukudweba amathuluzi okusebenzisa i-astrector kuvumela izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo kule nqubo.

Abadlali Abayisihluthulelo Enqubweni Yokulungisa Izindawo

Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani olawula imigqa yesifunda kudinga ukuba kuhlolwe abadlali abahlukahlukene abahilelekile ezinqumweni zokulungisa isimo.

Abaqondisi Bemithetho KaHulumeni

Ezizweni lapho izishaya-mthetho zilawula khona ukubekwa kwemithetho, izishayamthetho ngazinye zifeza indima ebalulekile. Izikhundla zezobuholi . "njengesikhulumi sendlu noma umongameli we-senate") ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ithonya enqubweni yokudonsa ibalazwe. Amakomiti alungisayo angase agcine ukuqulwa futhi asungule iziphakamiso, kodwa izinqumo zokugcina zixhomeke ekuholeni kwemithetho kanye nasekusebenziseni iziphakamiso.

Abaholi

Ezifundazweni eziningi ngokulungisa imithetho, ababusi bangawahlela amapulani okulungisa, bawanike amandla aphawulekayo. Umbusi weqembu eliphikisana neqembu lezikhulu zemithetho angaphoqelela ukuba avumele amabalazwe angalawulwa kakhulu kunalawo angase athande ukuba i-pad commental.

Abahloli Bezombangazwe Nabacwaningi Bezokwaziswa

Ngaphandle kwezigcawu, ochwepheshe bezombangazwe nabahlaziyi bemininingwane bavame ukwenza umsebenzi ongokoqobo wokudweba amabalazwe. Laba ochwepheshe basebenzisa i-software eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokwaziswa okuningiliziwe komvoti ezifundeni zemikhumbi ezifinyelela imigomo yokusekela abathengi babo kodwa balondoloze ukuhluleka okungokomthetho.

Izinkantolo

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni zisebenza njengabaqondisi ezimpikiswaneni zokulungisa izigwegwe, nakuba indima yazo iye yacindezelwa yizinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zihlala zisenabadlali ababalulekile ezifundazweni ngezimiso ezimelene nomthetho-mthetho.

Amalungu Asemsebenzini

Ezifundeni ezinamakhomishane okulungisa izimo, ukuqanjwa nokukhethwa kwamalungu ekhomishane kuba okubaluleke kakhulu. Ukukhethwa kwamalungu ekhomishane kungathinta indlela ikhomishane evikeleka ngayo ethonyeni elingokoqobo noma elicatshangelwayo lezombangazwe, futhi emazweni amaningi, umuntu okhonza ekhomishane yokulungisa izinto ngeke ahlanganyele emisebenzini ethile ekhethekile yezombangazwe ngaphambi nje, phakathi, noma ngokushesha ngemva kwenkonzo yekhomishane.

Izinhlangano Zezemvume

Amaqembu anjenge [[QLT:0] Brennan Center yeJaji, iCampaign Lygin Center, kanye Imbangela ye-Cummon [ idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni ukuguqulwa, ukuvimbela izinselele ezingokomthetho, nokusekela inguquko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano ze-RCUT zisebenza ukuthuthukisa inzuzo yeqembu lazo ekulungiseni.

Isimo Sengqondo Sokudweba Izigodi

Izindinganiso ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho nezingokwesiko zilawula indlela izigodi okufanele zidwetshwe ngayo, nakuba indawo yazo ephambili nencazelo yazo ihluka ngokwezwe.

Inani Labantu Elilinganayo

"Umuntu oyedwa, i-voti eyodwa" isimiso sifuna ukuba izifunda-zifunda zibe nabantu abacishe balingana. Ku-miphakathi, lendinganiso iqine kakhulu, nezinkantolo ezifuna ukuphambuka komphakathi okungaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa. Izigodi zezwe ezilawulayo zivumelana kakhulu.

Ukukhathalela

Izifunda kumelwe zibe ezintantayo, okusho ukuthi ungahamba kusukela kunoma iliphi iqophelo esifundeni ukuya kunoma iliphi elinye iphuzu ngaphandle kokushiya isifunda. Nokho, lemfuneko inganeliswa ngokuhlangana okuncane njengendawo eyodwa noma ibhuloho.

Ukuhlangane

Izifunda eziningi zidinga izifunda ezihlangene ngokunengqondo, nakuba kungekho ncazelo eyamukelwa emhlabeni wonke yokuhlanganisa. Izilinganiso zezibalo ezihlukahlukene zikhona, kodwa izinkantolo bezinqikaza ukushaya amabalazwe ngenxa nje yokungahlangani.

Ukuhlonipha Izigaba Zezombangazwe

Izimiso ezingokwesiko ezivumelana nokugcinwa kwezindawo, amadolobha, nezinye izigaba zezombangazwe ziphelele uma kungenzeka.

Izinhlangano Ezithakazelisayo

Izifunda eziningi zidinga ukucatshangelwa "iqoqo lesithakazelo""""amaqembu abantu anezithakazelo ezihlanganyelweyo zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, noma zempucuko. Lesimiso singavikela izindawo nezindawo ngokukhathalela okufanayo, kodwa ichaza imiphakathi yesithakazelo ixhomeke ngokwemvelo.

Ukuncintisana

Ezinye iziphakamiso zenguquko nezimiso zokukhokha izinhlangano zihlanganisa izimfuneko zezigodi zokuncintisana, nakuba lokhu kusaphikisana.

Ikusasa Lokuvuselelwa Kwezindawo

Le ndawo evuselela uhlaza iyaqhubeka ishintsha, okungabangela ukuba imijikelezo yesikhathi esizayo ishintshe.

Ukuvuselelwa Okuqhubekayo Kwaphakathi Nenkathi

Ezinye izifundazwe zingase zithathe isinyathelo esingavamile sokudweba kabusha imigqa yemihlangano ephakathi ukuze zithuthukise izinzuzo zabashokobezi noma zisebenzise ukushintshwa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho, futhi ukulwa kwezombangazwe nokungokomthetho emabalazweni omhlangano — futhi ikakhulukazi abawadwebayo — akukapheli.

Isibonelo esabekwa igagasi elilungisayo lama - 2025 kuya ku - 2026 lingase likhuthaze izinguquko zebalazwe ezivamile, ezingaholela ezimpini ezihlala zikhona zokuvuselela ibalazwe kunokuba kube umjikelezo wesiko owenziwe nge-per-decade.

Ukwanda Kwezimemezelo Zokuzibusa

Naphezu kwezithiyo, umzamo wokusungula amakhomishane azimele ezakhamuzini futhi anciphise ukuqasha kweqembu udede. Ukuqashelwa komphakathi kokuqashwa kwegerymander kukhuphuke kakhulu, futhi ukuqashelwa kwemvume kusuke kusuka empikiswaneni engabhaliswanga ngokuvotela kwenye yezigelekeqe.

Ukushintsha Izindinganiso Zomthetho

Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zayeka ukuthatha imingcele yamaphoyisa, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka zithuthukisa futhi zisebenzise izindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo wezwe. Izwe elingokomthetho lihlala linoketshezi, futhi liyaqhubeka libekwa impikiswano ngezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo wohlanga, iVoting Rights Act Act, kanye nezimfuneko zomthetho - sisekelo wezwe.

Umjaho Wezikhali Zobuchwepheshe

Kokubili amadilosi namabalazwe nabashisekeli benguquko bazoqhubeka benza amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu okuhlola amabalazwe ayizigidi okungenzeka ekugcineni kungase kube nzima kakhulu ukuwavikela, njengoba ukuhlaziya izibalo kungabonisa ngokucacile lapho ibalazwe liba ngcono kakhulu.

Lokho Izakhamuzi Ezingakwenza

Nakuba ukuvuselela ibala kungase kubonakale kuyinqubo elawulwa abagxilisi bezombangazwe, izakhamuzi ezivamile zingafeza izindima eziwusizo ekuthuthukiseni amabalazwe akhayo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuqulweni Kwabantu

Izinqubo eziningi zokulungisa izindlebe zihlanganisa ukuqulwa kwezindlebe zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingafaka khona ubufakazi ngemiphakathi yazo nangemingcele yesifunda. Ukuba khona kwalezi zinhlu zezindlebe nokunikeza ukufakwa kungathonya inqubo, ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni ezithatha ukufakwa komphakathi ngokungathi sína.

Ngenisa Amabalazwe

Izifunda eziningi zamukela ukuzithoba komphakathi kwamacebo okulungisa ahlongozwayo. Ngomngane wakho wokudweba amathuluzi okudweba manje akhona, izakhamuzi zingadweba futhi zithumele amabalazwe azo siqu abonisa umbono wazo wokumelelwa okuhle.

Imizamo Yokusekela Izinguquko

Izakhamuzi zingasekela izinhlangano ezisebenzela ukulungisa izimo, zisayina izicelo zokuthatha izinyathelo zokuzihlela zenza amakhomishane azimele, futhi zivote abazohlomela ukusekela izinqubo ezifanele zokulungisa isimo.

Hlala Unolwazi

Ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa okusebenza ngayo esifundazweni sakho nokuhlola okuhlongozwayo kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuveza nokudonsela ukunakekela ejirymaning. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Fairvote kanye ne[FLT][FLT][FLT]S inikeza imithombo yokufunda nokuhlanganyela ngezindaba ezifinyelayo.

Ukuqashelwa Ezinqumweni ZoMbuso

Njengoba izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilawula ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ezifundazweni eziningi, ukhetho lwemithetho yezwe eminyakeni eminingi oluphela ngeqanda (ngaphambi nje kokuba kuqalwe) lunemiphumela ekhethekile. Ukukhishwa kwalo khetho kuthinta ngokuqondile abazodweba imigqa yesifunda eshumini leminyaka elizayo.

Isiphetho: Impi Eqhubekayo Yokufanekiselwa Okulungile

Lapho abezombangazwe bekhetha abavoti babo ngokuzivotela kunokuba bavote bekhetha abameleli babo ngokhetho olufanelekile, isimiso esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni wabameleli siyalulazeka.

Isimiso samanje siyahlukahluka kakhulu ezifundazweni, ezinye zisebenzise amakhomishane azimele aklanyelwe ukuveza amabalazwe alungile kuyilapho ezinye zivumela izishaya-mthetho zombuso ukuba zidwebe izigodi ezineziphazamiso ezimbalwa. Izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme zisuse kakhulu izinkantolo zikahulumeni ekusebenziseni amaphoyisa, zigcizelela kakhulu izinguquko ezisesilinganisweni sombuso kanye nezivikelo zomthetho.

Igagasi elingakaze libonwe le-dicuredia ephakathi ngo-2025-2026 libonisa ukuthi impi ezindaweni ezisesifundani iyakhula kunokuba ithathe i-pass. Bobabili laba babhishobhi baye babonisa ukuzimisela ukuthatha i-gerrymander uma benamathuba, ukwakha umncintiswano wezikhali osongela ukwenza ukumelelwa kuhlukane kakhulu nokukhetha okungokoqobo.

Nokho, kunezizathu zokuba nethemba. Ukuqashelwa komphakathi kokulawula kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo, imizamo yokulungisa iyaqhubeka emazweni amaningi, futhi amathuluzi obuchwepheshe manje avumela izakhamuzi nezinhlangano ezigade inja ukuba zibone futhi zibeke inselele ama-gerrymander ayingozi kakhulu ngokuphumelelayo kunanini ngaphambili. Imishini yokuhlola i-conpendent redpiciection ibonise ukuthi amabalazwe alungile angenzeka uma inqubo ivimbela ukuxhashazwa kwe-RGB.

Ekugcineni, ukufinyelela ukumelelwa kobulungisa kudinga ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ngokuqhubekayo, imizamo eqhubekayo yokulungisa kokubili emazingeni ombuso nawohulumeni, kanye nokuzibophezela esimisweni sokuthi embusweni wentando yeningi, abavoti kufanele bakhethe abameleli babo (hhayi indlela ehlukile. Ukuqonda olawula imigqa yesigodi nendlela inqubo yokuhlaziya esebenza ngayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amabalazwe akhethiwe afeza izithakazelo zabo bonke abantu kunokuba azuzise labo abasemagunyeni.

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