Isingeniso: Imali Eningi Kamkhankaso

Okhetho lwaseMelika luxhaswa ngezimali ngeminyango eyinkimbinkimbi yeminikelo, izindleko, nezinhlangano zezombangazwe. Phakathi kwalezi, ama-Pitholitical Action Committee (PAC) sekuyisikhathi eside eyinqubo eyinhloko yokuthumela imali emikhankasweni. Ama-PAC ahlukene kakhulu ngokwezigaba ezimbili: ama-PAC, ahlangene nezinkampani zezisebenzi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, noma izinxulumani zezohwebo, kanye nama-PAC, angasebenzi ngaphandle kwezinhlangano ezinjalo. I-PAC ehlangene kakhulu namashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ikakhulukazi ukulandela izinqumo eziyinhloko zenkantolo nezinguquko eziyinhloko ezandisa ikhono lawo lokunyusa nokusebenzisa imali. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zawo, imingcele engokomthetho, neyoqobo yomhlaba kudingekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuveza umqondo wokhetho lwanamuhla.

Yiziphi Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe?

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe amakomiti ezombangazwe abhaliswe ne-PURFL EFOMENTIS (FEC) angenayo inhlangano, inyunyana yezisebenzi, inhlangano yamalungu, inhlangano yezohwebo, noma enye into ehlangene. Ngokungafani ne-PACC ehlangeneyo exhaswe i-PAC exhaswe izikhulu zenkampani kanye nabaxhasi benkampani abazimeleyo. .Isebenza kuphela eminikelweni evela kubantu noma kwabanye aba-PAC, futhi ingasebenzisa imali ukusekela noma ukuphikisa abameleli be-pac, amaqembu ezombangazwe, kanye nezimpikiswano zenkambiso zenkambiso.

Lezi zindawo ngokuvamile ziyimibono yemvelo, eyakhiwe ngokulandelana kwezimiso, i-PAC eyodwa (umz., inkambiso yendawo ezungezile, amalungelo ezibhamu, ukukhipha isisu), noma ifilosofi ebanzi yezombangazwe. Zingakheka futhi ngokulandela umholi othile noma ulwelwelwe olunemigomo. Ngoba aziboshelwanga enhlanganweni eyodwa noma inyunyana, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe angasheshi ekusebenziseni nasekuthumeleni izithukuthulo, kodwa futhi zibhekene nemingcele eqinile yemikhawulo kune-Super PaCs noma 501(c) amaqembu (4).

Isihluthulelo sokuhlukanisa: Ixhunyiwe vs. vs engaxhunyiwe. I-paCs ephezulu

Kuwusizo ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyinhloko zamakomiti ezombangazwe:

  • I-PACs exhunyiwe: Ithenjiwe yinhlangano, inyunyana yezisebenzi, noma inhlangano yezohwebo. Bangacela iminikelo kuphela ekilasini elilinganiselwe lomxhasi (umz., izikhulu, abanikazi, noma amalungu enyunyana). Imingcele yeminikelo isebenza kubo bobabili abanikeleyo nasemalini eqondile ye-PAC kwabanikezeli.
  • I-PACs exhunyiwe-Non: amakomiti e-Independent ngaphandle komxhasi wenkampani noma wenhlangano. Bangacela iminikelo emphakathini jikelele, kodwa iminikelo ngayinye ifakwa kuR3,000 ngonyaka. Bangase benze iminikelo eqondile (amaRandi angu-5 000) kanye nezindleko ezizimele ezingenakulinganiswa.
  • I-PUSER: ngokomthetho waziwa ngokuthi amakomiti azimele-expenditure-only (IEOC). Bangaphakamisa izimali ezingenamkhawulo ezivela kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni, nezinyunyana, kodwa abakwazi ukunikela ngokuqondile kubazomfundaze noma bahambisane nemikhankaso. I-PUCCs yavela ngemva konyaka ka-2010 Citizens United[ isinqumo kanye nemithetho engaphansi ye-onsell.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ahlala phakathi kwama-PAC nama-PC aPhakathi aPhakeme kakhulu ngokwemithetho elawulayo. Kumelwe anamathele kwimingcele yomnikelo nezimfuneko zokuveza, nokho ajabulela inkululeko yokusebenzisa imali engenakulinganiswa ekufuneni igunya lokuzimela.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Nesemithetho

Isakhiwo se-PAC sanamuhla esingaxhunyiwe saqala ukuma kuma 1970 ngemva kokudlula kwe-Federal EFURANT Act (FECA) kanye nokusungulwa kwe-FEC. I-FECA yamisa imingcele yomnikelo kanye nezimfuneko zokuthulula izimfuneko ze-propati zezombangazwe. Phakathi neminyaka, iNkantolo ePhakathi enkulu nezinkantolo eziphansi zacacisa imithetho ephathelene nokusetshenziswa kwemali okuzimele. Izikhathi ezimbili ezibalulekile yi-1976 Buckley v. Valeo, eyathi imali yokulawula iwuhlobo lwenkulumo evikelayo kanye nezindleko ezizimele zingelinganiselwe, futhi izenzakalo zamuva [FLD:] zingehlelev.[FFFT] [FT]

Naphezu kokwanda kwama-PAC, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asasebenza ngoba anikeza indlela ehlukile: anganikela ngokuqondile kubo abazobhapathizwa (kusukela kumngcele we-FEC) futhi enze izindleko ezizimele. Lobubububili benza bakhange kubantu abanikelayo abafuna ukusekela abazonikezwa ngenkathi futhi bexhasa imikhankaso yokuthumela imiyalezo eminingi. I-FEC ifaka izimpawu eziningiliziwe kuwo wonke ama-PAC, kanye nama-PAC angezona ezixhumene kumelwe zifake imibiko ejwayelekile eveza iminikelo yabo, izindleko, nenjongo yokuveza ngakunye. Lokhu kuveza kuyisicimbiso esiyisihluthulelo, nakuba abagxeki bephawula ukuthi imikhawulo ekuchazini kwezinhlobo ezithile zemali ezimnyama.

Indlela I - pacs Engaxhunyiwe Ngayo

Ama-PAC amaningi ahlelwe ngokulandelana nesizathu esisodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-National Rifle Resilgin Fund (Ingxenye ye-NRA iyinhlangano yelungu, i-PAC ixhumene nezakhiwo ezifanayo). Izakhiwo eziningi ezinjalo zihlelwa zizungeze impoqo eyodwa (ngokwesibonelo, i-National Rifle’s Political Victory Fund (Ingxenye ye-NRA iyinhlangano yelungu, i-PAC ixxxxxxxxnect; iyasebenza emaqenjini amaningi). I-PAC zihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezingaxhunyiwe njenge-EMILY’s Uhlu (okusekela i-propro - democratic Fund) ne-CULC ye-GROM (evel exvavavation).

Uma izimali sezikhushuliwe, amaPacs angaxhunyiwe awasebenzisa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • Iminikelo e-' Laba baya kumakomiti acela ukuguqulwa noma emakomitini eqembu, angaphansi kwemingcele ye-FEC. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe inganika u-R35 000 ku-R2,000 ku-intshi yokhetho.
  • Izindleko ezizimele: Lezi zichithwa ekukhangiseni, ekuvoteni, ekuvoti, nakweminye imisebenzi esekela ngokusobala ukukhethwa noma ukunqotshwa komvoti. I-PAC akumelwe ihambisane nomkhankaso wanoma imuphi umkhankaso. Izindleko ezizimele azicishwanga, ngakho i-PAC eqongelelwe kahle engaxhunyelelwanga kakhulu ingathela izigidi emjahweni owodwa.

Ama-PAC amaningi angaxhunyiwe ahlanganyela futhi ekuququzeleni ukuhlasela kwezentengiselwano − ukuxhumana okukhuthaza isimo esithile sesimiso ngaphandle kokubiza ngokucace kakhulu ukhetho noma ukunqoba umbhalisa. Izikhangiso zempikiswano azithathwa njengezixhumanisi uma zigwema amagama athile omlingo (njenge- “eze-” noma“edeat”). Le ndawo empunga yenza ukuba i-PACs ithobe umbono womphakathi ngaphandle kokuvusa ukuvuleka nokubika okuphelele kwezimfuneko zokuveza i-adivocation.

Ukusekela Izinselele Nemisebenzi Engokwezimali

Ngoba ama-PAC awanakuncika kumnini ndlu oboshiwe njenge-paC yenkampani, kumelwe ahlale akha futhi elondoloza i-internet yosizo. I-Online compailraish iye yaba ebaluleke kakhulu. Abanikeli abancane be-dilorlar bangasetshenziswa ngezinhlu ze-imeyili nangezokuxhumana, kodwa iminikelo emikhulu (ukuya ku-R2,000 ngonyaka) ngokuvamile isuka esisekelweni esiphezulu sabantu abacebile. Abanye abangaxhunyiwe nabo bathola ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amakomiti e-PAC, ukwakha intengo yenethi yemilikoza ehlangeneyo. Izindleko zemali ebhankishini ethumelayo, izikhangiso zobuchwepheshe, nezinkampani zezokukhangisa, izimendezo zeze-minyaka nezenzwe ziphakeme, futhi impumelelo engazihlanganisiwe i-PAC inzuzo enkulu kwezinye izimali ezikhona.

Ithonya Ekukhetheni Nasemithethweni

I-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga inethonya elibonakalayo kukhetho lwaseMelika. Ngokuchitha izigidi zemali ezisezindlekeni ezizimele, zingachaza umfanekiso wombhalisa, abaphikisi, futhi zishintshela indaba emncintiswaneni. Ukucwaninga kwe Center for Responsive Politics nezifundo zemfundo kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa imali ngokuzimele − ikakhulukazi emaqenjini angaphandle , imibala engokolwazi oluphansi, ikakhulukazi emincintiswaneni ephansi noma phakathi kwemincintiswano eyinhloko lapho ukuhlangana neqembu kungesona sici esihlukile.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe anethonya ngokukhethekile kukhetho oluyikhomba-ndlela . Ngoba ama-primenti avame ukuveza abazohlolwa abanezikhundla ezifanayo zenqubo, ukugunyazwa nezindleko ezizimele ze-PACs ezihlangene ngokwemibono zinganciphisa ukulingana. I-Club for Growth, ngokwesibonelo, iye yachitha imali eningi kakhulu ekunqandeni inselele ababhidi ababambelele emfundini ngokumelene ne-ctute. Ngokufanayo, uHlelo lwe-EMILY lunikeza ukusekela kwasekuqaleni nokuhleleka kwe-procemocratic Daice, kubasiza ukuba banqobe ukuntenga okuvame ukubhekana nezinselele zokuqala.

Kukhetho oluvamile, ama-PAC angayihlanganisi ngokuvamile ahlanganisa imisebenzi yemikhankaso yokufuna ukubhapathizwa ne-PACs. Angase agxile emicikilishweni ethile yezindawo − njengesimiso sogesi noma amalungelo eSiphendulo Sesibini (nezikhangiso zokukhangisa ukuze kususwe abavoti abakhathalela lezo zihloko. Ngenxa yokuthi abacindezelwa imithetho yokubambisana (uma nje behlala bezibusa), bangagxila kakhulu ekukhulumeni nasekuzimiseni kwabo esikhundleni kunokuba bafake umkhankaso womuntu siqu.

Izibonelo Zezincwadi Ezingaphawuleki Ezingaxhunyiwe

Ukuze uqonde ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwama-PAC angaxhunyiwe, cabangela izibonelo eziningana ezivelele:

  • I-Club ye-PCA: I-PAC engaxhunyiwe esekela umbukiso wesihlengo, olinganiselwe kahulumeni. Iphakamisa izimali ezivela kubantu abanikelayo futhi yenza kokubili iminikelo eqondile nezindleko ezizimele. Kulemijikelezo yamuva, iye yaba umdlali oyinhloko eRepublic Primearity.
  • UHLO LWASEKUPHELENI: Ngo- 1985, Uhlu lwe-EMILY luyi-PAC egxile ekukhetheni abesifazane bentando yeningi abasekela amalungelo okukhipha isisu. Ihlanganisa iminikelo evela emalungwini ayo futhi ikhokhele izindleko ezizimele. Isize ekukhetheni amakhulu abesifazane ukuya kuhulumeni nasehhovisi likahulumeni.
  • Ilungelo lesizwe lokuya eMoyo PC: A I-PAC (Nakuba ihlangene ne-National lungelo lokuya eKomitini Yokuphila) ehlanganyela eminikelweni eqondile nezindleko ezizimele zokumelana namalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu. Isebenza njenge-PAC ezimeleyo, engaxhunyiwe enhlanganweni noma enyunyana.
  • Senate Majority PAC (SMP): Nakuba ivame ukuhlelwa njenge-PAC engaxhunyiwe, i-SMP ngokuyinhloko yenza izindleko ezizimele ngenxa yabaqondisi be-Democratic Coancil. Isebenza kanye namanye amaqembu kodwa ihlelwe njengekomiti ezimele ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-FEC.

Lamaqembu abonisa uchungechunge lwemisebenzi engaxhunyiwe i-PACs ethatha impumelelo. Ikhono lawo lokuqongelela imali kubantu ngabanye futhi ayithumele ngokuphandle azenza amathuluzi anamandla okuzihlomisela kwezombangazwe.

Iziyalo Ezingokomthetho Nezokuqondisa

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe kumelwe isebenze ngaphakathi kwesimiso sokuqondisa esilawulwa yi-FEC. Isihluthulelo sokulinganiselwa sihlanganisa:

  • Imingcele yokunikela: Abantu ngabanye banganikela amadollar angu-5 000 ngonyaka e-PAC engaxhunyiwe. I-PACS ingathola imali engafinyelela ku-R35 000 ngonyaka kweminye i-PACs (ingaphansi kwemingcele ebanzi). Akukho mingcele enani labantu abanganikela, ngakho i-PAC ingaphakamisa imali evela esekelweni elikhulu.
  • Imingcele yomnikelo kwabazothatha i- I-PAC engaxhunyiwe inganikezela ku-R35 000 kukhetho lwekomiti yokhetho. Ingadedela futhi uR35 000 ngonyaka ekomitini yesizwe futhi ifinyelela ku-R35 000 ngonyaka ekomitini yesifundazwe noma e-partum yendawo.
  • Izindleko ezizimele: Akukho silinganiso semali i-PAC engayisebenzisa ezindlekweni ezizimele. Nokho, i-PAC kumelwe ibike izindleko ngazinye ku-FEC futhi ihlanganise i-dilader ekuxhumaneni i-PAC njengeholo.
  • Isivumelwano sokubambisana: I-PACs engaxhunyaniswanga nezindleko zabo ezizimele nabazozisebenzela noma imikhankaso yabo. I-FEC inezimiso eziningiliziwe ezichaza ukubambisana, kuhlanganise nokuxhumana nomthengisi ovamile, noma ukuhlanganyela ulwazi oluhleliwe.
  • Izimfuneko zokubika: I-PACs okungaxhunyiwe kumelwe ifake imibiko evamile (noma inyanga ngayinye kwezinye izimo) ehlela abanikelayo abanikela ngamaR120, amafaktha, nezinjongo zezindleko ngazinye. Lemibiko isobala futhi iyatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-FEC.

Lemithetho ihlose ukulinganisela isithakazelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuvimbela ukonakala. Ekwenzeni, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kungaba okungalingani, futhi abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi i-FEC ivame ukuvimbela ukuqapha okukhulu. Noma kunjalo, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe asebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ecacile kunalokhu, kusho ukuthi, izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zezenhlalo ezingu-501(c)(4) ezingahlanganyela emsebenzini wezombangazwe ngaphandle kokunikeza izicelo.

Imigodi Nezinkinga Ezingelutho Zemali

Nakuba ama-PAC engaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile ebonakala, amanye amaqembu aye asebenzisa izikhala ezisemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC engathola iminikelo evela ku-501(c)(4) noma (c) (6) inhlangano, okungadingekile ukuba ithulule abanikeli bayo ngokwayo. Lokhu kuvumela imali evela emithonjeni engaziwa ukuba ifake izindleko ezizimele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PACs ingasebenzisa amasu angokomthetho anjenge “zintengo zemali ezishintshiswayo” noma“ izinhlangano ezisekela izimali” ukuze ifinyeze umsuka wangempela wezimali. Abasekeli benguquko baye basunduza izimfuneko zokuveza izigwebo eziqinile ukuze bavale lezindawo zokugwema, kodwa imizamo yokushaya imithetho iye yasebenza eKhokhelweni.

Ukwanda kwama-PAC aphakeme ngemva kuka-2010 kwanciphisa ukubaluleka kwama-PAC njengemoto eyinhloko yokusebenzisa imali ngokungenamkhawulo. Nokho, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aselewukuphela kohlobo lwe-PAC olunganikela ngokuqondile kwabazokucela futhi lukhokhele ngokwayo, luwanikeza izimali ezikhethekile ezimalini zomkhankaso.

Ithonya Lenkulumo Yezombangazwe Nokuziphatha Kwezinti Zezihambi

Ukwanda kwama-PAC okungaxhunyiwe kuye kwaguqula isimo sezombangazwe ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, inemiyalezo ebhalwe kahle. Esikhundleni semikhankaso namaqembu alawula ukulandisa, amaqembu azimele angafaka izikhangiso zawo, izimemezelo, nezinombolo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlelekeni kwezindawo zolwazi, kodwa futhi nasekuzwaneni okukhulu kwamazwi phakathi kwalabo abasekela imali eyanele.

Okwesibili, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ngokuvamile athanda ukukhangisa okuphambene. Ngenxa yokuthi awahlobene ngokuqondile nomfundi, angase azizwe ekhululekile ukuhlasela abaphikisi ngonya. “lesembozo somoya” sivumela abazohlolwa ukuba balondoloze isimo esihle kuyilapho abaxhunyiwe babo besebenzisa izikhangiso eziqinile. Nokho, kungadida futhi abavoti, okungenzeka abazi ukuthi ubani obangela ukuhlasela noma othakazelelani.

Okwesithathu, ama-PAC angasiza abathenwa abangasekelwe ezikhungweni ezingokwesiko. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpande zotshani ezifuna ukusekelwa futhi eziqashelwa kancane zingazuza ekugunyazweni kwakuqala nezindleko ezizimele ze-PAC, ezingabonisa ukwethenjelwa kwabanye abanikeli nabezindaba. Ngaphandle, imali ye-PAC ingafaka futhi ipenteki futhi ithobe ithonya labanikelayo abancane, njengoba nje itshekisi elikhulu kubantu abambalwa lingabopha intengo enkulu yezikhangiso.

Isiphetho: Indima Ehlala Njalo Yezingcezu Ezingaxhunyiwe

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye aba isici esiqinile sezezimali zaseMelika amashumi eminyaka, ehlanganisa igebe phakathi kwama-PAC ahlangeneyo abekwe ngokuqinile nama-PC aPhakeme amakhulu cishe angenamkhawulo. Ikhono lawo lokunikela ngokuqondile kubo bobabili futhi asebenzise ngokuzimele awenza abe yimishini ehlukahlukene yethonya lezombangazwe. Nakuba ebhekene nemingcele yeminikelo nezimfuneko zokudalulwa, aye azibonakalisa enekhono lokunyusa imali evela kubantu abanikelayo abashukunyiswa yimibono ewugunyazisweni futhi ayibeke ngezindlela zokuyimisa ukhetho olunesimo nesimiso somphakathi.

Ukuqonda lezinhlangano akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo. Kubavoti, ukuqaphela ukuthi ubani okhokhela i-PAC engaxhunyiwe nokuthi imiphi imigomo yayo engazisa ukuthi bachaza kanjani izikhangiso zomkhankaso kanye nokugunyazwa kwabameleli. Kubenzi bemithetho, imithetho elawula i-PAC, i-PaCs, ihlala iyindawo yempikiswano [1] phela kumele ibekwe imingcele yomnikelo? Ingabe kufanele ukuba i-Pacrediation ibe khona ngempela? Njengoba isimiso somkhankaso sezezimali esingekhonazoxhumana siyo siyo siyoqhubeka sifeza indima eyinhloko ekulweleni kwethonya lezombangazwe.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola iKhomishane yeNkathi Yokhetho yezimiso ezingokomthetho nemininingwane. i-openSecrets[ inikeza imininingwane ye-PACs kanye nemali yabo. [ngokomlando ongokomthetho, bona [[FLT:] [[FLT]] v. Valeokt[[FLT]] inikeza imibono ebanzi ne [[FLT:][FLT][5] [ivolute] [inani elingaphezulu] [inani elingaphezulu]