Ziyini Icala Langaphakathi?

Amacala ombango akha umgogodla wesimiso sokwahlulela ekuxazululeni izingxabano zangasese phakathi kwabantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano. Ngokungafani namacala obugebengu, ahilela uhulumeni ukumangalela othile ngecala elimelene nomphakathi, amacala ombango afuna ukuxazulula izingxabano ezingokomthetho, izibopho, nezikweleti. Umgomo ngokuvamile uyinkokhelo yemali, ukwenza okuthile okukhethekile (ukuzama iqembu ukwenza noma ukuyeka ukwenza okuthile), noma ukulahla isahlulelo esicacisa amalungelo abantu abaphethe. Cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwanamuhla zingabangela ukumangalelwa kwesizwe − ngokuphulwa kwesivumelwano semoto esiya engozini lokungavumelani nendlu yomninindlu.

Umehluko oyinhloko: izingxabano zombango ziphakathi kwamaqembu azimele (angenacala nawummangalelwa), kuyilapho icala lobugebengu lilethwa uhulumeni ngomunye umuntu omangalelwe ngokwephula umthetho. Umthwalo wobufakazi ecaleni lomphakathi ngokuvamile “ukuqashelwa kobufakazi” (ngokungenzeka kungabi njalo), indinganiso ephansi kunendinganiso yobugebengu“ yokungaqiniseki okunengqondo.”

Izintambo Zecala Lezakhamuzi

Nakuba imingcele eqondile yezikhathi ihlukahluka ngokwesilinganiso (inkantolo kahulumeni, ngokwesibonelo,) nangokuyinkimbinkimbi kwempikiswano, amacala amaningi ombango alandela ukuqhubekela phambili okufanayo kusukela ekulweni kokuqala kuya esinqumweni sokugcina. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kungasiza amaqembu, ofakazi, ngisho nezakhamuzi ezinelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ukuthi ubulungisa buphishekelwa kanjani ezinkantolo.

1. Izinyathelo zangaphambi kokuhlinzwa

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, izingxabano eziningi zomphakathi zithatha isikhathi esinqunyiwe ukukhuthaza ukuhlalisana ngaphandle kwezindleko nesikhathi senkantolo. Izinyathelo ezivamile zangaphambi kwesigaba zihlanganisa:

  • nezinhlamvu: I-pacttiff (noma ummeli wabo) ithumela incwadi engokomthetho echaza izikhalo nosizo olufunwayo. Lokhu kungasheshisa ukuxoxisana futhi kugweme ukumangalelana.
  • [ I-mediation:[ Iqembu lesithathu elingathathi-hlangothi lisiza ukuzwana phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo. Ukubuyisana akunakubopha ngaphandle kokuba kufinyelelwe isivumelwano. Izinkantolo eziningi zidinga ukuqulwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Inqubo ebophayo, ebophayo lapho umahluleli othathe umhlalaphansi noma ummeli onolwazi ezwa khona ubufakazi futhi anikeze isinqumo. Uku-arbit kungadingeka ngokuzithandela noma ngesivumelwano. Akuyona indlela engokomthetho kunecala futhi ngokuvamile ishesha.
  • Ihlola ukulinganiselwa: Zonke izinhlobo zokuzisholo komphakathi zinesilinganiso sesikhathi okumelwe icala lidluliswe kuso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulimala komuntu siqu ngokuvamile kunefasitela elineminyaka emibili noma emithathu. ufunde kakhulu ngezimiso zokulinganiselwa.[[

Ukuzama ukuxazulula lendaba enkantolo akuwona nje kuphela amandla asebenzayo kodwa futhi kulondoloza ubuhlobo futhi kuvumela amakhambi okwakha angase angakwazi ukuhleleka. Nokho, uma imizamo yangaphambi kokubekwa kwecala ihluleka, umthathi-cala uqhubekela esitejini sokuhlela esingokomthetho.

Ukukhononda

Icala lomphakathi liqala ngokomthetho uma i-paltiff ifaka i-complant enkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kuyincwadi engokomthetho ehlelayo:

  • Isisekelo sokubusa kwenkantolo (kungenxa yalokho lenkantolo inegunya lokulalela icala).
  • Amazwi amafushane, acacile aveza lempikiswano.
  • Izinkulumo eziqondile ezingokomthetho (isib., ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukunganaki, ukuhlanjalazwa).
  • Usizo lwacela (izinkinga, ukukhululeka okungalawuleki, noma kokubili).

Kuhambisana nokukhononda, i-paltiff ivame ukufaka ummons `iphepha elizodluliswa kummangalelwa ozakwazisa ngamacala nosuku olumisiwe lokuphendula. Imali yokubolekisa iyahlukahluka enkantolo kodwa ngokuvamile ingamaRandi angamakhulu ambalwa. Uma umbhikishi engakwazi ukukhokha, angacelela i-paupers [[[FLT]]] i-pauples [[FFLT:3]] isikhundla sokukhokha.

Inkonzo yenqubo

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba ummangalelwa aziswe ngokomthetho ngecala. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenqubo ye-, engahlanganisa:

  • Ukufika komuntu siqu kwezicelo nokukhononda kwesikhulu, isikhulu sezokusebenza noma imuphi umuntu omdala ongekho esicini.
  • Inkonzo efakiwe esikhundleni (ukufaka amaphepha nomuntu onomthwalo wemfanelo ekhaya noma emsebenzini wommangalelwa).
  • Inkonzo ngeposi (kwezinye izindawo) noma incwadi (uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala).

Uma inkonzo ingaqediwe kahle, inkantolo ingase ingabi nagunyazo lomuntu siqu kummangalelwa, mhlawumbe iqede icala.

4 Impendulo Neziqubulo Eziphikisayo

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa unesikhathi esilinganiselwe (izinsuku ezingu-21 kuya kwezingu-30 enkantolo kahulumeni) sokuphendula. Ukuphendula okuyinhloko yimpendulo [, lapho ummangalelwa evuma noma ephika impikiswano ngayinye ekukhonondeni. Impendulo ingaqinisa futhi [ isivikelo esiqinile [] [macct alokho, uma kuyiqiniso, okunganqoba ukumangalela noma ukumangalela ngakukho (umz., ukuzigomela enkantolo yokuhlasela, noma umthetho wokulinganiselwa).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ummangalelwa angafaka ama-couterclaims ngokumelene nomphathi we-paltiff, ngokuyisisekelo ephendula amatafula futhi aqinisekise izikhalo zawo siqu ezivela ngezenzakalo ezifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, empikiswaneni yempahla, ummangalelwa angaphikisana ngokuthi ummangalelwa uyonakele impahla kuqala. Ama-Countaclaim anganweba izinga lecala futhi ngezinye izikhathi aholele ekunqumeni okubanzi.

Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula phakathi nosuku olumisiwe, ummangalelwa angathatha isahlulelo esingalingani nomthetho , awine icala ngaphandle kwecala. Lona isikhathi esithatha isikhathi esiphezulu esigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqasha iseluleko somthetho ngokushesha ukuba sithunyelwe.

Ukutholwa. 5.

Ukuthola ngokuvamile kuyisimo esithatha isikhathi esiningi nebiza kakhulu sokunikeza incazelo yomphakathi. Yinqubo ehleliwe lapho bobabili abantu bedlulisela khona ukwaziswa nobufakazi obuvumelana nalendaba. Amathuluzi okuthola i-odoli ahlanganisa:

  • [[IMIFUNDO:0] Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Ingahlanganisa amaqiniso esizinda, ukufakaza i-ICC, nokubala umonakalo.
  • Izicelo zokukhiqizwa kwamaphepha: Imikhosi icela izivumelwano, ama-imeyili, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, izitatimende zemali, kanye nobunye ubufakazi obuphathekayo.
  • Izimo: Ama-Attorney ofakazi ababuzayo (kuhlanganise amaqembu nochwepheshe) abafungele, futhi intatheli yenkantolo ikhona. Izikhombo ziveza amarekhodi angasetshenziswa ekuqulweni kwecala ukuze kungabi nabufakazi obubodwa noma njengobufakazi obuncane.
  • Icela ukuvuma:[ Omunye ucela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike amaqiniso athile. Uma evunywa, lawomaqiniso abhekwa njengeyiqiniso ekuzameni, asho izimpikiswano.
  • [[I- Izivivinyo ezicubungulayo noma ezingokwengqondo: Ezimweni zokulimala komuntu siqu, ummangalelwa angacela ukuhlolwa kokwelapha okuzimele kwe-acttiff.

Isilinganiso sokuthola into ebanzi: amaqembu angathola noma yikuphi ukwaziswa okungagunyaziwe okungagunyaziwe ekumangaleni noma ekuvikeleni. Nokho, izinkantolo ziyolinganisela ukutholwa okugcwele ngokungenangqondo, ukuphindaphinda, noma umthwalo. Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Docul Procedure (Rule 26) ebusa ukutholwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.[

6. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, noma yiziphi izinhlangothi zingangena ngenkani zicela inkantolo ukuba ixazulule izindaba ezithile ezingokomthetho noma ngisho ihlulele lonke icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi komthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuxosha:[[FT:1] Isu lokuthi ukukhononda akukwazi ukusho ukuthi isiphi isikhalazo esinganikezwa, noma inkantolo ayinagunya lokulawula. Uma ivunyiwe, icala liyaphela, uma icala lingase livunyelwe ukuqeda isikhalo.
  • Ukuhlela ukwahlulela okufushanisiwe: Ama-Ague ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi umthuthi unelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Ukwahlulela okufingqiwe kungalahla lonke icala noma izinto ezithile. Kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngemva kokuthola amaqiniso acacile.
  • i-Motion kwi-limine: ifuna isinqumo senkantolo ekungahlulekini kobufakazi obuqondile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ukuze igweme ukulahla amajaji.
  • Motion ukuphoqelela ukutholwa: icela inkantolo ukuba icele iphikiswane ukuba liphendule izicelo eziye zatholwa ezizishaye indiva noma zenqabile.

Lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo kungathatha isikhathi eside kule ndaba, konge isikhathi sokuvivinywa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuxazululwe icala ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokuba kubizwe ufakazi wokuqala.

7. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma icala lisinda ekuthatheni inqumo yangaphambi komthetho, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukuqulwa kwecala kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala [ukuzwa umahluleli kuphela] noma ukuqulwa kwecala [ (ijaji elinqumayo]] impikiswano yeqiniso, kuyilapho ijaji lisingatha izindaba ezingokomthetho). Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ezicatshalweni zombamthetho liqinisekiswe yiSiphetho seSigqi seSigqi emacala omphakathi, kodwa futhi izigaba eziningi ziyinikeza iziphakatho ezithile (uml. g.h.

Ukuqulwa kwecala kulandela ukulandelana okuhleliwe:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Izinkulumo ezivulayo: Izinhlangothi zonke zikhomba lokho ezihlose ukukufakazela.
  • I-Platotiff’s profile-in-most: I-pasttiff inikeza ubufakazi(ibufakazi obufakazelwe, amabhukwana, imibukiso, ukusekela iziphakamiso zabo. Iseluleko sokuzivikela singahlangana nofakazi be-examine.
  • Indaba-kaDefentant:[[FL:1] Ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi nofakazi babo, futhi ungakwazi ukudlula.
  • I-Repart ne- surretal: I-paltiff inganikeza ubufakazi obengeziwe ukuze ilwe icala lommangalelwa; ummangalelwa angabe esephendula.
  • Izimpikiswano ezivezayo: Nhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikisa isinqumo esivumelana nabo.
  • Iziyalezo ze-JURY:[ Umahluleli ululeka abasizi-jaji ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ijaji libe selithatha ngamabomu bese libuyisela isinqumo.
  • Ukuvelela kokwahlulela: Umahluleli ufaka isahlulelo esingokomthetho esisekelwe esinqumweni (noma ngemva kokuqulwa kwebhentshi).

Ukulingwa kungathatha usuku olulodwa kuya emasontweni ambalwa, kuye ngokuthi kuyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani.

8. Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwempi

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo linamathuba okubekela umphumela inselele. Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngemva kwenkantolo kuhlanganisa:

  • [[NT:0] Ukuthatha i-athom yokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho (JMOL):[ Isho ukuthi ubufakazi abuyonelanga ngokomthetho ukusekela isinqumo.
  • Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: Amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umzk., iziyalezo ezingafanele zokwahlulela, ukuziphatha okubi, ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa) kuthethelela icala elisha.
  • [ Ukuguqula noma ukulungisa isahlulelo: kucela inkantolo ukuba ilungise amaphutha ekwahluleleni.

Uma le mithetho inqatshelwa, umncintiswano olahlekile angafaka appal enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azinawo amaphutha angokomthetho; zibukeza amaphutha enkantolo ephansi nokuthi izinqumo zazilungile yini. Inkantolo ye-appelte ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma ilungise icala ukuze iqhubeke. Ifunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yokudlulisa inqubo ye-American Bar Association.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamacala Angaphakathi

Nakuba isihloko sokuqala sidwebe izinhlobo ezinhlanu, nakhu ukuhlola okubanzi izigaba ongase ubhekane nazo:

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Lokhu kuvela lapho omunye ehluleka ukugcwalisa izithembiso ezenziwe esivumelwaneni. Zingahlanganisa izivumelwano ezishiwo ngomlomo noma ezibhaliwe, ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla, izinkonzo, ukuthengwa kwezindawo, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, nezinye.

Ukulimala Komuntu Siqu (Tort) Kusho Ukuthi

Uma umuntu elinyazwa ukunganaki komunye, ukunganaki, noma isenzo sobuhlongandlebe, bangafaka icala lomuntu siqu. Izibonelo ezivamile zihlanganisa izingozi zemoto, i-spell neafroll, ukungasebenza kahle kwezokwelapha, ukungenwa kwemali, ukuhlawuliswa kwemikhiqizo. Ukukhokha izindleko zokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa iholo, nokulahlekelwa ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka; ukujeziswa kwesijeziso kujezisa ukuziphatha okuxekethile.

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Izingxabano mayelana nendawo noma impahla yomuntu siqu zihilela imigqa ehlukanisayo, ukudambisa, izimpikiswano eziphazamisayo, ukuphatha kabi umnini-ndlu, izingxabano zezihloko, noma izikweletu zezindlu. Izenzo zesihloko zobuthule zizama ukusungula ubunikazi.

Umthetho Womkhaya Ubalulekile

Isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela izingane, ukusekelana kwabazali (antion), ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya obuvimbela iziyalezo kusingathwa enkantolo yomkhaya.

Umthetho Womsebenzi

Izingxabano phakathi kwabaqashi nezisebenzi zingaphansi kwalesi sigaba. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukukhishwa kwecala okungalungile, ubandlululo (lusekelwe ekuhlanganeni, ubulili, ubudala, ukukhubazeka), iholo nehora (iholo elithatha isikhathi esiningi), ukuhlukunyezwa, nokuphulwa kwezivumelwano zemisebenzi. Imisebenzi eminingi kumelwe iqale ibekwe phambi kwe-EOC Commission (EOC) phambi kokumangalelwa.

Amabhizinisi Nezentengiselwano

Lolu hlelo olubanzi luhlanganisa izingxabano zobuhlobo, izenzo zobungane, ukuphambanisa izimpahla, ukuphambanisa (izimpawu zempahla, izimvume zokugunyaza, imvume yokuqasha), ukuphambanisa ngasese, ukuncintisana okungafanelekile, nezenzo zesigaba. Ibhizinisi livame ukuhilela izizumbulu zemali nobufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ingxabano Yokuzixazulula Nokuthembana

Lapho umuntu efa, isifiso noma ukwethenjwa kwabo kungase kuphikiswe izindlalifa noma abazuzayo ngezizathu zethonya elingadingekile, ukuntuleka kwesikhundla, noma ukukhwabanisa.

Izici Eziyinhloko Ezithonya Imiphumela Yecala Lasemphakathini

I - Jurisdiction Ne - Venue

Izinkantolo kumelwe zibe negunya ezindabeni nasemabuthweni. Izinkantolo zamaFederal zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, ukwahlukahluka kwesabelo sobuhlalo (izindawo ezihlukene ezivela ezizweni ezihlukene ezinemithetho engaphezu kuka-R35 000), noma imithetho ekhethekile kahulumeni. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha ezinye izimpikiswano zomphakathi. IVenue inquma indawo lapho izenzakalo zenzeka khona noma lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona. Ukukhetha inkantolo yesokudla kungathinta umphumela, njengoba imithetho ehlukene ihlukene yemithetho yezemvelo, amachashazi, nezandulela ezingokomthetho zihlukene.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

Ezimweni zomphakathi, umkhohlisi kumelwe afakazele icala lakhe nge- ukulinganisa ubufakazi ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu kunesizathu sokuthi inguquko yezehlakalo ye-pasttiff iyiqiniso. Abanye bathi (umz., ukukhwabanisa, ukujezisa) kudinga indinganiso ephakeme eyaziwa ngokuthi ubufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo[. Lena iyindawo ephakathi kwe-premificance futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

Indima Yokuhlala Kubo

Icala elikhulu lezakhamuzi lihlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Amaholide angafinyelela esabelweni nganoma iliphi iqophelo, ngemva kokuthola, ezitebhisini zenkantolo, noma ngisho naphakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Izimo zigwema ukungaqiniseki, izindleko, kanye nokulimala okungokomzwelo kwecala. Zikhunjulwa ngokwesivumelwano esibhaliwe esingase sihlanganise izisho eziyimfihlo futhi zikhiphe iziphakamiso zesikhathi esizayo. Kwezinye izimo, inkantolo kumelwe ivumele izindawo ezihlanganisa izingane noma izenzo zekilasi.

Izingozi Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Amakhambi amacala angaphakathi awagcini kuphela emalini. Izinkantolo zingakhipha impikiswano:

  • [[INTLA: 0] Ukuchitha izindleko: Inkokhelo eqondile yemali ngokulahlekelwa (izindleko zezokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa iholo, ukulungisa impahla).
  • Izinxephezelo ezithi azikho: Ukulahlekelwa okungaqondile okugelezayo okusuka engxenyeni (umz., ukulahlekelwa inzuzo).
  • Umonakalo owenziweyo: uklanyelwe ukujezisa ummangalelwa ngokuziphatha okubi nokunqanda ububi besikhathi esizayo.
  • Isenzo esikhethekile: Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna ummangalelwa ukuba enze okuthile akuthembisile (umz., dlulisela ingxenye yendawo).
  • Ukukhululeka okungalawuleki:[[FT:1] Imvume yenkantolo yokumisa noma ukuphoqelela isenzo esithile (umz., iyeka ukuphazamisa uphawu, susa isidina).
  • [ Isahlulelo sokukhipha iziqu: Inkulumo yenkantolo yamalungelo angokomthetho amacala ngaphandle kokuyala ukulimala noma ukusebenza (ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukuchaza inkambiso yomshuwalense noma isivumelwano).

Okwenza Ukumelela Okungokomthetho Kube Yizindaba

Ukugadla icala lomphakathi ngaphandle kommeli kuyinselele. Imithetho ye-proceded inemininingwane futhi ayithetheleli; ibhukwana eliphothulelwe isikhathi esinqunyiwe noma elibhalwe ngokungafanele lingaqeda icala kungakabi yisikhathi. Ummeli onolwazi angaliqeda icala:

  • Hlola izimfanelo zakho bese ucebisa ngokuthi kungenzeka yini.
  • Idrafti kanye nohele konke okudingeka ukuncenga nokuthatha ngamabomu kulungile.
  • Ukuthola izinto ezingokoqobo kusiza ekuqoqeni ubufakazi futhi kwakhe ikhambi elishukumisayo.
  • Izindawo ezivikela izithakazelo zakho.
  • Xoxa namajaji nangabasizi bejaji ngekhono nangokukholisa.
  • Uma uqulwa icala elibi, yazi futhi ulondoloze izindaba ezihehayo.

Ngisho nasenkantolo evumayo encane, lapho izinqubo zenziwe lula khona, cishe inesiqondiso esingokomthetho, noma ummeli engakwazi ukuvela − angaveza umehluko omkhulu. Nolo unikeza isiqondiso sokuthi ummeli wezwe angaqashwa nini futhi kanjani.

Isiphetho: Indlela Yesinqumo Esingokomthetho

Amacala angaphakathi ayisisekelo sesimiso sobulungisa, anikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle kubantu ngabanye nezinhlangano zokuxazulula izingxabano nokuthola amakhambi. Kusukela ekuxoxiseni kokuqala kwangaphambi kokubekwa kwecala kuya ekudluliseleni kokugcina, lenqubo idinga ukunaka imininingwane, isineke, nokuqonda okucacile kwamalungelo angokomthetho. Nakuba uhambo ngecala lomphakathi lungafuna, isimiso siklanyelwe ukunikeza indlela elungile nehlelekile yokufuna ubulungisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabangela ukumangalelana noma uye wakhonza kanye, ukwazi ngezigaba, izingidi, nezingibe, nendima yeseluleko esingokomthetho iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu ongaba nalo.