Table of Contents

Ukuqonda inkululeko yomphakathi kungomunye wemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu yabo bonke abavoti emphakathini wentando yeningi. Inkululeko yomphakathi iyinkululeko eyisisekelo eqinisekiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo ovikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Lezisivikelo zikha isisekelo sesimiso sentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi zithinta ngokuqondile indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo enqubweni yezombangazwe, ziveza imibono yazo, futhi zibheka uhulumeni wazo njengonecala. Abavoti abafuna ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ebhokisini lomphakathi, ukuqonda okubanzi kwenkululeko yomphakathi kubalulekile ekuhloleni abazokwenziwa, izimiso, nesiqondiso sesizwe.

Iyini Inkululeko Yangaphakathi?

Inkululeko yomphakathi iyimingcele embusweni kahulumeni, ehloselwe ukuvikela inkululeko ohulumeni abangase bangagxambukeli ngokomthetho. Ngokungafani namalungelo omphakathi, ahlanganisa ukuphathwa nokuvikelwa ngokulinganayo ekucwaseni, inkululeko yomphakathi igxila ngokukhethekile enkululekweni yomuntu ngamunye uhulumeni angenakuyephula. Inkululeko yomphakathi ibhekwa njengezithembiso ezingezinhle (noma imiyalo ephambene) ngohulumeni ukuba angenzi izinto ezithile.

Inkululeko yomphakathi iqinisekisa amalungelo enkululeko yokucabanga, yesenzo (ngaphandle kwezinye) futhi ivikela lawomalungelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni noma ekuvinjelweni. Lezisivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bangaphila ukuphila kwabo, baveze izinkolelo zabo, futhi bahlanganyele emphakathini ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphamba noma ukubusa ngonya.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senkululeko Yombango

Ezinye inkululeko zomphakathi zachazwa encwadini yokuqala, ikakhulukazi emalungiselelweni aqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa kwe-habeas corpus nokuqulwa icala yijaji ezicabeni zobugebengu (Artle III, Ingxenye 2) futhi zenqabela izindleko zemithetho ye-arhester ne-past codo (Artle I, Ingxenye 9). Nokho, ukulinganiselwa okukhulu kakhulu emandleni kahulumeni phezu komuntu kwanezelwa ngo1791 eSivumelwaneni samaLungelo.

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (ngokukhethekile), izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ezakha iBill of Rights ``Izimemo'','s ivikela inkululeko namalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ayigcini kuphela kuzakhamuzi noma abantu abadala; kunalokho, ezimweni eziningi, uMthetho-sisekelo umane ubhekisela ku-"amadoda," okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi usho ukuthi ngisho nezingane, izivakashi ezivela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nezifiki (‘emperman' noma isikhashana, ngokomthetho noma engabhalwanga ngokomthetho'nenkululeko efanayo'eUnited States' noma emasimini ayo izakhamuzi ezikhulile.

Ukukhululeka Kwabantu Kumelene. Amalungelo Omphakathi: Ukuqonda Umehluko

Abantu abaningi basebenzisa amagama "inkululeko ehlangene" ne "inkululeko yesizwe" ngokungafani, kodwa bamelela imiqondo engafani. Inkululeko yomphakathi isiqinisekiso kuwe soMthetho-sisekelo sokukuvikela ebushiqelani. Ngokungafani, amalungelo omphakathi, amalungelo angokomthetho aningiliziwe emithethweni kahulumeni nasemithethweni ekuvikeleni ekucwaseni.

Inkululeko yomphakathi iyisivikelo ezinyathelweni zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokuqhuba noma iyiphi inkolo oyikhethayo, sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphazamise izinkolelo zakho ezingokwenkolo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amalungelo omphakathi aqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uphatha bonke abantu ngokulinganayo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe.

ISichibiyelo senqubo ye-14 esingokomthetho sinikeza isisekelo senkululeko yomphakathi. Ngokuphambene, isigqebhezana esilinganayo sesivikelo sinikeza isisekelo samalungelo omphakathi. Ukuqonda lomehluko kusiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele uma inkululeko yabo eyisisekelo isengozini uma kuqhathaniswa lapho kuxoxwa ngezindaba zokulingana nobandlululo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Umsuka Wenkululeko YaseMelika Yombango

Abaculi bekholonia bafunda ku-Socieology yokukhanyiselwa kwekhulu le-17 nele-18, kuhlanganise neMontesquieu, uJohn Locke, uWilliam Blackstone, noJean Jacques Rousseau. Lezizazi zefilosofi zaxoxa ngamalungelo ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise nethonya likaLocke "elungelweni lokuphila, inkululeko, nempahla" bagcizelela ukubaluleka kokulinganisela amandla ohulumeni ukuze bangaphuli lenkululeko eyisisekelo.

Ngo-1215, iNkosi uJohn yaseNgilandi yayibhekene nokuvukela kwababhishobhi abangajabulisi. Emzamweni wokukuqeda, yasayina umthetho wamalungelo owaziwa ngokuthi iMagna Carta. Lona waba yincwadi eyisisekelo yomthetho wamaNgisi. Linye ne-Ngishi Bill of Rights ka-1689, iMagna Carta yathonya ababhali boMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. kanye no-Bill of Rights. Basiza ekukhuthazeni ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni, ilungelo lokuqulwa icala yijaji, ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izibhamu, nokuvimbela isijeziso sonya nesokodwa.

Ukudala Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo uqala ukumiswa ngo-1787, awuzange uhlanganise incwadi ebanzi yamalungelo. Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ubhalwa ngo-1787, okungenani isishiyagalolunye semibuso engu-13 yokuqala kwadingeka ukuba siwugunyaze ukuze ube umthetho. Abaxhasi, ababizwa ngokuthi ama-constalist, abalwelwa noMthetho-sisekelo. Abaphikisi-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho bathi abenzi ngokwanele ukuvikela amalungelo abantu nenkululeko yabo.

Eminye imibuso yavuma ukuvumela uMthetho-sisekelo kuphela uma kuthengwa ukulungisa ngalezisivikelo. UJames Madison wasikisela uchungechunge lwezinguquko ezizolungisa ukukhathazeka kwayo phakathi neSishaya-mthetho sokuqala ngo-1789. Wayephikise umthetho kahulumeni wamalungelo, kodwa waqiniseka ukuthi wawudingeka ukuze uMthetho-sisekelo omusha uphumelele. ISishaya-Mnyango sagunyaza iziphene ezingu-12, futhi izifundazwe zagunyaza i-10 ezazizoba i-United States Bill of Rights.

Ukwanda Kwenkululeko Yombango Ezweni

I-Bill of Rights ekuqaleni yayivikela izakhamuzi kuhulumeni wezwe kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wenqabela ukumiswa kwenkolo engokomthetho ngokwezinga lesizwe, inkolo engokomthetho esekelwa uhulumeni waseMassachusetts yayiyi-Congregationalism kwaze kwaba ngo-1833. Ngakho, izakhamuzi ngazinye kwakumelwe zibheke kuhulumeni ukuze zivikele amalungelo azo kohulumeni.

Lokhu kwashintsha ngemva kweMpi Yombango. Isichibiyeli seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sabeka imingcele ebalulekile kahulumeni ezifundazweni ngokuzenqabela ukuba ziphike noma yimuphi umuntu "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho" nokuqinisekisa wonke umuntu ongaphansi kwegunya lombuso "ukuvikelwa kwemithetho yayo elinganayo."

KuGitsow v. New York (1925), isisho esifanelekile sachazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba sandise ukufaneleka kwesivikelo seGill of Rights ezindaweni, sigcine womabili amazinga kahulumeni endinganisweni efanayo yomthetho-sisekelo. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandela, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa ngokukhetha inqubo efanelekile ukuze ivikele ekuphazanyisweni kwamanye amalungelo nenkululeko eqinisekisiwe kuyiSigebengu samalungelo, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi "ukukhetha inqubo esemthethweni."

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukubukeza Okuyinselele

Inkululeko yomphakathi evikelwe eBill of Rights ingahlukaniswa ibe yizindawo ezimbili ezibanzi: inkululeko namalungelo aqinisekiswe esiHlelweni sokuQala (inkolo, inkulumo, iphephandaba, umhlangano, nesicelo) kanye nenkululeko namalungelo ahlangene nobugebengu nenqubo efanelekile. Ake sihlole ukulungiswa ngakunye okunemininingwane ukuze siqonde ukuthi lezisivikelo zisebenza kanjani.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Senkululeko Yentando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo Wokuqala siqinisekisa amalungelo kanembeza, njengenkululeko yenkolo, yokukhuluma, nezindaba, nelungelo lokuhlangana nokunxusa okunokuthula. Lenguquko eyodwa iqukethe isivikelo esihlukile esihlanu esibalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni kwentando yeningi.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili zenkolo. ISivumelwano sikaClaus sivimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma ekukhetheni enye inkolo ngaphezu kwenye. ISichibiyelo sokuqala siphika uhulumeni amandla okunqabela "ukuqhuba ngenkululeko" inkolo; izifundazwe nohulumeni wesizwe ngeke bavimbele abantu ukulandela inkolo abayithandayo, ngisho noma abezombangazwe nabahluleli becabanga ukuthi lenkolo iphambene, ihlambalaziwe, noma enye into engafanele.

Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti bangalusebenzisa ngokukhululekile ukholo lwabo nokuthi izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zihlala ziwukuzikhethela komuntu siqu kunokuba zinikwe uhulumeni. Kusho futhi ukuthi izimiso zikahulumeni azinakukhetha izakhamuzi ezingokwenkolo kunezezingezona ezenkolo, noma ezihlukile.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma mhlawumbe iyinkululeko eqashelwa kakhulu. Ivikela ilungelo lokuveza imibono, ukugxeka uhulumeni, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kukahulumeni. Lenkululeko ibaluleke kakhulu kubavoti, ngoba ibavumela ukuba baxoxe ngabazocela, izinqubo zenkulumo - mpikiswano, kanye nabasekeli boshintsho.

Nokho, inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiphelele. Uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enengqondo esikhathini, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma, kanye nezigaba ezithile zenkulumo − njengokusongela kwangempela, ukushukumisela esenzweni sokungabi namthetho esiseduze, kanye nokuhlambalaza / wamukela isivikelo esincane.

Inkululeko Yezindaba

Inkululeko yezindaba eqinisekiswa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ivikela izintatheli ekucusumbuleni uhulumeni futhi ibavumela ukuba bahlole futhi babike ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, ngisho nalapho leyomibiko ibucayi noma idumaza izikhulu.

Inkululeko Yomhlangano

Ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlangane ukuze zibhikishe, zibhikishe, zifake amahholo edolobha, nezinye izinto ezihlanganyelwe. Lenkululeko ibalulekile kubavoti abafuna ukusekela noma ukuphikisa izinqubo ezithile, abafuna ukubhapathizwa, noma izenzo zikahulumeni. Isiza izinxushunxushu zotshani zeminyango yezotshani kanye nezenzo zezombangazwe ezihlangene.

Ilungelo Lokunxusa Uhulumeni

Lesi simemezelo sivikela ilungelo lezakhamuzi lokukhononda noma ukucela usizo kuhulumeni wazo ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso noma ukuphindisela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuphoqa izishaya - mthetho, ukumangalela uhulumeni ngecala, nokucela ukubuyiselwa kwezikhalo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali. Amazwi adidayo ezimiso zaso eziningi − njengasekuhlonishweni kwegunya leSichibiyelo Sesibili "ukugcina nokuphatha izibhamu""""(ukube umthombo wempikiswano engokomthetho-sisekelo nempikiswano eshubile yezombangazwe. Lokhu kulungisa kulokhu kulokhu kungomunye wenkululeko yomphakathi ephikiswa kakhulu, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene namalungelo ezibhamu kanye nekhono likahulumeni lokulawula izibhamu ukuze kuphephe.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamasosha

ISichibiyelo sesithathu senqabela uhulumeni ukuba aphoqelele izakhamuzi ukuba zihlalise amasosha emakhaya azo ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume. Nakuba kungavamile ukucelwa namuhla, lokhu kuveza ukukhathazeka koMsunguli ngokungena kukahulumeni emakhaya nempahla yabantu.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela izakhamuzi ekuhlolweni nokwethuthwa uhulumeni okungacabangeli. Kudinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze uthole imvume esekelwe ekufuneni izinto zangasese noma ekuthatheni ubufakazi. Lokhu kulungisa kuyisisekelo selungelo lokuzifihla futhi kuvimbele ikhono likahulumeni lokungenela ekuphileni komuntu siqu kwezakhamuzi.

ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ilungelo lokukhululeka ekugxambukeleni kukahulumeni ongenangqondo emakhaya abantu ngemfuneko yemvume. Lesivikelo sidlulela emaphepheni omuntu siqu, ekuxhumaneni ngemishini, nakweminye imininingwane yangasese, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kweSichibiyelo Sesine sobuchwepheshe banamuhla kuqhubeka kushintsha ngezinqumo zenkantolo.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Ekuziphindiseleleni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo eziningana ezibalulekile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Siqinisekisa ilungelo lenqubo efanelekile yomthetho, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba aphuce othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Sivikela futhi ekuzifakeni engozini ephindwe kabili (ukuzanywa kabili ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo), ukuzibeka icala ngokwakhe (ukuphoqelelwa ukuba anikeze ubufakazi kuye), futhi sidinga imbuyiselo lapho uhulumeni ethatha impahla yakhe ukuze asebenzisele umphakathi.

IsiHlanzi seNguqulo seNkathi Yesihlanu sitolikiwe ukuvikela amalungelo ahlukahlukene angangeni, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokufihla icala. Lencazelo iye yaba nemiphumela ebanzi yenkululeko yomphakathi ngaphandle kwenqubo yobugebengu.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo sesithupha sivikela ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi ngejaji elingakhethi ezinkantolo zobugebengu. Siqinisekisa ilungelo lomuntu omangalelwe lokuzwa icala lakhe. Siphinde sithi abantu abamangalelwe ngecala banelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi abamangalelayo, babize ofakazi babo, futhi bavikelwe ngummeli enkantolo.

Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho womthetho wobugebengu sisebenza ngokungakhethi futhi abantu abakwazi ukuboshwa ngaphandle kwezinqubo ezingokomthetho. Ilungelo lokwelulekwa libaluleke kakhulu, ngoba lisiza ekulinganiseni indawo yokudlala phakathi kwabamangalelwa ngabanye kanye namandla kahulumeni okushumayeza.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Sinelungelo Lokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezakhamuzi

ISichibiyelo sesikhombisa sidinga ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi futhi sinqabela izinkantolo ukuba zigumbuqele lokho okutholwa yijaji. Lokhu kulungisa ukuvikelwa kwecala lamacala angaphandle kwecala lobugebengu kwezinye izimpikiswano zombango, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zinendima ekuxazululeni izingxabano ezingokomthetho.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Isivikelo Ekubeni Nonya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

ISichibiyelo sesi-8 sivimbela ibheyili eqile, inhlawulo ephakeme, nesijeziso esinonya nesingajwayelekile. Lokhu kulunga kulinganisela amandla kahulumeni okujezisa izigebengu futhi kuye kwaba yisisekelo sezinselele zesigwebo sokufa, izimo zasejele, nezenzo zokugweba. Ukuchazwa kwezimpawu "zesigelekeqe nesijeziso esingavamile" kuyaqhubeka kuvela ngezindinganiso zomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo se-9 sithi abantu banamanye amalungelo angahlelwanga eMthethweni-sisekelo. Lamalungelo angahlolwanga aye achazwa njengehlanganisa amalungelo okuhamba, ukuvota, ukushada, ukuba nezindaba zomuntu siqu, nokwenza izinqumo ngomzimba womuntu siqu.

Lenguquko iyavuma ukuthi iSimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu asilona uhlu olugcwele lwenkululeko etholakala kubantu baseMelika. Siye sasetshenziselwa ukusekela ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo ahlukahlukene angashiwo ngokuqondile eMthethweni, kuhlanganise namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nokuzibusa komuntu siqu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo seshumi esigciniwe esigcinwe ezifundazweni kanye nabantu bonke amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni ngoMthetho - sisekelo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa isimiso sikahulumeni nohulumeni olinganiselwe, kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wesizwe unaleyomibuso enikezwa yona ngokukhethekile.

Ukukhululeka Okuyinhloko Kuzo Zonke Izincwadi Kumelwe Zazi

Nakuba zonke izivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo zibalulekile, inkululeko ethile yomphakathi ibalulekile kubantu abavotayo nakubusa ngentando yeningi.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Nokukhuluma Kwezombangazwe

Ilungelo lokuveza imibono yezombangazwe liyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Abaqondisi kumelwe bakwazi ukugxeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, ukusekela izinguquko zesimiso, nokuhlanganyela empikiswaneni yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni. Lenkululeko idlulela ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namazwi akhulunywayo, izinto ezilotshiwe, inkulumo engokomfanekiso, nokuxhumana nge - Internet.

Inkulumo yezombangazwe ithola izinga eliphakeme kakhulu leSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngoba kubalulekile ekuzilawuleni. Izinkantolo ziye zaphikelela ziphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni akanakuvimbela inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi iyagxeka, iyacasula, noma ayithandeki. Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti bangahlanganyela enkulumweni eqinile yezombangazwe futhi bagcine izikhulu zabo ezikhethiwe zinecala.

Inkululeko Yenkolo Nonembeza

Inkululeko engokwenkolo ivikela kokubili ilungelo lokwenza izinto ezingokwenkolo nelungelo lokukhululeka ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo ezigunyazwe uhulumeni. Kubo abavoti, lokhu kusho ukuthi izimiso zikahulumeni akumelwe zithande enye inkolo ngaphezu kwezinye noma ziphoqelele ukugcinwa kwenkolo. Kusho futhi ukuthi abantu bangazenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ezinkolelweni zabo ezingokwenkolo noma zefilosofi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa, phakathi kwemingcele enengqondo.

Umbango phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo − njengemithetho emelene nokungavumelani kwenkululeko — uyaqhubeka ubangela izimpikiswano ezibalulekile ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe. Abaqondisi kumelwe bacabangele indlela yokulinganisela inhlonipho ngonembeza ongokwenkolo kanye nesidingo sokuvikela ezinye inkululeko yomphakathi namalungelo omphakathi.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

I - Connecticut yaseGriswold neConnecticut, engu - 381 e - U.S. 479 (1965) yaqaphela ilungelo lokungafihliwe lezindaba zomshado njengelungelo lokuzifihla.

Nakuba lingashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo, ilungelo lokufuna izinto zomuntu siqu liye laqashelwa njengeliyisisekelo senkululeko. Lelilungelo livikela abantu ekungeneni okungenasidingo ezindabeni zohulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinqumo eziphathelene nomkhaya, ukuzalana, nobuhlobo obuseduze. Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu adlulela ekuvikeleni ukwaziswa komuntu siqu nokuxhumana ekuhloleni kukahulumeni.

Izinkinga zomuntu siqu ziye zakhula kakhulu.

Inkululeko Yomhlangano Neyokuzihlanganisa Nabanye

Ilungelo lokubuthana ngokuthula ukuze kuvuswe imibhikisho, imihlangano, neminye imisebenzi ehlangene libalulekile ekuhleleni kwezombangazwe nakwezezenhlalo.

Inkululeko yokuhlangana ivikela futhi ilungelo lokujoyina amaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu okubusa, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, nezinye izinhlangano ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni. Lelilungelo lisiza ukuba kuhlangane ukuthatha isinyathelo sezombangazwe futhi lisize ukuba kukhule amazwi abantu ngabanye ngenqubo yentando yeningi.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Nakuba amalungelo okuvota ngokuvamile kuxoxwa ngawo njengamalungelo omphakathi kunawokukhulula abantu, ayisisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Izinguquko eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo zivikela ilungelo lokuvota, kuhlanganise neSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu (ekufakani ukucwasa ubandlululo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni), iSichibiyeli seshumi elinesithoba (iSiphakamiso sabesifazane esigunyazayo), iSichibiyelo samashumi amabini anesihlanu (intengo yokuvota) neSimende (ihlisa inkathi yokuvota kuya ku-18 18).

Abavoti kufanele baqaphele imithetho nezimiso ezithinta ukufinyelela ivoti, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokuvota, imithetho yokuthola imvume, amalungiselelo okuvota akuqala, nemikhuba yokuvota. Ukuvikela ilungelo lokuvota kuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekukhetheni abameleli bazo nesimiso sikahulumeni sokulungisa.

Inqubo Efanele Nokwelashwa Ngokufanele

Izimiso zokuvikela ezifanelekile ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ulandela izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba aphuce abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lezisivikelo zisebenza hhayi emacaleni obugebengu kuphela kodwa nasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi, njengokusebenza kukahulumeni, izinzuzo zomphakathi, kanye nokuthutha.

Kuvoti, ukuqonda amalungelo afanele enqubo kubalulekile ekuhloleni izimiso zokwahlulela zobugebengu, ukugcinwa kwabantu bevela kwamanye amazwe, nezenzo zikahulumeni zokuqondisa. Izinqubo ezilungile nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho kubalulekile ukuze umphakathi uhlale uthembele ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni.

Okwenza Kubaluleke Ukukhulula Ngombango Ekuthengeni

Inkululeko yomphakathi ayiyona imiqondo engokomthetho engaqondakali ngokomthetho, kodwa inemiphumela eqondile nesebenzayo yendlela idemokrasi esebenza ngayo nendlela abavoti abahlanganyela ngayo enqubweni yezombangazwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani lenkululeko yezindaba isiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo eziqondiswe ngolwazi mayelana nabazobhapathizwa nezimiso.

Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Esiklanyiwe

Inkululeko yomphakathi iqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti bayakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa abakudingayo ukuze benze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Inkululeko yezindaba ivumela izintatheli ukuba zihlole futhi zibike ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, izizinda ezicela ukubhapathizwa, kanye nemiphumela yezimiso. Inkululeko yokukhuluma yenza kube nengxoxo yomphakathi nezingxoxo zezindaba zezombangazwe.

Lapho inkululeko yomphakathi ibekelwe imingcele, abavoti abakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okubalulekile nemibono. ukuhlolwa kukahulumeni, ukucindezelwa kwemithombo yezindaba, nemingcele yenkulumo yezombangazwe konke kululaza ikhono lezakhamuzi lokwenza izinqumo ezihlelwe kahle ebhokisini lokuvota.

Ukuvikela Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Inkululeko yomphakathi ivikela ilungelo lokuhlanganyela ngokukhululekile enqubweni yezombangazwe ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela kukahulumeni.

Uma lezisivikelo zibuthakathaka noma zingaphoqelelwe, ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kuyahlupheka. Izakhamuzi zingase zithathe imibono yazo, zigweme ukuhileleka kwezombangazwe, noma zisekele kuphela abafuniwe uhulumeni nezikhundla. Isivikelo senkululeko eqinile yomphakathi siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo sezombangazwe kuhlala kukhululekile, kuhlukile futhi kunenjongo.

Ukubheka Uhulumeni Njengonecala

Inkululeko yomphakathi inikeza izakhamuzi amathuluzi okuziphendulela kuhulumeni. Ilungelo lokugxeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, ukucela izikhalo, nokuhlela inqubo ehlangene konke kwenza abavoti bakwazi ukubekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele nokufuna ushintsho. Ngaphandle kwalenkululeko, izikhulu zikahulumeni azidingi ukucindezela kokusabela ezinkathazweni zezakhamuzi noma ukulungisa amaphutha azo.

Ikhono lokuvota izikhulu eziphula inkululeko yomphakathi noma eziphishekela izimiso ezingathandwayo ngokwazo liwuhlobo lokulandisa.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Amancane

Inkululeko yomphakathi ivikela abantu ngabanye namaqembu amancane ekucindezeleni kweningi. Ngisho noma abavoti abaningi besekela inkambiso ethile, uhulumeni ngeke aphazamise inkululeko eyisisekelo evikelwe uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibono engathandeki, izinkolo ezimbalwa, namazwi aphikisanayo athola isivikelo ngisho nalapho bentula ukusekela okuningi.

Kuvoti, lesisimiso sibalulekile ngoba siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza isinqumo sentando yeningi akucindezeli. Ukubusa okukhulu kumelwe kulinganiswe nokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu ngabanye, futhi inkululeko yomphakathi inikeza lokho kulinganisela.

Ukulondoloza Umthetho Wentando Yeningi

Lapho izinqubo zentando yeningi zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo futhi zihlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi, izinqumo zikahulumeni zisemthethweni owengeziwe. Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekwamukeleni nasekuzithobeni imithetho nezimiso lapho zikholelwa ukuthi inqubo yezombangazwe yayilungile futhi amalungelo azo ehlonishwa.

Abaqondisi benkululeko yomphakathi bangahlaziya kangcono ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza kahle yini nokuthi izinqubo zentando yeningi ziyakufanelekela yini ukuthenjwa nokuhlanganyela.

Izinkinga Zokukhululwa Kwabantu Ngesikhathi Esidlule

Inkululeko yomphakathi iyaqhubeka ishintsha, yanda, futhi ngezinye izikhathi incishiswa imithetho emisha nezincazelo zenkantolo. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje zezimpikiswano zanamuhla. Ukuqonda izimpikiswano zamanje kusiza abavoti ukuba bahlanganyele ezithethwini zangempela zezimiso zomphakathi zenkululeko.

Ukuzihlukanisa Kwabantu Ngezinombolo Nokwanda Kukahulumeni

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola izinto eziyimfihlo, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa ngomthetho nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ukuze kuqondiswe izakhamuzi kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sesine. Abaqondisi kumelwe bacabangele indlela yokulinganisela izinkathazo zokulondeka okungokomthetho nesidingo sokuvikela izindaba zomuntu siqu enkathini yekhono lobuchwepheshe elingenakuqhathaniswa.

Izindaba ezinjengokukhomba, ukuqoqwa kwemetameter, ubuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso, kanye nokuqapha okungenasiqinisekiso kwazo zonke izikhululo zomphakathi. Uhlelo olungokomthetho lwalezobuchwepheshe luyaqhubeka luziguqula, futhi abavoti banendima ebalulekile ezimisweni zokulolonga ezilawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo.

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ingabe izinkampani ezinkulu zezokuxhumana, njengamabhizinisi azimele, zingakwazi ukucubungula inkulumo evikelwe noma "izembozo" abasebenzisi abangalandeli imithetho ethile? Ingabe uhulumeni kufanele akwazi ukulawula amanga kula mapulatifomu?

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ekucushweni kukahulumeni, asizilawuli ngokuqondile izinkampani ezizimele. Nokho, lapho izinkampani ezimbalwa zilawula iziteshi eziningi zenkulumo kuyi - Internet, kuphakama imibuzo yokuthi imiphi imithetho emisha edingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe inkulumo ekhululekile.

Amalungelo Ezibhamu Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Ukudubulana kwabantu abaningi e-United States kuvame ukubangela ukuba kube nemithetho eqinile yokulawula izibhamu. Abameleli beSikhawu Sokulungisa baphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi imingcele ethile iphula ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali. Le mpikiswano eqhubekayo iveza ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngobukhulu beSichibiyelo sesibili negunya likahulumeni lokulawula izibhamu ukuze kuphephe.

Abaqondisi kumelwe bahlole izindinganiso eziphikisanayo zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukulondeka komphakathi, nomthetho - sisekelo lapho behlaziya iziphakamiso zezibhamu. Ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho nomthetho - sisekelo kuyasiza ekuziseni lezi zinqumo ezinzima.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nemithetho Emelene Nenkolo

Ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nemithetho emelene nokucwasana kuye kwabangela impikiswano enkulu. Kuphakama imibuzo lapho izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zingqubuzana nemithetho enqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ekubukekeni kobulili, ubulili, noma ezinye izici ezivikelekile. Izinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso kumelwe balinganisele inhlonipho ngonembeza ongokwenkolo nesidingo sokuvikela abantu ekucwaseni.

Ngokuvamile lezi zimo zihilela ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuzivivinya okuvumelekile okungokwenkolo nokungathandeki. Abaqondisi kumelwe bacabangele indlela yokuhlonipha kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo nezimiso zokulingana emphakathini ohlukene.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Inkululeko yomphakathi ivikelelwa esimisweni sokwahlulela komthetho wezephula-mthetho, okuhlanganisa amalungelo afanele, ukuvikelwa ekufuneni okungacabangeli, nemingcele yesijeziso sonya nesiphithiphithi. Izindaba ezinjengezenzo zamaphoyisa, ukulahla inguquko, izimo zasejele, nesijeziso sokufa konke kuhilela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Abaholi abakhathazekile ngenkululeko yomphakathi kufanele baqaphele izimiso zokwahlulela zobugebengu futhi bahlole ukuthi bayawahlonipha yini amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kuyilapho belondoloza ukuphepha komphakathi.

Ukufuduka Nokukhululwa Kwabemi

Ukugcinwa kwenkululeko yokufuduka kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile ngokuphathelene namalungelo enqubo afanele, ukuphenywa nokuhlaselwa kwekhono, kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Abahlali kumelwe bacabangele indlela izimiso zokufuduka ezithinta ngayo inkululeko yomphakathi, kokubili kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe nezakhamuzi ezingase ziqashelwe noma ziqashelwe kakhulu emiphakathini yabafuduki.

Indlela Imishini Engavikela Ngayo Inkululeko Yangaphakathi

Ukuqonda inkululeko yomphakathi kumane nje kuyisinyathelo sokuqala, futhi abaqondisi bezincwadi banezindlela eziningi zokuvikela nokuthuthukisa lenkululeko eyisisekelo ngokuhlanganyela kwabo enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Izingcezu Zokukhishwa Kwezigebengu Ezisekelwe Ekwamukelweni Kwenkululeko Yomphakathi

Lapho bekhetha abazothatha, abavoti kufanele bahlole amarekhodi abo ezindabeni zenkululeko yomphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukubukeza amavoti abo emthetho ofanele, izinkulumo zabo ngokuphathelene namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, nezenzo zabo ezisehhovisi. Abasekela njalo isivikelo somphakathi bafanelwe ukucatshangelwa ngabavoti abazisa lenkululeko.

Abaqondisi-zincwadi kufanele futhi baqaphele ukumiswa kokwahlulela, njengoba amajaji enza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekumiseni isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi. Indlela zomongameli nowezikhulu zokukhetha kokwahlulela zingaba nemiphumela engapheli ekwahluleleni inkululeko yomphakathi.

Hlala Uzazi Izinkinga Zokukhululeka Kwangaphakathi

Ukuvikela inkululeko yangaphakathi kudinga isakhamuzi esinolwazi, ivoter kufanele ilandele izindaba eziphathelene nezindaba zomthetho-mthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, neziphakamiso zemithetho ezithinta inkululeko eyisisekelo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), i - Electronic Fromment Foundation, kanye nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zenkululeko yomphakathi zinikeza imithombo nokwaziswa ngezindaba zamanje.

Ukuqonda umongo ongokomthetho nomthetho wezingxoxo zenkululeko yomphakathi kuyabasiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo benolwazi futhi bahlanganyele enkulumweni enengqondo yezombangazwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekufundiseni Nokuthatha Icala

Ngaphandle kokuvota, izakhamuzi zingavikela inkululeko yomphakathi ngokuxhumana nabantu ngokubuswa nangokuthatha isinyathelo, lokhu kuhlanganisa nokuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ngemibandela yenkululeko yomphakathi, ukuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni nasekubhikisheni, ukusekela izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi nokuhlanganyela ekufundiseni umphakathi ngamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlanganisa kuhlanganisa amazwi futhi kungacindezela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zihloniphe inkululeko yomphakathi. Izinhlangano ezikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkolo ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ngokomlando ekwandiseni nasekuvikeleni inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Zisekele Izinhlangano Zenkululeko Yomphakathi

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzela ukuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi ngokunikezana imvume, ukuphanga, nemfundo yomphakathi. Ukusekela lezinhlangano − ngeminikelo, ngezisebenzi zokuzithandela, noma amalungu − izinhlangano ziqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yomphakathi inezikhundla eziqinile eziqinile. Lamaqembu avame ukuletha izinselele ezingokomthetho, anikeze ukumelelwa kwabantu abanamalungelo aphulwe, futhi asekela izinguquko zezimiso.

Sebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Ukuhlanganyela ekubhikisheni okunokuthula, ukuveza imibono yezombangazwe, ukwenza izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, nokuhlanganyela kwezinye izinto ezivikelwe kusiza ekusebenziseni lenkululeko ngendlela evamile futhi kubonise ukubaluleka kwayo. Lapho izakhamuzi ziwasebenzisa ngenkuthalo amalungelo azo, lawo malungelo aba namandla futhi kube nzima ukuwaqeda.

Fundisa Abanye

Ukuhlanganyela ulwazi ngenkululeko yomphakathi nabangane, umkhaya, kanye nomphakathi kusiza ekwakheni ukusekela okubanzi kwalezisivikelo. Abantu abaningi abawazi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo noma ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yomphakathi ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Imfundo nengxoxo kungandisa ukuqonda komphakathi futhi kwakhe isiko elizisa inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Ukuziphendukela Okuqhubekayo Kwenkululeko Yombango

Amalungelo aqinisekisiwe awaphelele, futhi kuye kwaba nokungavumelani okukhulu ngokuphathelene nezinga alinganisela ngalo igunya likahulumeni. Inkululeko yomphakathi iyaqhubeka ishintsha ngomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye nezimiso ezishintshayo zomphakathi. Ukuqonda le nguquko kusiza abavoti ukuba baqonde kokubili intuthuko eye yenziwa nezinselele ezisele.

Ukwanda Kwamalungelo Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

Izinga lenkululeko yomphakathi namaphesenti abantu base-United States ababenalenkululeko liye landa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esasisebenza kuwo wonke amaqembu siye sadluliselwa kubo bonke abantu. Amalungelo ayengaqashelwanga ekuqaleni aye amiswa ngokuchaza nangokulungisa.

Lokhu kwanda kubonisa ushintsho olungokomthetho nokushintsha endleleni izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo. Abaqondisi kufanele baqonde ukuthi inkululeko yomphakathi ayimi nje kuphela, kodwa ingaqina noma ingabi buthakathaka kuye ngezenzakalo ezingokomthetho nangezinqumo zezombangazwe.

Izinselele Nezithiyo

Inkululeko yomphakathi ayizange ikhule ngaso sonke isikhathi ngendlela elandelanayo. Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kuye kwaba nezikhathi lapho inkululeko eyisisekelo yabekwa khona imingcele noma yaphulwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uMkhandlu wadlulisa i-Espion and Sedition Acts (1917-1918) phakathi neMpi Yezwe I (1914 – 1918) ukuze ulwe nempi nokuhlelwa kwemisebenzi; iKhomishane yamemezela futhi ukuthi iQembu lamaKhomanisi alivunyelwe ngokomthetho phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi.

Ukuqonda lezi zithiyo ezingokomlando kusiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele izimpawu eziyisixwayiso lapho inkululeko yomphakathi isongelwa futhi beqaphela ukubaluleka kokuqapha ekuvikeleni inkululeko eyisisekelo.

Indima Yezinkantolo Ekuvikeleni Inkululeko Yombango

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni nasekuqinisekiseni isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi. Ukuhlola kwezehlulelo kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ngisho noma leyo mithetho inesisekelo esikhulu. Lo msebenzi owenziwe ngokuphikisana nomthetho ubalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni ophambanayo.

Abaqondisi kufanele baqonde ukuthi ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuthinta kanjani inkululeko yomphakathi futhi bacabangele izindlela zabazokuthatha incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo lapho benza izinqumo zokuvota. Ukuhlelwa kwezinkantolo kuzo zonke izigaba (kusukela eNkantolo Ephakeme kuya kuhulumeni nasezinkantolo zendawo) ukuvimbela indlela inkululeko yomphakathi evikelwa ngayo.

Ukukhululeka Ngomphakathi Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba lo mqondisi egxile ekwamukeni kwabantu baseMelika, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi amazwe amaningi akhona anemithetho-sisekelo, incwadi yamalungelo, noma imibhalo efana nayo efuna ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yomphakathi futhi efuna ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yomphakathi. Amanye amazwe aye amisa imithetho efanayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokusayina nokugunyaza noma ngenye indlela eveza ithonya emihlanganweni emikhulu enjenge-European Convention on Human Rights ne-International Convention on Civil and Polistical Rights.

Ukuqhathanisa isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi waseMelika nalezo ezikweminye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi kunganikeza umbono obalulekile emandleni nasebumnyameni bezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Kuqokomisa futhi ukubaluleka kwenkululeko eyisisekelo emhlabeni wonke ekubusweni kwentando yeningi nesithunzi somuntu.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Abaqondisi bezindaba abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo inkululeko yomphakathi bayakwazi ukuthola izinto eziningi:

  • UMthetho-sisekelo neSigqi se-Amalungelo: Ukufunda umbhalo wangempela walezi zincwadi ezisunguliwe kunikeza ukubekwa okubalulekile ekuvikelweni kwenkululeko yomphakathi.
  • [[NT.:0] Izinqumo zeNkantolo yeSikhathi: Icala lezentengiselwano njengeBrown v. Board of Education, Miranda v. Arizona, New York Times v. Sullivan, kanye nabanye abaningi baye baguqula umthetho wenkululeko yomphakathi. Ukufunda lezinqumo noma ukufushaniswa kwazo kusiza ukuqonda indlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisetshenziswa ngayo.
  • Izinhlangano zeLiberties: Amaqembu anjenge [[FLT:] Inkululeko yomphakathi yase-American Union, inikeza imithombo yemfundo, ukushintshwa kwezindaba, ukuhlaziywa kwemibono yenkululeko.
  • [[[QLT:0] Imfundo ye-Legal Resources:[ I-website njenge-[[FTL:2]] Legal Information Institute eCornell Law School inikeza izincazelo ezifinyeleyo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nemiqondo yenkululeko yomphakathi.
  • [[FLT]News and Analysis: Ilandela imithombo yezindaba enedumela elihle ehlanganisa izindaba ezingokomthetho nezingokomthetho ngokomthetho isiza abavoti ukuba bahlale benolwazi ngezingxoxo zenkululeko yomphakathi zamanje kanye nentuthuko.

Isiphetho: Ukukhululeka Komphakathi Nokuba Izakhamuzi Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Inkululeko yomphakathi yakha isisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi yenza ukuba kungenele ukuthatha isinyathelo esinengqondo sokuzivota. Kubavoti, ukuqonda lenkululeko eyisisekelo kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingokolwazi, ukwenza uhulumeni alandise, nokuvikela amalungelo abo bonke abantu.

Inkululeko yomphakathi, eyisivikelo kuhulumeni obekwe kumthetho-sisekelo, iye yaphikiswana ngezindawo njengeziyalo "zezenhlalakahle" no "mthetho" zingenela ezinhlonhleni zesisekelo. Kuzo zonke izizukulwane, izakhamuzi kumelwe zinqume ukuthi zingazilinganisela kanjani izindinganiso ezincintisanayo nokuthi zingazandisa noma zivimbele inkululeko yomphakathi.

Umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi awuncikile kuphela ezinkantolo noma ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe . Ngokuhlala unolwazi, ngokuhlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe, ngokusebenzisa amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, nokusekela isivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi, abavoti bangaqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo ihlala iqinile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Idemokrasi idinga okungaphezu nje kokuvota − idinga ukubopha futhi iqaphele inkululeko yomphakathi eyenza ukuba ihlanganyele ngokwentando yeningi. Wonke umvoti usengozini ekuvikeleni lenkululeko, hhayi kuwo kuphela kodwa kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi. Uma inkululeko yomphakathi ichuma, idemokrasi. Uma iphansi, ukubusa kwentando yeningi kuyahlupheka.

Njengoba ulungiselela ukuvota okhethweni oluzayo, cabangela indlela abafuna ukuvota nezimiso ezizothinta ngayo inkululeko yomphakathi. Buza imibuzo ngesivikelo somthetho-mthetho, hlola amarekhodi ngenkululeko eyisisekelo, futhi wenze ukukhetha okubonisa izindinganiso zakho ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nohulumeni olinganiselwe.

Ukuqonda inkululeko yomphakathi kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, hhayi impumelelo eyodwa. Izimiso zomthetho-mthetho kumelwe ziphinde zihlolwe futhi zisetshenziswe ezimweni ezintsha. Izinguquko zobuchwepheshe, ukuguquka komphakathi, nezinselele ezintsha zivele. Kodwa isimiso esiyisisekelo sihlala sikhona: Amandla kahulumeni kumelwe alinganiselwe ukuze avikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, futhi izakhamuzi kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile ekuvikeleni amalungelo azo.

Ngokwenza inkululeko yomphakathi ibe yindawo yokuqala ezinqumweni zakho zokuvota nasekuthembiseni uhulumeni, ufaka igalelo ekulondolozweni nasekuqinisweni kwenkululeko echaza umbuso weningi waseMelika. Lezisivikelo azizona izihlupho zokuzibulala, kodwa zidinga ukuzivikela okunenkuthalo kwezakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezithembisene. Wonke umvoti unamandla nomthwalo wokuvikela inkululeko yomphakathi kubo kanye nasezizukulwaneni ezizayo.