Imishini yentando yeningi yaseMelika ngokuvamile ingazizwa ingenangqondo, ikhona phakathi kwezincwadi zomphakathi zesikole esiphakeme nemidlalo ephezulu yokhetho. Zimbalwa izinqubo ezihlanganisa lokhu kucindezeleka ngaphezu kwe-Electoral College. Imiswe endulo yezentando yeningi, ngemva kwenkathi yobuKhosi, ilokhu iyinqubo eqinisekile yokukhetha umholi onamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Kuvota, ukuqonda lesimiso akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo; kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokuqonda ukuthi amandla ezombangazwe ahlala kanjani ngempela nokuthi i - bhalo likabholo liyini elihlela kanjani impumelelo yesizwe. Lesi sihloko siphula phansi wonke amaqiniso abalulekile adinga ukwazi nge-Elctoral College, kusukela ekulweni kwayo embusweni kwemithetho yanamuhla kuya ekwakhelweni kwayo.

Umqulu Oluhlaza Kamthetho - sisekelo: Umsuka Nokungahlosile

I-Electoral College yayingewona umgomo owaziswa kakhulu wokwamukelwa kwamaFather, kodwa kunalokho ukuyekethisa okungokomthetho okwagadla phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo wewaka ka - 1787. Izihambeli zahlukene. Abanye basekela ukuvota okuthandwayo yizakhamuzi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi iKhongolo-ntle yase-yase-Congress kufanele ikhethe umongameli. I-memorion yesithathu yaphikisa izishaya-mthetho ukuba ibambe amandla. I-Electractoral College yavela njengendlela [[[FL:0] middle ndlela [] indlela yokulinganisela ithonya lamazwe amakhulu namancane kuyilapho igcina izinga lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-Pucester nomthetho.

Ngaphansi kwe-Connecticut Relected, iNdlu yabameleli yayizohlukaniswa ngenani labantu, futhi iSigele sasizonikeza isilinganiso esilinganayo kumbuso ngamunye. I-Electoral College yalingisa lesi sakhiwo. Inani labavoti likahulumeni lilingana nengqikithi yalo eMkhandlwini (Indlu + Isigebengu). Lokhu kwanikeza amazwe amancane amandla angaphezulu kakhulu kunamazwe amakhulu, isici esisalokhu siyikhombazwe elikhulu lempikiswano namuhla.

Ebhala kuFederalist No. 68, u-Alexander Hamilton wavikela isimiso, ephikisa ngokuthi kungaqinisekisa ukuthi ihhovisi likamongameli alisoze lehlela kunoma yimuphi umuntu "ongahlonishwanga kakhulu ngezimfanelo ezidingekile" abasunguli babesaba ukuthi kungenzeka "kube nonya" okhethweni oluqondile futhi bakholelwa ukuthi iqembu elincane labavoti abahlakaniphile lingasebenza njengesehlo ngokumelene nenkanuko ethandwayo noma ithonya langaphandle. Lokhu kwedemokrati eqondile kufakwa kuyo kanye isisekelo senhlangano.

Yebo, isimiso sokuqala sasinawo futhi ama-Finth ahlukene phezu kobugqila. Ama-Fenth Ehlehnty, abalwa abantu abagqilaziwe njengezingxenye ezintathu zomuntu ukuze baboniswe (futhi kanjalo amavoti akhethwe ngokhetho), anika izifunda zaseNingizimu isandiso esikhulu kukhetho lukamongameli amashumi eminyaka, athonya ngokuqondile imiphumela yeRepublic yokuqala. Lelifa elingathandeki liyingxenye evelele yomlando we-Electoral College.

Umshini Wekholiji Lanamuhla Le - Electoral

Namuhla, i-Electoral College inabavoti abangu-588, abanamavoti angu-270 afunekayo ukuze bawine umongameli. Le nqubo iye yacwengisiswa ngezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho nemithetho kahulumeni, idlulela ngalé kombono wokuqala wabasunguli wokhetho abazimele abasebenzisa isahlulelo sabo.

Ukushintshwa Kwemishini Yokuhlaziya

Inani labavoti besifundazwe ngasinye linqunywa njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi i-U.S.A. izifunda ezinenani elikhulu kunazo zonke izikhulu ezivotayo. ICalifornia inamavoti angu-44, Texas 40, ne-Florida 30. Okwamanje, amazwe amancane njengoWyoming, Vermont, no-Alaska anezinga eliphansi kakhulu kwamathathu. ISichibiyelo se 23 sanikeza i-Dalit of Columbia abavoti abathathu, siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zenhloko - dolobha yalelizwe zinezwi kukhetho lukamongameli.

Isigaba Sezinhlayiya Nezivoter

Uma umvoti evotela ibhola lokuvota umlandeli womongameli, bavota ngokobuchwepheshe be- " i-state" yabaphathi be-color ithembisa kulowo mfundi. Laba bavoti bangamalungu athembekile eqembu, izishisekeli, noma izikhulu zendawo. Nakuba abasunguli behlose ukuba abavoti bazimele, manje bacishe baboshwe ngokuphelele ukwethembeka kweqembu nomthetho wezwe.

Kumazwe angu- 48 nase-Frigic of Columbia, othola amavoti athandwayo kulelozwe uthola wonke amavoti ayo akhethiwe. Lena i "i-winner-all" isimiso. i-Maine ne Nebraska idlula i-flare, isebenzisa isifanekiso sesifunda lapho amavoti amabili akhethiwe anikezwa khona umnqobi wezwe lonke, futhi ivoti eyodwa evoti yokhetho inikezwa umwini wesifunda ngasinye.

Abakhethi Abangenalukholo

Kwenzekani uma ovota bephula izivumelwano zabo futhi bevotela omunye umuntu? Laba "abavoti abangakholwa" baye bavela ngezikhathi ezithile kuwo wonke umlando, kodwa abazange bawushintshe umphumela wokhetho. Ukukhuluma ngalokhu, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngazwi linye Chiafalo v. Washington [2020] enquma ukuthi igunya lomthetho-mshicile lokujezisa noma ukususa abavoti abangenalukholo. Lokhu kwaqinisa amandla ombuso nevoti yesahlulelo sokhetho esizimele, okuqhubeka kuqinisekisa ukuqonda kwanamuhla kwe-EC njengomfanekiso omsulwa wentando yombuso.

Isimiso Esihlangene Nesiqinisekiso

Ngo-December, abavoti bahlangana enhloko - dolobha yesifundazwe sabo ukuze bavote. La mavoti abelwa eSishaya - mthetho, lapho abalelwa khona esiqenjini esihlangene ngoJanuary. UMongameli ongumongameli, njengoMongameli weSigele, uqondisa lesibalo. Le nqubo, ngokuvamile inqubo, yahlolwa kakhulu ngemva kukaJanuary 6, 2021. IElectoral Reformal Act ka-20222 kamuva yadluliselwa ukuze icacise indima kaMongameli wenkonzo kuphela futhi iphakamise umnyango wokuvinjelwa, iqinisela umthetho nokudluliselwa ngokuhlelekile kwegunya.

I - Electoral College Ne - Voter: Ubuhlobo Obuyinkimbinkimbi

I-Electoral College ngokuyisisekelo ihlela icebo lokukhankasela umongameli futhi ngenxa yalokho, isimo sokuthembisana kwezombangazwe ngezigidi zamaMelika. Ukuba khona kwayo kudala indawo engenakulinganiswa kakhulu lapho ithonya lomvoti lixhomeke kakhulu endaweni yazo.

Imithombo Ephephile

Ithonya eliqondile kakhulu kuvoti yinoma bahlala esimweni esiwu "sokuhanjwa" noma "esimweni esilondekile" izifundazwe ezifaka imithombo (noma izigaba zempi) yilezo lapho umphumela ungaqinisekile. Kulemijikelezo yamuva, lezi zihlanganise amazwe anjengePennsylvania, Michigan, Consian, Arizona, Georgia, ne Nevada. Candida inikela inani elikhulu lemithombo yazo yemali (`advertisting, ing, ingcelloating, ing, nensimishiza,'i.).

Ngokuphambene, abavoti ku bamazwe aphephile ngokuqiniseka amavoti eqembu elithile noma elinye. U-Republican eCalifornia noma uDemocrat e-Alabama angazizwa enganelisekile, bazi ukuthi ivoti yabo kamongameli ngokuqinisekile iyakuthonywa yinani elikhulu leqembu eliphikisayo. Lokhu kungaholela ekunciphiseni ukujika kanye nomuzwa wezombangazwe, naphezu kokuba laba bavoti babe ingxenye yevoti ethandwayo yesizwe.

Amaqiniso Ezibalo Nezigaba Zesithathu

Isimiso se-EC sidala isithiyo esikhulu esingokwengqondo nesingajulile kwababezothatha ingxenye yesithathu. Ukuze bazuze ubuningi bamavoti abavoti abavoti, ocela ukubhapathizwa kumelwe awine imibuso ngokuqondile noma aphoqe i-gassion yokukhetha eNdlu yabameleli. Lokhu "kuthatha konke" okunamandla okuyala ukuba kube mbanzi kodwa okungajulile. Umfundi wesithathu othola inzuzo ka 5% yamavoti. Lo mandla athola ivoti engunovoti ekhethekile "umsizi wezimbi ezimbili"calculus, lapho ukuvota komta othandwayo kuvame ukubonwa "njengokuvota" noma ukona uhlanga lweqembu elikhulu.

Owokugcina othatha isigaba sesithathu ukuba awine noma yikuphi ukuvota kwabavoti kwakunguGeorge Wallace ngo-1968. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abazobhapathizwa njengoRoss Perot (1992, 1996) noGary Johnson (2016) bahluleka ukugqashuka isithiyo se-EC naphezu kokunqoba izigidi zamavoti, ukuqokomisa ukuvota kwalesimiso okuhlanganisa ama-party amabili.

Ukukhethwa Okufanelekile: Indlu Iyanquma

Uma kungekho mvoti ofika kumavoti angu-270 akhethiwe, uMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba iNdlu yabameleli ikhethe umongameli. Nokho, kukhetho lwezigaba, abameleli bombuso ngamunye bathola ivoti eyodwa. Lokhu kushintsha ngokuphawulekayo amandla, njengoba amazwe amancane esebenzisa ithonya elifanayo namazwe amakhulu. Lenqubo iye yasetshenziswa kabili: ngo-1801 (ukhetho lukaThomas Jefferson) no-1825 (ukhetha uJohn Quncincy Adams). Enkathini yanamuhla, isigaba sesithathu esiqinile singabangela kalula lesi senzakalo, siholele enhlekeleleni engokomthetho nangokwezombangazwe okungakaze kwenzeke.

Impikiswano Enkulu: Ukugxeka Nokusikisela Izinguquko

I - Electoral College ingenye yezinhlangano eziphikiswana kakhulu kuhulumeni waseMelika.

Ukugxeka Okunobumba

Ukugxeka okuvelele kakhulu kunokwenzeka "komnqobi ongalungile" [1] umlandeli owina umongameli kuyilapho elahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka kahlanu emlandweni wase-U.S.: ngo-1824 (John Quincy Adams), 1876 (URutherford B. Hayes), 188 (Benjamin Harrison), 2000 (u-George W. Bush), no-2016 (UMvumelwane J. Trump). Enkathini yokuzinyusela kakhulu, umqondo wokuthi umongameli angakhethwa ngaphandle kobuningi bevoti yesizwe.

Ngaphandle kwegebe levoti elithandwayo, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi iEC inikeza ithonya elivunyelaniswe emazweni amancane. Nakuba lesi kwakuyisici samabomu sokuqinisekisa ukwakhiwa kwenyunyana, iphula isimiso sobukhompuyutha sobukhomanisi sentando yeningi sesilinganiso sezombangazwe. Umvoti eWyoming unamandla okuvota cishe kathathu umvoti eCalifornia ngokwevoti yevoti ye-otho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi simiso sidala inkinga eshiwo ngaphambili "yezindawo ezilondekile," abavoti abadakisayo ekubhikisheni emaqeleni amakhulu ezwe. Amapulatifomu angokomthetho abe esehlotshaniswa kuphela nokukhathazeka kokuvota kwe-paltice kahulumeni, kushiye izidingo zeningi zingakhothwa. Ekugcineni, umnqobi othatha sonke isimo sesimiso angacindezela umvoti, njengoba isisekelo seqembu esisesimweni esiphephile singaba nesisusa esincane sokuphendukela emncintiswaneni womongameli uma umphumela uyisiphetho se-egeone.

Inguquko: ISivumelwano Sesizwe Esithandwayo SaseVote Interstate (NPVIC)

Isiphakamiso esiphambili senguquko iNational Popular Vote Interstate Convention. Lesi isivumelwano phakathi kwezifundazwe eziya eholweni zonke amavoti azo atholwa umnqobi wevoti ethandwayo ezweni lonke , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani onqoba umbuso wawo. I-compty ingaqala ukusebenza uma nje nje imelela amavoti amaningi abavoti (270).

Kusukela ngo-2024, 17 u-D.C. uhlangene namavoti, amelela ama-209 akhethayo. Lokhu kuthatha isinyathelo kudlula isidingo sokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, kusebenzisa amandla omthetho-mthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni wokunquma ukuthi ungabanika kanjani abakhethi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi ilondoloza i-Electoral College isakhiwo sezwe ngesikhathi esifanayo iqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi we-Cencale uthola amavoti amaningi ezweni lonke. Abagxeki bayibiza ngokuthi amandla ombuso futhi baphikisa ukuthi iholele ngisho nasezinkingeni ezinkulu, njengokugxila ezimakethekweni ezinkulu zezindaba, iphikisana nesilinganiso sezwe lonke, futhi ifaka isiqinisekiso sokungaqiniseki, ukuhambela kwesakhiwo sombuso. [FLD:0] isikhulu sezwe [FLD]

Ezinye Izinguquko: Icebo Lesigodi Nokuthutha

Omunye umkhangisi wenguquko ulingisa indlela yeMaine/Nebraska: ukukhokha isivoti esisodwa esiwukhetho kulowo ophumelele esifundazweni, futhi ezimbili kuwinisizwe jikelele. Lokhu kungenza ukuba ukhetho luncintisane kakhulu nombuso. Nokho, abagxeki baveza ukuthi lokhu kungamane kushintshe indawo yempi kusuka ezifundeni kuya ezifundeni ezidukile, kubangele ukuhlanekezelwa okungalawuleki.

Isibonelo esibekwa ngokwesilinganiso, lapho ngamunye ovotayo athola khona ingxenye yamavoti alingana nesabelo sakhe sokuvota okuthandwayo kulesosifundazwe, kungenye indlela. Lokhu kungaveza ngokunembile kakhulu okuthandwa nguhulumeni. Nokho, kungaphumela ekutholeni amaqembu esithathu amavoti akhethwe ngokhetho futhi kukwenze kube nzima nganoma yimuphi umvoti ukuba afinyelele emnyango ka-270, okungabangela ukuba alahle noma iluphi ukhetho eNdlini yabameli.

Icala Lokuvikela

Abavikeli be-Electoral College baphikisa ngokuthi iyisivikelo esibucayi se- ububanzi . I-U.S. akuyona i-demokrati eyodwa, eyodwa kodwa ukuhlangana kwe-demokrati kodwa i-ocensi ethatha i-oceral ye-odolign. I-EC iveza lo mklamo ngokufuna ukuba abazobungameli bakhe imifelandawo yonke. Umfundi kumelwe awine ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, avimbele isimo lapho umgadi ozuza khona ngokuhlela izindolo ezinkulu emadolobheni ambalwa andandile.

Abasekeli baphikisa futhi ngokuthi iElectoral College ivikela izwi lamazwe amancane kanye nezindawo zasemaphandleni ekubusweni ngokuphelele izikhungo ezinkulu zedolobha ezilawula ukuvota okuthandwa yisizwe. Ngaphandle kwe-EC, abameleli bomongameli banganqoba ngokuqothula iCalifornia, iTexas, iFlorida, iNew York, kanye nezinye izifunda ezimbalwa ezinkulu, zingazinaki nhlobo izinkathazo zemboni zaseMidwaster noma eNingizimu esemaphandleni. I-EC iphoqelela umkhankaso wokuba ube ngumuntu wesizwe ngempela, noma okungenani ngokwezwe elihlukene.

Baphikisa futhi isimiso sinikeza ukuthembeka nokuqiniseka. Ukunqoba-yonke imithetho kudala imiphumela ecacile. Kuphoqelela ukuba abavoti bafake izicelo zokushintsha ngokulinganisela phakathi kwezifunda eziyinhloko, kunokuba bafake isisekelo sabo esikhulu kuphela sokukhipha imvume. Abavikeli futhi bakhomba nasemaphupheni esabekayo esizwe kukhetho oluseduze, kanti isakhiwo sezwe-oral-tement EC siveza ukulandisa okuqondile, okuncintiwe. Umo ongokomlando omningi, iZinqolobane, [FLT] [FLT]] [FL:] kanye [FOLD] [F] [FOL:] [F]]

Lokho Okushiwo Yilokhu Kuwe Njengomlozi

Ukuqonda iElectoral College kubalulekile ekuqondiseni ibalazwe lezombangazwe eUnited States.

Uma uhlala esifundeni esilawulayo, ivoti yakho kamongameli inesisindo esibonakalayo esinesifiso sabavoti emazweni aphephile. Uzoqoshwa, uhlolwe, futhi izindaba zakho zendawo zingathola ukunakekela kwezwe.

Uma uhlala esimweni esiphephile, amandla akho awaqondile kakhulu. Nakuba umongameli wakho engase azizwe enqunyiwe, indima yakho ekulolongeni inqubo ethandwayo yesizwe isabalulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla akho ezinhlangani ukunciphisa izinhlanga [ (Indlu, uMbusi, uHulumeni, uRhulumente uSizwe) ukhulu. Lezinhlanga zithinta ngokuqondile inqubo yokuvota, ukuqinisekiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni, nemithetho kahulumeni elawula ukuvota. Ngokuvamile, indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuthonya i-Elctal College ihilela inqubo eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa abancintisanayo nokuvota ngokuvota emosweni kwezwe nakuvota.

Ekugcineni, iElectoral College iyincwadi yemithetho yomdlalo olandelwayo kakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Noma usekela ukuyiguqula, ukuyiqeda, noma ukuyivikela, ukuqonda omakhenika bayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekwenzeni izwi lakho lizwe. Ukusekela ihhovisi, kodwa futhi uqonda isimiso salawo mahhovisi asebenza ngaphakathi. Ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo ngomthetho wokhetho namalungelo ovotayo, [[FLT: 0] iSikhungo seJaji sinikeza ingcebo yokucwaninga, futhi [[FLT:] FOT] i-Fairte [[FLT:]] ihoote ihost ihost yokuqonda ukuqonda isimiso sokuguqula.