UMthetho - sisekelo Nokuvela KoMbuso Ophethe

Igatsha eliphethe likahulumeni wase-United States liyisici esikhulu nesiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sesimiso sikahulumeni. Lisebenza ngokukhishwa kokwethembeka kwemithetho, lisebenzisa ngokuqondile izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili, liphethe uhlelo lwemali yelanga olubanzi, futhi lihlele ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwanoma yimuphi umMelika. Nakuba iSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo siqala ngamagama adumile, "Umbuso ophethe uzakubekwa kuMongameli wase-United States of America," isifunda sanamuhla sokuphatha esinwebeka kude kakhulu kuneNdlulo Emhlophe. Ukuqonda indlela uMongameli noqululeki lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni osebenza ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondiseni izinto ezikhona ezibusayo zaseMelika.

Abasunguli babephikisana kakhulu namandla aphezulu. Okuhlangenwe nakho kokubusa kwenkosi uGeorge III kwabenza basola umqondisi onamandla, kodwa ukwehluleka kwezihloko zeConfederation kwabonisa isidingo samandla, ukunquma, nokulandisa kuhulumeni. UAlexander Hamilton waphikisa [umbuso] uNo. 70[FLT][FLT] [[FLT]] ukuthi "ukungavumelani nomphathi kungubuntu obuholayo encazekelweni kahulumeni omuhle"" lokhu kusemcicizelo wesidingo sesikhulu esinamandla nesidingo sokusigunyaza i-American formaeae.

ISiphakamiso II: Itshe Legunya Eliphethe

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa igatsha eliphethe esihlokweni esisodwa, kodwa amalungiselelo awo awumthombo wempikiswano enkulu nencazelo engokomthetho. Ngokungafani nohlelo lwemininingwane yamandla anikezwa iSishaya - mthetho eSiphakamiso I, iSiphakamiso II sifinyeza, esiye savumela amandla obumongameli ukuba anwebe ngendlela ephawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele.

Ukubuka Nokunakekela UKhisimusi

Izigaba ezimbili eSiphakamisweni II zisebenza njengesisekelo samandla omongameli. [[FLT:] Ukuphakamisa uClaus kunikeza umongameli othile amandla okulawula, ukwakha isikhulu sombuso. Lokhu kuye kwachazwa abanye njengokunikeza uMongameli amandla emvelo angaphezulu kwalawo adwetshiwe. Ukunakekela uClause [ kuyala ukuba uMongameli aqaphele ukuba "iqaphele ukuthi imithetho igcwaliswe ngokwethembeka futhi isetshenziswe ekuthetheleleni izintambo zemisebenzi yempatho, kuhlanganise nokusungulwa kwezinhlangano ezintsha kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimiso eziningi. Izingalo zale zenza inhliziyo yemithetho emikhulu cishe ibaluleke kakhulu.

Isifungo Sehhovisi

UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba uMongameli enze isifungo esiqondile: "Ngiyafunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States." Lesisifungo siveza isibopho somuntu siqu, somthetho-sisekelo esidlula noma isiphi isiphi isingcindezi se-stance noma sezombangazwe.

Izindima Namaqiniso Obubonisi Banamuhla

UMongameli wase - United States ugqoka izigqoko eziningi, ngasinye sinezikhundla ezihlukile, imithwalo yemfanelo, nemingcele.

Isigungu Esiyinhloko

Njengenhloko yenhlangano kahulumeni kahulumeni, uMongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo wokwengamela ukumiswa kwesimiso somphakathi. Lokhu kuhilela ukuphatha iHhovisi Lendawo Ephetheyo likaMongameli, elihlanganisa iHhovisi Lendlu Emhlophe neHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemali (OMB). UMongameli umisa abaphathi bezombangazwe abangaphezu kuka-4 000, kuhlanganise nonobhala beKhabhinethi, isekela lonobhala, kanye nezikhulu zezinhlangano, okulindeleke ukuba bafeze izinhloso zokuphatha. Nokho, ubukhulu obuqondile bukahulumeni bamazwe benza ukuba kungabi nakwenzi ukuqondisa okuqondile, kuholele ekuholeni kwenhlangano kanye [[FLT] [FLT] [2] [FLT]

Umphathi

UMongameli unegunya eliphelele phezu kwe-United States Armed Forces. Lombuso mhlawumbe uyinto esabekayo neyingozi kakhulu ezandleni zomuntu oyedwa. Abasunguli banikeza lo mbono kuMongameli wesizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthotshiswa kwempi ngaphansi kokulawulwa yizakhamuzi. Nakuba uMkhandlu unamandla okumemezela impi, uMongameli unegunya lokuthumela amabutho, ukuqhuba impi, nokuhlela izinto ezingokomthetho. ISigqi seMpi sango-1937 sizama ukuhlola lombuso ngokufuna ukuba uMongameli wamazwe azise iBhungale emahoreni angu-48 okuphoqesha alwa amabutho alwayo, kodwa abaMongameli baye bawachaza kaningi lo mthetho.

I - Diplomat Eyinhloko

UMongameli ungummeleli oyinhloko we-United States embulungeni yonke. Lendima ihlanganisa ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano (ngeseluleko nemvume yeSigele), uqaphela ohulumeni bangaphandle, futhi ungene ezivumelwaneni zokuphatha, ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya-mthetho. UMongameli ubuye asebenze njengenhloko yeSishaya-mthetho, athole izikhulu zangaphandle futhi amelele isizwe ezingqungqutheleni ezinkulu zomhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezivumelwano zezikhulu kuye kwavumela omongameli ukuba baqhube isimiso sangaphandle ngaphandle kokulandelana, badlulise inqubo yokwakha izivumelwano ezingokwesiko.

Isikhulu Semithetho

UMongameli udlala indima enamandla enqubweni yomthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba uMongameli anikeze ikheli le-Union kuKhomishane, anikeze ithuba lokuhlobanisa uhlelo lwe-authoric. Okubaluleke kakhulu, uMongameli unamandla okuvimbela umthetho. I-veto isebenza kakhulu ukuvimbela ukumiswa komthetho. I-veto evamile ingavinjelwa kuphela ngamavoti amabili-mitha amathathu kuphela kuwo womabili amakamu, i-bambo ephakeme engavamile ukuvela. Usongo nje lwe-veto lungahlela okuqukethwe yizindleko njengoba behamba ngeKhomisha. Omongameli banamuhla bancika futhi bancike ku "intetho yabo yokuchaza umthetho omusha, ngezinye izikhathi bagomela ukuthi amalungiselelo athile aphula amandla ophethe futhi ngeke asebenze.

Umholi Weqembu Nezwi Lesizwe

Ngaphandle kwezindima zomthetho-sisekelo, uMongameli umholi weqembu labo lezombangazwe. Lendima ihilela ukuqoqa imali, ukukhankasela amalungu eqembu, nokumisa iqophelo lesimiso seqembu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli uyala iqophelo elikhethekile, ngokuvamile elibizwa ngokuthi "ipulpulpulture," ukuthuthukisa umbono womphakathi, ukugxila kwemithombo yezindaba, nokukhuthaza izakhamuzi ezindabeni eziphoqelelayo. Lo mbuso wethukela ngokuvamile ubaluleke njengegunya elingokomthetho lomthetho.

Izikhali Zamandla Kamongameli

Abaholi baye basungula isimiso samathuluzi anamandla okuqondisa isimiso nokuphatha igatsha eliphethe ngaphandle kokudinga ukuvunyelwa yinhlangano.

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

Iziqondiso eziphethe iziyalezo ezinikezwa nguMongameli zokuphatha imisebenzi kahulumeni kahulumeni. Zinegunya lomthetho kodwa zisekelwe egunyeni elikhona lomthetho noma lomthetho-sisekelo. Zisetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa uhlelo, ukumisa izinhlangano ezintsha, noma ukucacisa indlela imithetho okufanele ibekwe ngayo. Nakuba imithetho yezikhulu ilinganiselwe; azikwazi ukwakha imithetho emisha noma izimali ezifanele. Zingahlelwa futhi zigumbuqelwe abalawuli abalandelayo. Umongameli we-randa nomthetho usebenza imisebenzi efanayo kodwa ngokuvamile uhlanganisa izindaba eziqondile noma imikhosi.

Amandla Okumisa Nokususa

Inqubo yokumisa iyimoto eyinhloko yokulawula umongameli. UMongameli uveza inqubo yeKhabhinethi, amajaji ahlangene (kuhlanganise amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme), amanxusa, nezinkulungwane zezinye izikhulu zesigaba esiphakeme, ezifuna kakhulu ukuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho. Amandla okususa, nokho, aye ayimpikiswano engokomthetho engokwekhulu leminyaka. Icala eliyikhombayo [FLT][FLT]] [[FLT]] [HMFMY ̱] HYMFYY & nothiyor. i-Exector v. United States [1935] [FLT:][FLD][5] [2] [indlela]

Amandla Aqhakazayo

ISiphakamiso II sinikeza uMongameli "Amandla okunika uReprievas noPardons i-Offenses emelene ne-United States, ngaphandle kwecala lokungagunyazwa. Lombuso uphelele futhi awukwazi ukuhlolwa yiSishaya-mthetho noma izinkantolo. Usebenza emacaleni kahulumeni futhi uvumela ukuthethelelwa okuphelele, ukukhishwa kwesigwebo, nokuthethelelwa kwemali ehlawuliwe. Intethelelo ivame ukusetshenziswa ukulungisa ukungalungi noma ukukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwesizwe, kodwa futhi ingaphikiswa kakhulu lapho isetshenziswa izinxulumani zezombangazwe.

Umbuso Wase - Federal Bureaucracy: Umbuso Ophethe

Umthetho kahulumeni uyisisekelo segatsha eliphethe. Unomthwalo wokumiswa nokugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni. Ukuqonda isakhiwo sawo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inqubo nsuku zonke.

Izinhlangano Zekhabethe

Iminyango engu-15 ephetheyo yakha umnyombo wenhlangano kahulumeni. Ngamunye uholwa nguNobhala (uMnyango we-Athorney wezobulungisa) okhonza eMnyango woBulunga. Leminyango isingatha izindawo ezibanzi zokubusa, kuhlanganise noMnyango, iNdawo yezimali, iSikhathi, i-Preference, i-Premical, i-Agriculture, i-Arcom, i-House and Urban Development, Energy, i-Education, i-Veterans Affaits, ne Homeland Security. Lezinhlangano ezinkulu zisebenzisa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu, i-Romsssworket, i-Afterraccuty, i-Arection.

Izimo Ezizimele Zokuqondisa

Ngaphandle kweminyango engu-15 kunezinhlangano eziningi ezizimele ezibika ngokuqondile kuMongameli. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), i-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ne-Small Business Administration (SBA). Isimo sazo sokuzimela ngokuvamile sibonisa isidingo sokugxila okukhethekile noma ukukhishwa kwezombangazwe ezisezingeni eliphezulu, nakuba zihlala ziqinile ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwesikhulu.

Iziyalezo Zokuqondisa Ezizimele

Le misebenzi iklanyelwe ukuba izimele ekulawuleni komongameli ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubungcweti nokulunga ezindaweni ezizwelayo zokuqondisa. Ihlanganisa i-Secturaties and Exchange Commission (SEC), i-Federal Commission (FCC), iFederal Trade Commission (FTC), neFederal Reserve Board. Abaphathi basebenza ngaphandle, ubude obumisiwe futhi bangasuswa kuphela ngembangela (umsebenzi, ukunganakiswa kwemisebenzi, noma i-mastifasance), njengoba kusungulwe [[FL:0]HYPHM&8; i-Exectation. . Lesimiso sisebenza ngokuqondise ngokuqondiswe kwezombangazwe kuphela ezisemthethweni.

Izinhlangano Zikahulumeni

Eminye imisebenzi kahulumeni ihlelwe njengezinhlangano ezivumela ukuvumelana nokusebenza okukhulu nokusebenza kahle kwebhizinisi. Lemisebenzi ihlanganisa i-United States Postal Service (USPS), i-Amtrak (i-National RailLourage Power Corporation), ne-Tennessee Valley Authority (TEV), i-Tennessee Authority (TE), nakuba ingeyohulumeni, isebenza ngesilinganiso esithile sokuzimela ekutholeni izigwebo ezivamile nasezimisweni zezisebenzi.

Inqubo Yokuphatha: Indlela Izinhlangano Ezibusa Ngayo

Inqubo abenza ngayo lokhu ilawulwa uMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (APA) ka- 1946, omisa imithetho yokwenza imithetho, ukufushanisa, nokuqinisa.

Ukuqaphela Nokuphendula

Uma u-APA ufaka umthetho, ngokuvamile uneziyalo ezibanzi. Izinhlangano zifuna ukuba izinhlangano zilandele inqubo ethile ye "imithetho ekhethekile": kumelwe zinyathelise isaziso se-Preased Ruleging (NPRM) [[FLT:] Féderal Register [[[FLD: 1]] Register [i-FLD], ukwamukela ukukhulumela komphakathi, ukucabangela lawomazwi, bese ushicilela umthetho wokugcina kanye nempendulo emazwini abalulekile. Lenqubo "ye-PRM) iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucaca, ukuthatha isinyathelo emphakathini, nokuhlolwa kwesinqumo. Kuyindlela eyinhloko yohulumeni owezimboni ohlanganisayo, imithetho ebophayo.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokulahlwa

Izimo zikahulumeni zingaphoqelela futhi umthetho kahulumeni. I-EPA ingakhipha ihlawulo lokungcola; i-SEC ingaletha ukukhohliswa ngokukhwabanisa kwezezimali; i-DoJ imangalela ubugebengu bukahulumeni. Izinhlangano eziningi futhi zinamajaji omthetho olawulayo (ALJ) abafushanisa izimpikiswano phakathi kwenhlangano namaqembu azimele. Lenhlanganisela yemithetho, isikhulu, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela eqenjini elilodwa igxekwa njalo njengokuphulwa kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kodwa iye yasekelwa kakhulu yizinkantolo ngaphansi kwesidingo semibuso yanamuhla.

Ukulawulwa Kwesimiso Sobumongameli Sombuso Wezwe

Inselele eyinhloko yokubusa kwanamuhla iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi indikimba enkulu, ehlala njalo kahulumeni isabela ezimisweni eziza kuqala zikaMongameli okhethiwe.

Ukumiswa Kwezombangazwe Nesimiso Samagagasi

Amandla ombuso avumela uMongameli ukuba abeke abaholi abaqotho ezikhundleni eziyinhloko kulo lonke uhulumeni. I-Pendleton Act ka-1883 yasungula umsebenzi ofanele wesizwe, ilinganisela inani lezikhundla ezingagcwaliswa ngokumiswa kwezombangazwe. Nokho, uMongameli usamisa ukuhola okuphezulu kweminyango yonke nezinhlangano, eqinisekisa ukuthi inhlangano ngayinye ineqembu labaholi bezombangazwe elihlangene nomphathi. IHhovisi le House lezisebenzi zomongameli i-bets futhi itusa abaqondisi bale zindawo.

Ihhovisi Lokuphatha Nohlelo Lokuhlela (OMB)

I-OMB iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokulawula umongameli wenhlangano. Ilungisa uhlelo lwemali lukaMongameli, olumisa amazinga okuxhasa imali enhlangano ngayinye nohlelo ngalunye. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-OMB ihlola wonke umthetho nezimiso ezihlongozwayo ezivela ezinhlanganweni ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukucacisa kwe-"centralnance". Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zezinhlangano zivumelana nezimiso zomongameli nezinto eziza kuqala. I-OMB's i-Reliteration , ihlala eHhovisini le-Information ne-Regatiation (OIRA), iye yaba yindawo ephakathi ekucacimeni uhulumeni.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokuhlakazwa Okuphakathi

Omongameli banamuhla basebenzisa iziyalezo zokumisa isimiso sokunqunyelwa kwegatsha lonke eliphethe. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo oluphetheyo lungafuna ukuba izinhlangano zicabangele izindleko nezinzuzo zezimiso noma zikhiphe iziqondiso ezimbili ezikhona kunoma isiphi isiphi isakhiwo esisha esikhishwayo. Lemiyalo yakha uhlelo okumelwe zonke izinhlangano zisebenzise kulo, inikeza iWhite House ithulusi elinamandla phezu kwezwe lokuphatha.

Ukulandisa Nokuhlola Amandla Aphethe

Igatsha eliphethe alisona isici esizimele, lisebenza phakathi kochungechunge lwezinhloli zomthetho - sisekelo, izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, nezingcindezi zezombangazwe eziklanyelwe ukulondoloza ukulandisa nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

UKhomishane uphethe izintambo zezikhwama kanye namandla okuhlola. Inqubo yokuhlola ivumela uMkhandlu ukuba uxhase, ususe noma uvimbele imisebenzi yezinhlangano ezithile. Amakomiti e-Congregational athatha ukuqulwa kwemithetho yokuhlola izenzo zezinhlangano, ameme izikhulu ukuba zifakaze, futhi abhale izincwadi ezingaphansi kwe-odoc. ISigele sisebenzisa amandla aso "encwadi kanye nemvume" phezu kokulawula izitho, okungaba yikho ukuhlola okunamandla ekhonweni likaMongameli lokulungisa i-consial.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikaFederal zibukeza izenzo zezikhulu ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana nemithetho yomthetho-sisekelo nemithetho kahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwe-APA, abantu ngabanye namaqembu abalimalayo ngesenzo senhlangano bangawalahla. Izinkantolo zizozephula izenzo zezinhlangano "ezingalawuleki nezingalawuleki," zidlula igunya lomthetho-mthetho, noma ziphula amalungelo omthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme isho okokugcina ngesikhundla samandla ephethe, njengoba kuboniswa ezimweni ezinjenge Intsha ephethe i-Clotept & Tube Co. slayer[FL:] [1952], eyenqaba ukuphaza kwensimbi phakathi neMpi yase-Korea.

Izinhloli Zangaphakathi: Abahloli Abavamile ne - GAO

Umnyango omkhulu ngamunye uneHhovisi le-INSpector General (IG) elisebenza njengelungu eliqaphayo ngaphakathi, elihlola izinhlelo nokuhlola udoti, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza. Ama-IG azimele phakathi kweminyango yawo futhi abike ngokuqondile enhloko yenhlangano naseMkhandlwini. I-Hulumeni Accounting Office (GAO) iyinhlangano engasebenzi eqenjini lezeNgqungquthela. Ihlola izinhlelo, ihlola futhi ikhipha izinqumo ezingokomthetho zokusebenza kwemali ehhovisi likahulumeni, inikeza ukuqondisa okuzimele kwegatsha eliphethe.

Ukucwaninga Komphakathi Nokusakaza Izindaba

I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inikeza umphakathi nezindaba ilungelo lokufinyelela amarekhodi enhlangano kahulumeni, ikhuthaza ukuba sobala. I-Reancition datementism inendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekudaluleni ukuziphatha okubi, ukungafezeki, nokuhluleka kwezimiso phakathi kwegatsha eliphethe. Umbono womphakathi nenqubo yokukhetha kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola yokugcina; uMongameli olahlekelwa ukuqiniseka komphakathi ulahlekelwa amandla akhe okubusa futhi angavotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla.

Izingxabano Ezihlala Njalo Egatsheni Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe i-United States liyisifundo esiphikisanayo. Liyihhovisi elilodwa, kodwa lengamela isakhiwo esikhulu esinegunya elihloniphekile. Siklanyelwe ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu, kodwa siboshelwe ngokuhlola nangokulinganisela. Liyinhlangano yezombangazwe eholwa yisibalo esihlukene, kodwa linezisebenzi zezisebenzi ezizinikele ezizinikele ekutholeni ikhono elingathathi hlangothi. Umbono wesikhulu esinamandla kodwa esicindezelwayo uhlala usesimweni esiqondisayo, kodwa uye wanwetshwa futhi wabekwa kabusha ngemfuno yemandla amakhulu embulungeni yonke. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi, ukuqonda okujulile leligatsha akugcini nje ngokwazi ukuthi umongameli ungubani, kodwa ngokuqonda imishini eyinkimbinkimbi eguqula imibuso yezombangazwe iqhubekela phambili.