Isimiso sokwahlulela singenye yamagatsha amathathu alinganayo kahulumeni edemokrasi eminingi, ephethe umthwalo wemfanelo obucayi wokuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho. Izinkantolo zenza okungaphezu kokuxazulula izingxabano nje; zisebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa bunikezwa ngokungaguquguquki, ngokungakhethi, futhi ngokuvumelana nezimiso ezimisiwe zomthetho. Kubafundi bomthetho, isayensi yezombangazwe, kanye nemikhakha ehlobene nayo, ukuqonda imisebenzi yenkantolo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela umphakathi olondoloza ngayo ukuhleleka, ukuvikela inkululeko, namandla akhona phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okuqhubekayo kwezimiso zenkantolo, imisebenzi yazo eyisisekelo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinkantolo, nemiphumela ehlobene nazo, izinqumo zezehlulelo zezenkantolo ezibanzi emphakathini.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sesimiso Senkantolo

Isimiso senkantolo yanamuhla sinezimpande eziqala emakhulwini eminyaka adlule. Izindlela zokuqala zesinqumo sokuphikisana zazikhona emiphakathini yasendulo enjenge-Mesopotamia, iGrisi, neRoma, lapho izikhulu ezimisiwe noma imihlangano ehlangene khona esekelwe ezingxabanweni ezingokwesiko noma ezihlangene. Isiko lomthetho wesiNgisi, elathonya kakhulu izimiso zomthetho zase-United States kanye nezinye izizwe eziningi, lamisa izimiso eziyinhloko ezinjengokuqulwa kwecala yijaji nemfundiso yezendulo (inqumo). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lemiqondo yaqala ezinkantolo zezikhulu zesonto ibona, inezindima ezivelele zokuqulwa kwecala, i-amperellate, nezinye izinkantolo eziningi eziphezulu.

Ukusungulwa kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngekhulu le-18 nele-19 kwaqinisa indima yejaji njengegatsha elizimele likahulumeni. Isimiso sokuzimela ngokwahlulelwa (-"lokungaphazanyiswa kwezombangazwe""'iziseko zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Lomongo ongokomlando ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi kungani izinkantolo zisebenza ngokunakekela okunjalo kokunakekela, ukungakhethi, nokucabanga okubhaliwe.

Umtapo Wezinkantolo Esomthetho

Izinkantolo zenza imisebenzi eminingi ehlobene eyisisekelo somthetho. Le misebenzi idlulela ngalé kokufushaniswa nje ukuze ihlanganise ukuchazwa komthetho, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo, ukugcinwa komthetho, kanye nokwakhiwa kwesibonelo esingokomthetho.

Isinqumo Sokuxabana

Umsebenzi obonakalayo kakhulu wezinkantolo unikeza inkundla engokomthetho, ehlelwe ukuba kuxazululwe izimpikiswano zomphakathi nezezigebengu. Endaweni yomphakathi, izigaba ezimbili ezizimele − njengabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano − ziletha ukuphikisana phambi komahluleli noma abahluleli. Ecaleni lobugebengu, uhulumeni umangalela umuntu othile ngokuphula umthetho. Izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zithola ukuqulwa okulungile, ukuthi ubufakazi bunikezwa futhi buhlolwe ngaphansi kwemithetho ehleliwe, nokuthi umenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi ukhipha isahlulelo. Le nqubo ivimbela amaqembu ukuba athathe icala lokuzisiza noma ukuqaphana, kanjalo agcine ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Ukuchazwa Kwemithetho

Imithetho, iziqondiso, nomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kubhalwa ngolimi olubanzi noma oludidayo. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amandla okuchaza incazelo yalemibhalo engokomthetho. Ngokuhlaziya ngokucophelela inhloso yomthetho, ulimi olucacile, nangaphambi komthetho wecala, abahluleli banquma ukuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani emaqinisweni akhethekile. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu emagunyeni afanayo lapho izinqumo zokwahlulela ziba yizibonelo ezilandelanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme, ngokwesibonelo, iye yachaza isigxazululo senkululeko yokukhuluma, namacala angaphambili okuhlanganisa izimpawu zenkulumo abahleli be-freactal bengenakuze nakanye bacabange, njengenkulumo nezenzo ezingokomfanekiso.

3. Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabavikeli bamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nangokomthetho. Uma umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi amalungelo awo aye ophuliwe − ngohulumeni, ngenhlangano, noma omunye umuntu — zingafuna ukuvuselelwa ngesimiso sokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zinegunya lokumemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho, imiyalo yokunqanda izenzo eziyingozi, nokuhlela imbuyiselo yokulahlekelwa. Lo msebenzi ubucayi ekuvikeleni amaqembu angaphansi kwemingcele futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zihlala zingaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Imithetho enjengethi Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo[FLT:] (1954) kanye ) ne-[FOK:5] ehlawulweni. . . [1] ` Hoctedbergev [FT] [5]

4. Ukuphoqelelwa Kwemithetho

Izinkantolo zibheka abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ukuba balahlwe ngokuphula imithetho. Ngezigila-mthetho, baphoqelela izijeziso ezinjengenhlawulo, ukugwetshwa, ukuboshwa, noma ngisho nesijeziso sokufa (lapho kuvunyelwe khona). Emacaleni omphakathi, izinkantolo zingayala ukuba kukhokhelwe ukulimala, ukusebenza okukhethekile, noma amanye amakhambi. Lo msebenzi wokuqinisekisa uvimbela ukwenziwa kobubi esikhathini esizayo futhi uqinisekisa ukubopheka komphakathi emithethweni engokomthetho. Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo ukusekela izenzo zomthetho nezobuphathi, imithetho ingabi namazinyo futhi ingabi khona ukukho ukukho nokuvumelana nemithetho ngentando yentando yeningi.

5. Ukudala Izenzakalo Ezingokomthetho

Ikakhulukazi ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, izinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo nezinkantolo eziphakeme ziveza izenzakalo ezibophayo ngemibono yazo elotshiwe. Lezi zinqumo ziqondisa izinkantolo eziphansi, izishayamthetho, nomphakathi ngendlela izindaba ezifanayo okufanele zixazululwe ngayo esikhathini esizayo. I-Precegent iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela emthethweni, ivumela abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bahlele izindaba zabo ngokuqiniseka okukhulu. Uma inkantolo ilawula inqubo edlulile, iveza ukushintshwa kwencazelo engokomthetho engaba nemiphumela enzima kakhulu.

Izinhlobo Zezinkantolo Nemisebenzi Yazo Ekhethekile

Izimiso eziningi zokwahlulela zihlelwe ngokulandelana, isilinganiso ngasinye esinezindawo ezihlukene nemithwalo yemfanelo. Ukuqonda lezingqimba kusiza ekucaciseni indlela amacala ahamba ngayo esimisweni nendlela ukunxusa okuhlelwa ngayo.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala (Izinkantolo Zokuqala)

Izinkantolo zecala zivela lapho kuqulwa khona icala. Zizwa ubufakazi, zihlola ofakazi, futhi zithola amaqiniso ecala. Ezinhlangothini eziningi, izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala zihlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo zibe izigaba ezikhethekile njengezephulamthetho, ezesizwe, zomkhaya, ezezentengo. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ihlanganisa:

  • Ukuthola nokuhlaziya ubufakazi, kuhlanganise nezincwadi, ubufakazi, nemifanekiso engokoqobo.
  • Ukusebenzisa imithetho ehleliwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqulwa kwecala okufanelekile (isib. imithetho yobufakazi, ukuthola, ukushaqisa).
  • Ukunquma icala noma umuzwa wecala − umahluleli (icala eliyi - benco) noma ijaji.
  • Ukukhipha izahlulelo, imisho, noma imiyalo exazulula icala eliqondile.

Izinkantolo zenkantolo zingamahhashi asebenzayo enkantolo, asingatha izigidi zamacala unyaka ngamunye eUnited States kuphela.

Izinkantolo Ezingenelayo

Akuyona yonke imibuso enenkantolo ephakathi, kodwa eminingi ifuna ukukhululeka umthwalo enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu. Lezinkantolo zihlola izinqumo ezinqunywe ezinkantolo ngenxa yeziphambeko. Imisebenzi yazo ihlanganisa:

  • Ukubukeza umbhalo wokuhlola ukuze ubone amaphutha abangelwa yinqubo ethile noma ukusetshenziswa kabi komthetho.
  • Ukuzwa izimpikiswano zomlomo ezivela kubameli nhlangothi zombili ngokuphathelene nemibuzo engokomthetho.
  • Ukukhipha imibono engaqinisekisa, ibuye, noma iguqule indaba ukuze kwenziwe eminye inqubo.
  • Ukwakha isibonelo esibophayo phakathi kwezwe labo noma isikhulu.

Izinkantolo ezihlolayo aziwahloli amaqiniso; zigxila ekutheni inkantolo yamacala iwusebenzisa kahle yini umthetho.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme Nezinkantolo Zokugcina

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe i-"ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme" inesisho sokugcina ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho. Imisebenzi yayo iyingqayizivele futhi inamandla:

  • Ukudayisa okungaphakathi: Inikeza izinqumo ezingenakudluliswa, inikeza ukuvalwa kwezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho.
  • IConstigal Review: Inquma ukuthi imithetho, izenzo zobuphathi, noma izinqumo zenkantolo eziphansi ziphula umthetho-sisekelo.
  • Ukuguqula:[ ngokumisa izimpawu ezibophayo, iqinisekisa ukuchazwa okungaguquguquki komthetho kuyo yonke indawo.
  • [ Impinda eKhethekileyo:[ Izinkantolo eziphezulu kakhulu zikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuzwakalayo, igxile ezindabeni zokubaluleka kwezwe noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States inikeza i - certiorari cishe iphesenti elilodwa kuphela lezinkulungwane zezicelo ezitholayo igama ngalinye, ikhetha amacala ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho - sisekelo noma ukuhlukana phakathi kwezifunda zikahulumeni.

Indima YabaHluleli Ekufezeni Ubulungisa

Abahluleli bangabantu abayinhloko kulokhu kufundisa kwabo, ubuqotho babo nokungakhethi kubalulekile ekuthembekeni komahluleli. Imithwalo yemfanelo yomahluleli ihlanganisa:

  • Ukwengamela ukuqulwa kwecala, ukugcina ukuhleleka nokuqinisekisa ukuziphatha okuhle.
  • Ukubusa ngezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo ezingokwesiko nokuphikisa okusobala.
  • Ukuyala abasizi bejaji ngomthetho osebenzayo nemisebenzi yabo.
  • Ukubhala imibono echaza indlela yokucabanga engokomthetho yezinqumo, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lokubhula.
  • Ukusingatha amacala ngokunenzuzo ukugwema izivumelwano ezibambezela ubulungisa.

Abahluleli kulindeleke ukuba balahle ubandlululo lomuntu siqu futhi banqume amacala kuphela ngamaqiniso nomthetho onikezwayo. Lokhu kubopheka ekungakhethi kugcizelelwa ngemithetho yokuziphatha kokwahlulela, ukuqeqeshwa kwezimiso, nangezindawo eziningi, isimiso sokwahlulela noma ukumisa okuklanyelwe ukunciphisa ithonya lezombangazwe. Ukuze ubheke okwengeziwe ekwahluleleni, bheka ikhodi leNkathi Yokuziphatha yaBahluleli base-United States.]

Enye Impikiswano Nobuhlobo Bayo Nezinkantolo

Nakuba izinkantolo ziyindawo engokwesiko yokuxazulula izingxabano, izimiso eziningi zomthetho zikhuthaza noma zigunyaze izindlela zokukhipha izinqumo ezihlukile zempikiswano (ADR) − njenge-mediating, i-artrigation, i-project, nokuphendulana ) ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo ezinkantolo futhi kunikezelwe amaqembu izindlela ezivumelanayo, zingabi nezilula kakhulu. I-ADR ayithathi izinkantolo kodwa iyaziphelelisa. Izinkantolo zingabhekisa amacala ekuxazululeni, ziphoqeleleni izivumelwano, futhi zibukeze ukunikezwa kwamamadi enkantolo ngokulunga. Ukuqonda i-ADR kudingekile ukuze kusetshenziswe umfanekiso ophelele wendlela yokulunga-bulungisa, njengenani elikhulu lokulungisa ikhona manje likhona noma lixazululwe nge-ADR ngaphambi kokuba lifike icala.

Izinguquko eMkhandlwini: Ama-Federal aphikisanayo. Izimiso ZoMbuso

Emazweni ombuso anjenge-United States, iNdiya, neJalimane, kunezimiso ezimbili ezihambelanayo zenkantolo: izinkantolo zikahulumeni nesifundazwe (noma isifundazwe). Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, nezinye izindaba ezinjengokwehla kwemali kanye nokungalawuleki. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha amacala amaningi, kuhlanganise namacala obugebengu, umthetho womkhaya, nokuphikisana kwesivumelwano. Isimiso ngasinye sinezikhundla zaso eziphethe icala, i-astellate, nezinkantolo eziphakeme. Le mithetho ehlukene iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yesizwe ichazwa ngokufanayo lapho ihlonipha imibandela yezindawo ezithile ezingokwesiko.

Ukuze ungene juqu ekwakhekeni kwejaji likahulumeni wase-U.S., vakashela i-website engokomthetho U.S.U.S. [.

Ithonya Lezinkantolo Emphakathini Nasemithethweni Yomphakathi

Izinqumo zenkantolo zizwakala kakhulu ngalé kwamacala ahilelekile. Isinqumo esikhulu singathonya ithonya lokuphila kwesizwe kwezenhlalo nezombangazwe. Cabangela imiphumela elandelayo:

  • Imithetho yomhlaba yokubusa:[ Izinqumo ezifana Roe v. Wade (1973]) noma Isicizelo se-United Union v. FEC [2010] ithonye ngokuqondile inqubo yomphakathi ngokukhishwa kwesisu nemali yomkhankaso, iqala ingxoxo eqhubekayo.
  • Izinkantolo ezisemthethweni: zingaqinisekisa noma ziphikise izimo zengqondo zomphakathi ezikhona. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunquma ukulingana komshado kwasiza ekusheshiseni umbono womphakathi.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamaqembu agwedlekayo: Ngokuqinisekisa imithetho elwa nokungavumelani nomthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zinikeza indawo abantu abasengozini ukuba baqinise amalungelo abo.
  • Icala lomthetho:[ Izinkantolo zihlola izenzo zezikhulu kanye nokumiswa kwemithetho ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo namalungelo ayisisekelo.

Ithonya lezahlulelo lidlulela ngalé kwenkantolo, lithinta umthetho, isimiso sokuphatha, futhi ngisho nobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke. ukuvumelana komthetho wokwahlulela nokuzibamba kusalokhu kuyisihloko sengxoxo eqinile yezazi neyomphakathi.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezinkantolo Zanamuhla

Ubuchwepheshe buguqula indlela izinkantolo eziqondisa ngayo ubulungisa. I-electronic seapper (e-filfiling), ukunikeza ubufakazi be-active, kanye nokuzwa kwezindlebe (ngokushesha kakhulu ngenxa yobhadane lwe-COVID-19) ziye zandisa ukusebenza kahle nokuphumelela. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zisebenzisa izimiso zokuqondisa amacala ukuze zilandele izikhongozelo nohlelo lwe-auto. Nokho, ezobuchwepheshe ziletha izinselele: ukuqinisekisa ukuhlukanisa kwe-inthambithilitha, ukuhlanganisa igebe le-tecry exparigion, nokugcina i-paclectivesssssss ezihloniphekile. Njengoba amathuluzi obuchwepheshe awenziwe ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, izinkantolo zihlola ukusetshenziswa kwazo emisebenzini enjengokucwaninga okungokomthetho neziqondiso, ziphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yezimiso zokuziphatha.

Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela Nesivikelo Sako

Ukuze izinkantolo zisebenze ngokuphumelelayo, kumelwe zizimele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nasembonweni womphakathi. Izikhoselo zihlanganisa ukuphila noma ukumiswa isikhathi eside kwabahluleli, isivikelo ekuncipheni kweholo, nesimiso sokuziphatha esiqinile. Emazweni amaningi, i-ojaji abazimele bomkhandlu baqondisa ukumiswa nokuyalwa. Uma lezi zikhungo zibuthakathaka, ukungakhethi kwezinkantolo kungayekelelwa, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwethemba lomphakathi. Ukukhululeka kuyinsika yedemoli elula kodwa ebalulekile yentando yentando yeningi; ukulondolozwa kwazo kuhlale kuyingxenye yezazi ezingokomthetho nezokwelapha. Ihhovisi leZizwe Ezihlangene linikeza ukucaciswa okuwusizo kwezindinganiso [[[FLT:] ezingokomthetho [FLDig:] [FLD]]

Izinselele Ezibhekene Nezinkantolo Zanamuhla

Naphezu kwendima yazo eyinhloko, izinkantolo zibhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ezingaphazamisa ukuqondiswa kobulungisa:

  • Copest Backlogs: Ezizweni eziningi, izinkantolo zikhungathekiswe amacala, okuholela ekubambezeleni okuphula isimiso se "ubulungisa obungalungisi kuncishwa."
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Imithombo: Ukuxhasa imali ngokungafanele ezinkantolo, ezobuchwepheshe, nezisebenzi kungalulaza izinga lobulungisa.
  • Accessis kuMahluleli: Abantu abaningi abakwazi ukukhokhela ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, futhi izinqubo zenkantolo zihlala ziyinkimbinkimbi. Izikhungo zokusiza nokuhlela i-probono kuzama ukusingatha lokhu.
  • Ukubekwa kwemithetho ngokwezimo zesonto: ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuye kwathathwa ngokulula kwamanye amazwe, kuthinta ukugunyazwa okucatshangelwayo kwezinkantolo.
  • [ Umthetho neNhlangano:[ izinkantolo kumele zilwe nezimpikiswano ezisezingeni elisukela ekungangeni kwe-inthanethi ye-inthanethi ye-biothics, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwesiqondiso esicacile semithetho.

Ukusingatha lezinselele kudinga ukutshala imali, ukulungisa, kanye nokuzibophezela okuqinile ekubuseni umthetho. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Center for State Courts [ ukucwaninga nokunikeza imithombo yokuthuthukisa ukuphatha kwenkantolo.

Isiphetho

Imisebenzi yezinkantolo idlulela ngalé kwesinqumo esilula sengxabano. Izinkantolo zichaza futhi zibophe imithetho, zivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye, zimise izimpawu ezibophayo, futhi zibeke ohulumeni icala. Zisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sezikhulu ezilawulayo esilinganisela isidingo sokulingwa okuphumelelayo ngokuhlola ngokucophelela. Abahluleli basebenza njengabagwedli abangakhethiyo, futhi ukuzimela kwabo kubalulekile ukuze balondoloze ukuqiniseka komphakathi. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, izinkantolo zivumelanisa, ngqayela phambili ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni, noma ukubhekana nemibuzo emisha engokomthetho. Abafundini nabafundisi abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi ubulungisa bunikezwa kanjani, ukwazisa okuphelele ngezimiso zenkantolo akuyona nje imfundo nje; kubalulekile ekulondolozeni inzuzo yomphakathi nokugcinwa kwezindinganiso zobukhombanga.