Kuyini Ukuhlukana Kwamandla?

Ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyimfundiso eyisisekelo ebuthweni lomthetho-sisekelo ohlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo yezwe ibe amagatsha ahlukene ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugxiliswa kwegunya. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, alikho igatsha elingasebenzisa imisebenzi eyisisekelo yelinye, kanjalo liqaphe ngokumelene ne-pholiance. Isibonelo esivelele sihlanganisa umthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, ngalinye elinamandla ahlukile nemisebenzi. Lesi sakhiwo siklanyelwe ukudala isimiso sokuqondisana, lapho igatsha ngalinye lisebenza njengeseshwa kwabanye, likhuthaza ukulandisa nokuvikela inkululeko. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kuhlukene emazweni, isimiso esingaphansi kwesimiso sihlala sihambisana: amandla kumelwe kwabizwelwe ukuvikela inkululeko.

Isizinda Esingokomlando

Imisuka Yasendulo NeyangeNkathi Ephakathi

Umqondo wokuhlukanisa imisebenzi kahulumeni awuyona into esungulwe namuhla. EGrisi yasendulo, u-Aristotle waxoxa ngomthetho-sisekelo oxubile, ukuhlanganisa izakhi ze-monarchy, izikhulu, nentando yeningi ukuze kufinyelelwe ukuzinza. IRiphabliki lamaRoma ngokufanayo yasebenza ngokuhlukana kwemibuso phakathi kweSigele, i-Consuls, ne-Consuls, nesimiso se-vetoes ne-ihlola. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, umqondo kahulumeni olinganiselwe wavela ngezincwadi ezifana neMagna Carta (1215), eyabeka isisekelo segunya lobukhosi futhi yabeka isisekelo senqubo efanele.

Umbuzo KaMontesyuu Nokukhanyiselwa

Ukwakhiwa kwanamuhla kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlobene kakhulu nesazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu. Emsebenzini wakhe we-1748 Umoya woMthetho [, waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe ingatholakala kuphela uma amandla engagxili kumuntu oyedwa noma emzimbeni. I-Montesquieu eyaziwa kakhulu: "Lapho amandla emithetho yenkolo kanye nezikhulu ehlangene kumuntu oyedwa, noma endikimbeni efanayo yezimahluleli, ngeke ibe khona inkululeko." Imibono yakhe ithonya kakhulu abahleli be-United States Constitution nakuhlela idemocraticment emhlabeni wonke. Abanye ongqondo abakhangisi abanjengoJohane Locce, nabo banikela emfundisweni yokuhlukanisa phakathi, i-bugnignogne, izikhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa Komthetho - sisekelo Wangaphambili

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wawungowokuqala ukuhlanganisa ngokuqondile ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Izihloko I, II, no II zabela umthetho, izikhulu, nemibuso yokwahlulela ngokulandelana, futhi isimiso samasheke nokulinganisa sakhiwa ukuze kuphoqelelwe le ngxenye. ISimemezelo saseFrance samalungelo abantu neseSizwe (1789) sahlanganisa isimiso, sisho ukuthi noma yimuphi umphakathi okungamiswangawumthetho ongokomthetho. Emakhulwini amaningi alandelayo, izizwe eziningi zamukela ukushintshashintsha kwalesibonelo, zasamukela isimo somlando wazo nesezombangazwe.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Ngemininingwane

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Izwi Labantu

Igatsha lemithetho linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Kuyi-badamal, ehlanganisa amagumbi amabili, njengeSishaya-mthetho sase-U.S. (Indlu Yabameleli neSigele) noma iPhalamende laseNdiya (i-Lok Sabha ne-Rajiya Sabhaha). Ama-gasteri akhethwa abantu ngokuvamile, enza leligatsha libe ummeleli oqondile wezakhamuzi. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukumisa umthetho, ukugunyaza, ukumisa izimali, ukumemezela impi, nokunikeza ukuqondisa kwegatsha eliphethe i-partial. Amakomiti aphakathi kwesimiso somthetho adlala indima enkambisweni yokulungisa nokuhlola. Ngaphandle kwegatsha eliqinile, isikhulu singathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokulandisa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukusebenzisa Isikhundla

Igatsha eliphethe liphoqelela futhi linikeza imithetho emiswa yisishaya-mthetho. Liqondiswa umongameli noma undunankulu, osekelwa yikhabethe neminyango ehlukahlukene. Isikhulu futhi silawula ukuhlangana kwamanye amazwe, ukuzivikela kwesizwe, kanye nemibuso ephuthumayo. Ezimisweni zomongameli njengase-United States, umphathi uhlukile kumthetho wesishaya-mthetho futhi unamandla. Ezimisweni zephalamende njengeUnited Kingdom, umphathi uthathwa kuleyondlu yomthetho futhi unecala eliqondile kuyo, abangele ukuhlangana kwayo, kunokuba ahlukane ngokomthetho. Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani, umsebenzi oyinhloko wokusebenza.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Nokusekela Amalungelo

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokufanele. Izinkantolo ze- Independent, eziholwa yijaji elinamandla, zinegunya lokuhlola ubukho bemithetho nezenzo zezikhulu ngomthetho-siseko, `amandla aziwa njengokuhlola kokwahlulela. La mandla asungulwa enkantolo eveleleni ye-U.S. [[FLT:] Marbury v. Madison [1803] [i-10]. I-judiary ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ixazulula izimpikiswano, futhi igcina umthetho. Ukuzibusa kwayo kubhekwa njengokubalulekile enkantolo yokusebenza ngedemocralitiodenti (i-democrality) njengoba isebenza njengenhlo yokugcina kuhulumeni abaculi. AbaHluleli bamiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuphila noma isikhathi eside ukuze bavikele ukucindezelwa kwezombangazwe.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Kwemininingwane

Amasesha nezilinganiso yizindlela ezenza ukuhlukana kwamandla kuphumelele. Ngaphandle kwazo, amagatsha angasebenza e-silos, okuholela ekushayeleni noma ekuxhashazweni. Nakhu ukuwohloka okuningiliziwe kwendlela igatsha ngalinye elihlola ngayo amanye:

  • Iziphetho ezisemthethweni kumphathi: qhatha umongameli uvetoes (ukuvuselelwa kwenkani), uvuma noma ukwenqaba ukumiswa kwezikhulu nezivumelwano, uphoqa umongameli noma ezinye izikhulu, ukulawula ukuxhasa nokuhlela, ukwenza uphenyo.
  • Izibalo ezisebenzayo esishaya umthetho we-partime:[ umthetho we-VETO (angaba no-fuzo), ubize izikhawu ezikhethekile, uhlongoze uhlelo lwemali nezimiso, uphoqelelwe imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu, wenze izivumelwano zezikhulu.
  • [ Imishini yokuhlola i-judicial kuzo zombili: imemezela imithetho engavumelani ne-constitunion (ukubukeza okungokweze-judia), ichaza izinhloso zomthetho, ibukeza izenzo zezikhulu zobumthetho, iqinisekisa ukuvivinywa okulungile nenqubo efanele.
  • Iziphetho zomthetho ejajini: Ukuqinisekisa noma ukwenqaba omahluleli, ukumisa imithetho ethinta imingcele yenkantolo, ukunqabela abahluleli ngabanye ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi, kusikisela izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze kugumbuqelwe imithetho.
  • [ Izibalo zezenzwe: Ukumisa abahluleli (ngemvume yomthetho), ukuthethelela nokubuyisela, ukukhipha iziyalezo zenkantolo.

Lesimiso esihlangene siphoqelela ukubambisana nokuyekethisa, kunciphise ithuba lokulawula noma yiliphi igatsha. Ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela kuxhomeke esikweni lezombangazwe nokuzimisela kwegatsha ngalinye ukufeza indima yalo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Izimiso Zokuqhathanisa: Ukwehlukana Kwamandla

Uhlelo Lobumongameli: United States

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngokuvamile ubhekwa njengesibonelo esimsulwa sokuhlukanisa amagunya. Umongameli uyinhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, okhethwe ngokuzimele. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwebanga eliphezulu, nendlu iqashelwa, kuyilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ihlola. Lengxenye ecacile yenza isimiso esiqinile kodwa ingaholela ekuvulekeni i-crock uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukene. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe, bona [ U.S.S. iSishaya - Cate Cate and gestingmentstion[FLY:1].

Isimiso SePhalamende: United Kingdom

I-United Kingdom ayinayo i-compantism eqinile yemibuso. Kunalokho, isebenza ngaphansi kokuhlangana kwemibuso, lapho isikhulu (isikhulu seSiphathi-mthetho nesikhulu) sithathwa kusishaya-mthetho (i-Parliance). Inkosi iyinhloko kahulumeni kodwa inamandla alinganiselwe. I-judiary ihlala izimele, kodwa iPhalamende liphakeme futhi liyakwazi ukuhlanganisa noma isiphi isimo. Lesimiso sivumela ukubusa okuqinile, i-conedcine kodwa idinga ukuphikiswa okunamandla kanye nokwesigebengu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubusa kwezikhulu. Isibonelo se-UK sibonisa ukuthi ukubusa okuphumelelayo kunakho ngaphandle kokuhlukana okuqinile okutholakala kuyi-U.S.

Isimiso Sesimiso Se - Hybrid: IFrance NeNdiya

IFrance iyisimiso esinemithetho ehlukene, esihlanganisa umongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile nondunankulu ozophendulelwa epalamende. Umongameli uqondisa izindaba zakwamanye amazwe nokulondeka kwesizwe, kuyilapho undunankulu esingatha isimiso sasekhaya. Izwe laseNdiya, isimiso sentando yeningi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, lisebenzisa isimiso sephalamende kodwa nemithetho eqinile eqinile evimbela amalungelo ayisisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya ingagawula imithetho edluliswa yiphalamende uma iphula umthetho, ibonise ingxube yesigaba sobukhosi bephalamende nohlelo lokuhlola inqubo yokwahlulela.

Izinselele Zokwehlukana Kwamandla Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Ukubusa Ngokwesikhulu Nokwengamela Kwamakhosi

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, idemokrasi eningi iye yabona ukukhula kwamandla okubusa, ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi "umongameli wezikhulu" Omongameli nongqongqoshe bavame ukudlula izishaya-mthetho ngeziyalo zezikhulu, izinqumo eziphuthumayo, noma ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni zokuqondisa. Impi yokwesaba, umqedazwe we-COVID-19, futhi izinkinga zezomnotho ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukwanda kwegunya lesikhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lezizenzo ziqeda indima yegatsha le-produractis nokwehlisa izilinganiso. Imingcele yomthetho ivivinywa lapho isikhulu silawula i-jajinicariary ngezikhathi ezimisiwe noma lapho izigebengu zehluleka ukuphatha.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe ehlukana kakhulu, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kungaholela ekuhlelekeni kwezindawo ezingcono kunokubusa ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, i-monilbuster yeSigele nomongameli we-veto baye basetshenziselwa ukuvimbela umthetho ngisho nalapho elinye iqembu lilawula zombili izikhundla. Ngokuvamile i-parisanting ivimbela ukuqinisekiswa kwabahluleli, ukuvimbela izimali, nezinguquko ezibalulekile. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, isikhulu singaphendukela esinyathelweni esingekho mthethweni, siqhubekisele phambili ekuhleleni ukulinganisela okuhlongongongongokwayo. Lokhu kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano mayelana nokulungisa isimiso ukuze sinciphise ukuvinjelwa lapho kugcinwa izingcingo.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Izenzo zokwahlulela zenzeka lapho izinkantolo zichaza umthetho ngezindlela ezidala ngokuphumelelayo isimiso esisha, ngezinye izikhathi zingena endaweni yomthetho. Abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kululaza ukwahlukana kwemibuso ngokuvumela abahluleli abangakhethwanga ukuba benze izinqumo ezingcono kubameleli abakhethiwe. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kubalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo omthetho. Umngcele phakathi kokuchaza nomthetho ungafiphaza, njengoba kuboniswa ezindabeni ezihilela ukukhishwa kwesisu, ukulingana komshado, nokunakekela impilo.

Ithonya Lezinhlangano Eziqondisayo

Ohulumeni banamuhla bathembele kakhulu ezinhlanganweni zokuphatha − njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency noma i-Food and Drug Administration . ehlanganisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyamahlulelo. Bamisa imithetho, bayiphoqelele, futhi bayifake ezingxabanweni. Lezithunywa zegunya ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka nge-"gavi lesine" likahulumeni. Nakuba kudingekile ekusingatheni kusingathwe izindaba zobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinhlangano ezingakhomba ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngaphandle kokuba zingaphansi kokuqondisa kwemithetho kanye nokuhlola kokwahlulela.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlukana Kwamandla Entando Yeningi

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona nje into ecatshangelwayo; kunenzuzo engokoqobo nengokoqobo ezakhamuzini:

  • [[UMTH: 0] Uguquko: ngokuhlukanisa igunya, kunzima nganoma imuphi umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu ukubamba ukulawula okuphelele.
  • Imvume yokulandisa: Igatsha ngalinye lingaba nesibopho sokulandisa kwamanye, ukunciphisa ukonakala nokuxhashazwa.
  • Ivikela amalungelo ngamanye:[ Ijaji elizimele lingashaya imithetho ephula inkululeko eyisisekelo.
  • Ukuvala: amagatsha amaningi aphoqelela ukuphikisana, ukuhlehla, nokucabangela ngokucophelela isimiso.
  • Ukungaguquguquki: Uhulumeni olinganiselayo usengozini kakhulu yokusinda ezinkingeni futhi uvumelane nezimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Uhlelo lubaluleke ngokukhethekile emiphakathini ehlukahlukene lapho amalungelo amancane kumelwe ahlonishwe ngokumelene nentando yeningi.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Kuyasebenza

E - United States: Umshini Womthetho - sisekelo

Isimiso sase-U.S. siye savivinywa yizenzakalo ezifana nehlazo leWatergate, ukuqulwa kwamacala agunyaza amakhosi, nendima yeNkantolo Ephakeme kukhetho luka 2000. Amasheke nezilinganiso ziye zagcinwa kakhulu, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ngemva kwezimpi ezinkulu zezombangazwe. Ukwanda kwamandla aphethe ngaphansi kwamalungu omongameli womabili kuyaqhubeka kubangela ukuphikisana ngokuthi umklamo wokuqala uhlala ufaneleke ekhulwini lama-21 leminyaka. Ukuhlola okungathathi hlangothi, bheka i- Brennan Center yeJaji ye- Justicesss

IFrance: IRepublic Yesihlanu

I-France’s Fin 5 Republic, eyamiswa ngo-1958, yayiklanyelwe ukulungisa ukungahleleki kwezimiso zephalamende zangaphambili. Inikeza umongameli amandla abalulekile, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuncibilikisa i-National Assembly nokudlula epalamente ngama-asendement. Nokho, i-Constitutional Council ihlola ukwahlulela, nondunankulu (kuyiphalamende) angamelana nokulinganisela umongameli phakathi nokuhlalisana kwezindlu. Le sibonelo esixubile sibonisa indlela ukwahlukana okungavunyelwa ngayo nezidingo zendawo.

IJalimane: Uhulumeni Nokuhlolwa Okunamandla Kokwahlulela

I-Byn Law (Grundesetz) yaseJalimane imisa isimiso sephalamende esisemthethweni esiqinile esinenkantolo eqinile yomthetho-mthetho (Bundesfassungsericht). Umongameli ukhethwa yi-Bundestag futhi kumelwe alondoloze ithemba layo, abangele ukuhlanganiswa okufanayo ne-UK. Nokho i-Federal Constitution Court ingayehlisa imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi isakhiwo sikahulumeni sinikeza i-impmplation. Lendlela ihlanganisa ukulandisa nesivikelo samalungelo eqinile.

Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano Ezizungeze Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ukwahlukana kwemibuso akusebenzi, ikakhulukazi ezikhathini eziphuthumayo lapho kudingeka isinyathelo esiphuthumayo. Ezinye ziphikisa ngokuthi kudala isigaba esingokwemvelo esingakunaki ukuhlangana kokubusa. Kwamanye amazwe, lo mbono uncishiswa izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, noma isikhulu esiphethe. Kukhona futhi ukuphikisana ngokuthi uhulumeni wanamuhla uphula inhloso yokuqala yini. Noma kunjalo, izazi zezombangazwe eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi ukwehlukana okuthile kungcono kunokwehlukana okungekho. Inselele ekutholeni ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kokuzimela nokubambisana.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuseyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, kunikeza isivikelo sokwakha ngokumelene nobushiqela kanye nohlelo lokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Izimiso zayo − ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kanye nokuzimela kwezindawo (nenkululeko) kubonakale kuqinile ngokuphawulekayo, kuvumelana nezimiso ezihlukahlukene zezombangazwe emakhulwini amabili. Nakuba izinselele zanamuhla njengokuphamba impumelelo nokuhluleka kwesimiso sombuso, nokulawula kuvivinya imingcele yalemfundiso, umqondo oyisisekelo uyaqhubeka: ukuvikela inkululeko, amandla kumelwe alinganiswe. Ukuqonda lomqondo kubalulekile ezakhamuzini naseholini ngokufanayo, njengoba utshela yonke into esekelwe emklamweni womthetho wezombangazwe wezwe ukuba ikwazi ukubhekana nayo nsuku zonke. Ngokuhlola kokubili ukuphumelela nokuhluleka kwayo, singasebenza ukuze siqinise imingcele nokusekela umthetho wentando yentando yeningi.