Amandla esishaya umthetho okumisa nokugcina izinkonzo zokusakaza umphakathi ayisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukuzimela, zihlukene, futhi zinezinga eliphezulu. Imithetho, njengezindikimba ezikhethiwe ezimelela abantu, inegunya eliyingqayizivele lokwakha izisekelo ezingokomthetho, ukunikeza izimali, nokuqondisa abasakazi bomphakathi. Leligunya alikho nje ukubusa; lingumthwalo ojulile owehlela imbulunga yomphakathi, olondoloza isiko, futhi uthuthukise i-votamzeli. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ebanzi yomthetho ekumiseni nasekusakazeni umphakathi, ukuhlola izisekelo ezingokomthetho, ukusekela izakhiwo, nokuzimela, nokulinganisela okuqinile phakathi kokuzibusa.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Ze - Broadcasting Yomphakathi

Ukumiswa kwezinkonzo zokusakaza umphakathi kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo noma ezicini ezithile zomthetho. Lamathuluzi angokomthetho achaza umsebenzi, izakhiwo zokubusa, imithombo yezimali, kanye nezikhungo zokuzimela zabasakazi bomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwesisekelo esiqinile somthetho, ukusakaza umphakathi kuba yizingozi zokulawulwa yizinhloso zezombangazwe noma izingcindezi zezentengiselwano, kululaza injongo yako eyinhloko yokufeza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesimiso

Ezizweni eziningi, umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo unikeza isisekelo sokusakaza umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-German Basic uqinisekisa inkululeko yokusakaza nemithetho ukuba kuhlelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kuhulumeni. Ngokufanayo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika ufuna ukuba ukusakaza kuqondiswe ngendlela ekhuthaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi, ukuhlukahluka, nokulandisa komphakathi. Imithetho ihumushela lezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo emithethweni enemininingwane edala izinhlangano ezisakaza umphakathi futhi ibeke amalungelo nezibopho zazo.

Izinqubo zemithetho ziyehlukahluka kakhulu kodwa ngokuvamile zihlanganisa namalungiselelo alesi:

  • [ Ukuzibopha nezibopho zenkonzo yomphakathi – njengokunikeza izindaba ezingakhethi, okuqukethwe, ukufundisa, kanye nezinhlelo zempucuko.
  • Izakhiwo ze-Governance [ – ngokuvamile ibhodi noma umkhandlu omiswe yisishaya-mthetho noma isikhulu, ezinezivikelo zokuvimbela ukuthunjwa kwezombangazwe.
  • Izilinganiso ezihlanganisayo [ – kuhlanganise nemali yephepha-mvume, iminikelo kahulumeni eqondile, kanye nenkokhelo yemali yezentengiselwano.
  • [ Ukukhululeka kwe-Erderalial – izivikelelo ezingokomthetho ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni noma abanye abadlali bezombangazwe.

Isibonelo esiphawulekayo yi-United States, lapho i-Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPTB) yakhiwa yi-PUblic Broadcasting Act ka1967,. Lomthetho kahulumeni wamiswa i-CPB njengenhlangano ezimele, engangenisanga nzuzo ukuze yabe imali eziteshini zomphakathi zomsakazo nezokuthelevishini, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezikuqukethe zihlala zisezingeni lendawo. Ngokufanayo, i-United Kingdom’s BBC Royal Chater iyahlaziywa futhi iyavuselelwa njalo, ichaza izinjongo zomphakathi, izimali ze-BBCCRC, ikhokhelela ngemali yemali, nangesimo esilawulayo.

Ukuchitha Imali Nemithombo Yezinto

Enye yemibuso elandela kakhulu yendlu yomthetho ukulawula izimali zokusakaza umphakathi. Izinqumo zokuxhasa izinkonzo zithinta ngokuqondile izinga, izinga, nozimele kwezinkonzo. Imithetho ingaba nemali efanelekayo ngonyaka, ibeke amazinga emali yemvume, noma ivumele izisekelo zemali ezikhokhelwayo zeminyaka eminingi. Indlela yokuxhasa imali isho okukhulu ekuzilawuleni komhleli nasekuhleleni isikhathi eside.

Izindlela ezivamile zokusekela imali zihlanganisa:

  • Intela yemali [ - intela yasekhaya yethelevishini noma umsakazo, ejwayelekile eYurophu (umzk., BBC, LAR/ZDF eJalimane, NHK eJapane). Imithetho ivame ukumisa izinga lemali ekhokhwayo futhi iqinisekise ukuqoqwa kwayo kuzimele kuhulumeni.
  • Uhulumeni unikeza iziphakamiso zaminyaka yonke – iziphakamiso ezivela ekuhleleni imali yesizwe, ezivamile emazweni anjenge Canada (CBC/Radio-Canada) ne-Australia (ABC). Lomfanekiso unikeza isigebengu somthetho-mthetho amandla abalulekile kodwa futhi ufaka izingozi zokucindezela kwezombangazwe.
  • [ Izimali ezixhaswe [ – inhlanganisela yezimali zomphakathi nenzuzo yezentengiselwano, njengokukhangisa noma ukuxhasa. Imithetho ingafaka inzuzo yezentengiselwano ukuze kuvikelwe izindinganiso zenkonzo yomphakathi.

Imithetho futhi inamandla okwandisa noma ukwehla kwezimali, okungaba yinkemba egobe kabili. Nakuba imali eyanele ivumela abasakazi ukuba bakhiqize izinto ezilinganayo, ukusika kwezimali kungaholela ekuncipheni kwezinhlelo, ukudilizwa, nokuncishiswa kwenkonzo yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, eminyakeni yamuva, izishaya-mthetho eziningi ziye zaphikisana ngokusekelwa kwemali yemvume ebhangelwe inkathi yokugeleza, ukubukezwa kwemidwebo yezimali esetshenziswayo yabasaziwayo njenge-BBC kanye neFrance Téléotions.

Ukulawula Nobufakazi

Ngaphandle kokumisa nokuxhasa ukusakaza umphakathi, izishaya - mthetho zifeza indima ebalulekile ekunakekeleni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abasakazi bomphakathi bafeza iziyalezo zabo futhi bahlale belandisa emphakathini abawukhonzayo. Lokhu kuqondisa kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukwethembana nobuqotho, kodwa kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngendlela engayekethisi ukuzimela komhleli.

Ukulinganisela Kokuzimela

Imithetho ibhekene nobunzima obuyisisekelo: kumelwe ibeke abasakazi bomphakathi icala lokuphatha kwabo izimali zomphakathi nokunamathela emfundweni yabo yenkonzo yomphakathi, kuyilapho futhi ibavikela ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe. Izinqubo eziningi ezingokomthetho zikhuluma lokhu kudlulela phambili:

  • Amandikimba azimele alawulayo – njenge-Ofcom in i-UK noma i-Australian Communications and Media Authority, ephatha izindinganiso ezingaphakathi futhi ihlole izikhalo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amakomiti asemthethweni – amakomiti ephalamende angaphatha ukuqulwa kwecala, abukeze imibiko yaminyaka yonke, futhi abize abaphathi ukuba baphendule imibuzo, kodwa abakwazi ukunquma izinqumo ezigcwele.
  • Izikhokhi nezivumelwano – izivumelwano ezithatha iminyaka eminingi ezihlela izikhokhiso nemali elinganiselwe, zilinganise ukugxambukela kwezombangazwe kwaminyaka yonke.

Ngokwesibonelo, abasakazi bomphakathi baseJalimane basebenza ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zikahulumeni ezidinga ukuvunyelwa yiwo wonke amaphalamende aseJalimane, inqubo ehlanganisa ukuqinisekiswa kokuzimela. EJapane, i-NHK yenganyelwa i-Bhodi yoMbusi emiswe nguNdunankulu ngemvume yephalamende, futhi uhlelo lwayo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kumelwe luvunyelwe yiDiet. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zinendima ngaphandle kokulawula ngokuqondile komhleli.

AmaKomiti EPhalamende Nezindaba Zomphakathi

Amakomiti agunyaza umthetho anikezelwe ekuxhumaneni, amasiko, noma emithombo yezindaba ngokuvamile asebenza njengezinhlangano eziyinhloko zongamele ukusakazwa komphakathi. Abukeza imibiko yaminyaka yonke, ahlola ukusebenza kwemithetho engokomthetho, futhi ahlola abaholi abasakaza imibuzo ezinqumweni ezingokomthetho. Lamazwi angaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokulandisa, kodwa futhi anezingozi uma esetshenziswa ekucindezeleni abasakazi bezinhlelo ezithile.

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kugxila kukho:

  • Imali ephambili [ - - - uqinisekisa izimali zomphakathi zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngaphandle kodoti.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ukuvumelana ne-remit - - ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lwezinhlelo luhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezihlukene, zokungakhethi, kanye nemfundo.
  • [ Izivikelo zokuncitshiswa [ - - ukugada noma yiziphi izimpawu zokucindezela kwezombangazwe noma kwezentengiselwano ezinqumweni zomhleli.
  • Ukuthembisana nge-Public [ - - ukuhlola indlela abasakazi abacela futhi baphendule ngayo lapho izilaleli ziphendula.

Imikhuba emihle ihlanganisa ukufuna abasakazi bomphakathi ukuba banyathelise imibiko eningiliziwe yaminyaka yonke, bahlole umphakathi, futhi bazithobe ekuhloleni kwangaphandle. Indima yesishayamthetho iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinqubo zikhanya futhi ziyasebenza, hhayi kubahleli abambalwa abakhetha ukubhala.

Ukulandisa Komphakathi

Icala elidlule lisemphakathini, futhi izishaya-mthetho kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi izakhamuzi zinezindlela zokukhuluma ngomsakazo womphakathi. Amazwe amaningi aye amisa izimiso zokukhononda ezizimele, izigebengu zokusingatha ukukhononda kwezilaleli nezibukeli. Imithetho ingagunyaza futhi ukuba abasakazi bomphakathi bahlanganyele namabhodi akhuthaza ukusakaza noma ukuba nemihlangano yasehholo ledolobha.

Ukubona ngaphaya kwesithombe kuyisihluthulelo. Abasakazi bomphakathi kufanele banyathelise iziqondiso zabo zomhleli, imithombo yezimali, nezakhiwo zokubusa. Imithetho ingadinga ukuhlola komphakathi njalo nokubukeza okuzimele komphumela wemiphumela. Ngokwenza kanjalo, baqinisa isibopho sokwethembana phakathi komsakazi nomphakathi.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngezindima Ezingokomthetho

Indlela izishaya-mthetho ezisebenzisa ngayo amandla azo ekusakazeni umphakathi ihluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, ibonisa izimiso zezombangazwe ezihlukene, imithombo yezindaba, nezindinganiso zamasiko. Nakuba ezinye izifekethiso zimisa ukuhileleka okukhulu kwemithetho ye-avition, ezinye zincike ekuzimeleni kwezikhali ezide.

I - United Kingdom: I - Royal Charter Ne - Parliament Acushiwe

I-BBC, omunye wabasakazi bomphakathi abadala kakhulu futhi abahlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni, isebenza ngaphansi kwe-Royal Charter evuselelwa njalo eminyakeni eyishumi. I-Chater iyithuluzi likahulumeni we-UK kodwa icatshangelwa yiPhalamende. Izimali ze-BBC ngemali ngemali yephepha-mvume zibekwa nguhulumeni, uma kuhlolwa iphalamende. Ukubusa nokwengamela kuka-BBC kwashintshwa ngo-2017 ngokudalwa kwe-BBC Board kanye nendima yokuqondisa ye-Ofcom. Ikomiti ye-Palameterracy, ikakhulukazi i-DCalgate, i-Flugal, i-Media ne-Mimedia, njalo i-BC futhi ibamba imibuzo yomphakathi ezindabeni eziyinhloko.

IJalimane: Izivumelwano Zesifundazwe Nesivumelwano Samazwe Ahlangene

Isimiso sokusakaza umphakathi saseJalimane sithotshisiwe, sinezimemezelo zesifunda (ARD) kanye nomzila wesizwe (ZDF) olawulwa yizivumelwano phakathi kwezifundazwe ezingu-16. Iphalamende ngalinye kumele lizifake izivumelwano, linike izishaya-mthetho indima eqondile ekumiseni uhlelo olungokomthetho. Ukuxhasa kusekelwe enkokhelweni yelayisense yasekhaya (i-drunkfenterrag) etuswa yikhomishane ezimele bese imiswa yizigelegele. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuvikela ithonya elilodwa.

ECanada: Ukuhlolwa Kwephalamende Nokubukezwa Kwabantu

I-Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC/Radio-Canada) iyinhlangano kahulumeni exhaswe ngokuyinhloko ngezicelo zephalamende zaminyaka yonke. Ukugunyazwa kwayo kuchazwe e-Broadcasting Act, futhi inecala ePhalamende ngoNgqongqoshe we-Canadian Heritage. I-CBC ibhekene nezibukezo ezigunyaziwe ngezikhathi ezithile futhi kumelwe iphendule emakomitini ephalamende. Ukuxhasa i-Rhoversethi bekuyinsela inselele, ngokuphikisana ngesilinganiso nokuqina kwemizwa.

IJapane: Ukudla Kuyavunyelwa Nebhodi Yababusi

NHK, umsakazi womphakathi waseJapane, usebenza ngaphansi koMthetho weBroadcast. Ibhodi Yawo yoMbusi imiswa nguNdunankulu ngokuvumelana neSidlo sesizwe, futhi uhlelo lwaso lokusetshenziswa kwemali kumelwe luvunyelwe yiDiet. Lokhu kwenza isishaya-mthetho sibe nendima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni ngokwezimali. Nokho, kuye kwaphakama ukukhathazeka ngethonya lezombangazwe, futhi kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko ukuze kuqinise ukuzimela kukaNHK.

Amazwe Asathuthuka: Ukwakha I - Broadcasting Yomphakathi Nge - Scratch

Kuyimibuso eminingi emisha ebusayo, izishaya - mthetho zinenselele yokumisa ukusakaza komphakathi lapho kwakunemithombo yezindaba elawulwa uhulumeni ngaphambili. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njenge- UNESCO zinikeza isiqondiso ngemisebenzi engcono kakhulu yemithetho, kuhlanganise nesivikelo sokuzibusa nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, eNingizimu Afrika, i-Broadcasting Act yadala i-SABC njengomsasazi womphakathi, kuyilapho i-Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICAA) ilawula isigaba semithetho yemithetho yemithetho engcono njengeKenya, iGhana, neBrazil iye yadlulisela imithetho yokuguqula iziteshishina ukuba ibe izikhungo zenkonzo zomphakathi zangempela.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukusakaza umphakathi kubhekene nezinselele eziningi ekhulwini lama - 21 leminyaka: ukuphazamiseka kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe, ukuncipha kwezilaleli, ukuncintisana eziteshini ezigelezayo, nokuncintisana kwezombangazwe.

Ukuguqula Izinombolo kanye Nosuku olusha

Izimemezelo zifuna ukuba abasakazi bomphakathi badlulisele okuqukethwe yi-operation, kuhlanganise nezinkonzo eziqoqa izinombolo, i-podcast, ne-media. Lokhu kwanda kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nezimali, ukuncintisana nemithombo yezindaba ezimele, kanye nencazelo yenkonzo yomphakathi endaweni yemithombo yezindaba ehlukene. Abanye abakhandlu lomthetho baye balungisa izimvume zomphakathi zokuhlanganisa ngokucacile izinto eziqukethwe yi-metalog, njengoba kuboniswa nge-iPlayer ne-RDARD Mediach yaseJalimane.

Ukusekela Imali

I-professor yemali ekhokhwa ngokwesiko ingaphansi kokucindezelwa njengoba izilaleli ezisencane zilahla ithelevishini elandelanayo. Ama-Legislature ahlola ezinye izindlela ezinjengokuhlelwa kwemali ngokuqondile, izikhangiso ezixubile ezinezikhangiso ezilinganiselwe, noma i-levy ebanzi yasekhaya. Ngo-2022, uhulumeni we-UK wamemezela ukuvinjelwa kweminyaka emibili kwemali ye-mvume ye-BBC kanye nokubukezwa kweminye imidwebo ekhokhelwayo. Ngokufanayo, i-France iye yaphikisana ngokuhlanganisa abasandisi bomphakathi nokushintsha indlela yokusebenzisa imali.

Ukuzibusa Kwezombangazwe Esikhathini Sokungazwani

Emazweni amaningi, abasakazi bomphakathi babhekene nezinsolo zobandlululo ezivela kuzo zombili izici zezombangazwe. Ama-Legislature kumelwe amelane nesilingo sokusebenzisa ububonisi njengethuluzi lokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Ukuqinisa izindikimba ezizimele ezizimele nokuqinisekisa ukumelelwa okuhlukahlukene emabhodini abusayo kungasiza ekulondolozeni ukuzimela komhleli. Eminye imikhandlu iye yamisa ukumiswa okumisiwe nezimfuneko zezombangazwe emabhodini ukuze kuncishiswe ukungenela kweqembu le-Roschester.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokwethembana Komphakathi

Ukulondoloza ukwethenjwa komphakathi kubalulekile. Imithetho ingadinga abasakazi bomphakathi ukuba basebenzise izindinganiso zomhleli eziqinile, izinqubo ezibonisayo, kanye nezinyathelo zokusheshisa izilaleli. Ngokwesibonelo, amaHlelo e-Explatial Guideline atholakala obala futhi aphoqelelwe yi-Union ye-Professial Clinings. I-Legislatures ingagunyaza izinqubo ezifanayo zokulandisa kwamanye amazwe.

Isiphetho

Amandla esishaya umthetho okumisa nokugcina izinkonzo zokusakaza umphakathi abalulekile ekukhuthazeni ulwazi, ukuthembisana, nokuvumelana kwezimiso. Ngezisekelo zomthetho-mthetho nezomthetho-mthetho, ngokwezimali, nokuqondisa okulinganiselwe, amakhemisha angenza indawo lapho abasakazi bomphakathi besangululi besakheka bezimele, bethembekile, futhi befuna izinhlangano. Izinselele zenkathi yomphakathi nezingcindezelo zezombangazwe zidinga ukuqapha nokuzinza okuqhubekayo. Ngokufunda emikhubeni engcono kakhulu yembulunga yonke e-UK, njengaleyo mithetho esemthethweni eJalimane, i-palegistrate eCanada naseJapane.

Imithombo yangaphandle yokufunda okwengeziwe: