Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wase-U.S. ohlelwe ngayo nendlela esebenza ngayo kungaphezu kwesifundo somphakathi. .Isisekelo sokwaziswa kwezakhamuzi. Abaklami boMthetho-sisekelo badala isimiso esihlukaniswe ngamagatsha ahlukene ngamabomu, ngalinye linemibuso yalo siqu, ukuqapha ubushiqela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bahlala bewumthombo oyinhloko wegunya. Lesi sakhiwo siye sakhuthazelela izinselele ezintsha kuyilapho silondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Kulesi siqondiso esinwebile, sizohlola amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni ngokujula, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okugcina abantu behlala besendaweni elinganiselwe, indima yohulumeni, imishini yokubusa bendawo, nemisebenzi yezakhamuzi esebenzayo ibalulekile ekwenzeni umsebenzi.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Kazwelonke

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa ukwahlukanisa amagunya phakathi kwe-Legist, isigaba sokubusa, ne- Judicial. Igatsha ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukene, kodwa liklanyelwe ukuhlolana, ukuvimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ingalawuli. Lesi sakhiwo sibonisa inkolelo yabasunguli, eqoshwe kuma-Federalist Papers, ukuthi "isikhundla kumelwe senziwe ukuze kulwiwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela."

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

IGagislative Branch − Quarter .Query iqumrhu lomthetho kahulumeni wombuso. Njengoba kuboniswe eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, i-bidamaral, ehlanganisa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. Lesi sakhiwo esimbaxa-mbili siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili ukumelelwa kwenani labantu kanye nokulingana kwezwe kuhlanganiswe enqubweni yemithetho.

  • Indlu yabameleli:[ amalungu okuvota akhonza izigaba ezimbili zeminyaka, nezihlalo ezabelwe amazwe asekelwe emphakathini. Indlu iqala zonke izikweleti zemali futhi inamandla okungakhokhi izikhulu zikahulumeni. Imithetho yayo isekela ukulawula kweningi, ilenza lisabelele kakhulu embonweni womphakathi.
  • shenate: Ama-senator ayikhulu (ambili esifundazweni ngasinye) asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (ahluleli, amanxusa, onobhala-kabhishobhi), sihlanganisa izivumelwano ngevoti elingu-3, futhi senze njengejaji ekuhlolweni kokungagunyazi. Amagama aso amade nomelelwa kwawo kuklanyelwe ukuletha ukuqina nokuvikela izithakazelo zedlanzana.

Izinqubo zomthetho zibala amandla anjengokukhokha intela, ukuboleka, ukuqondisa ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene, ukumemezela impi, nokugcina amabutho ahlomile. Inqubo yomthetho ihilela ukuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, nokubuyisana kwezinguqulo zendlu nezigebengu ezihlukene ngaphambi kokuba isikhwama sihambele uMongameli. I-Key Committee House ne-Mail Office okanye i-Judiary Committee ." Ize nendima ebucayi ekulolongeni umthetho. Izivumelwano zamanje, ukuvakashela Conreg.v[FLT]

Igatsha Eliphethe

Iholwa umongameli we-United States, iGatsha eliphetheyo linomthwalo wokuqinisa nokuphatha umthetho kahulumeni. ISiphakamiso II sinikeza uMongameli amandla abanzi, kuhlanganise nokukhonza njengoMphathi-iNkulumbuso wamabutho ahlomile, ukuthethelela, nokuhlela izivumelwano (izisezigqini zeSigele). UMongameli ubuye anikeze iziyalezo zezikhulu, ezinamandla omthetho kodwa okumelwe zibekwe egunyeni lomthetho okhona noma eMthethweni.

  • UMongameli: wawalahla njalo eminyakeni emine, uMongameli umisa amalungu ekhathektha, abahluleli be-Council, namajaji eNkantolo ePhakeme (ngemvume yeSigele). UMongameli angase avume umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa i-veto ngevoti eyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlu.
  • Umongameli ongumsizi: i VP ikhonza njengoMongameli weSigele (ukwenza amavoti ahlukanisa ucingo) futhi iqala ohlwini lobukhomanisi.
  • IKhabhinethi: Ikhathekthe likaMongameli lihlanganisa izinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe (umzk., Umbuso, Ukhuselo, iHlawulo, iMakharesi, Ubulungisa). Laba onobhalane baluleka uMongameli futhi baqondise izinhlangano zabo ezizimele. Inhlangano yezwe ihlanganisa nezinhlangano ezizimele njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ne-Federal Reserve.

Isilinganiso seGatsha eliphethe siye sakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni zokulondeka kwesizwe, iziqondiso zezomnotho, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okungokomthetho ngeziqondiso zezikhulu nemisebenzi yezinhlangano, bheka White House.gov.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha Lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi libukeze umthetho - sisekelo walo. ISiphakamiso III simisa izinkantolo zikahulumeni, neNkantolo ephakeme encotsheni. INkantolo inamajaji ayisishiyagalo ayisishiyagalolunye (ilunga elilodwa) namajaji angu-8 ahlangeneyo amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa yiSigele. Bakhonza ukumiswa kokuphila konke, okuwavikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kuvumele izahlulelo ezizimele.

  • [[FLT: 0] Inkantolo ephakeme: Izwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi futhi isho izinkantolo eziphakeme ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni noma imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo. Amandla ayo okuhlola kokwahlulela amiswa burybry v. Madison [185]] [183] [1] [1] [1])] ukukuvumela ukushaya imithetho ephula umthetho. [i-Landmarkman amacala anjenge-[FLT:] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo ne v [FLT] v [FLT] .[FLT] .[57] bonisa imiphumela ejulile yeNkakhulu iNkakhulu.
  • Izinkantolo ze-Lowder: Izinkantolo zokudlulisa Amacala zase-U.S. [Izinkantolo zezifunda [13] zihlola izinqumo zeNkantolo Yesigodi. KuneziNkantolo zeSithili ezingu-94 ezisingatha amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu. Izinkantolo ezikhethekile, njengeNkantolo yeTaxi yase-A.

IJadicary iqinisekisa ukuthi amanye amagatsha asebenza phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuze uthole imibono nokwaziswa, vakashela u-SupmeCourt.gov.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ikhono lomthetho lisehlelweni oluhlangeneyo lwe- u-checks nezilinganiso. Igatsha ngalinye linamathuluzi okuvimbela amanye, lidala ukulinganisela okunamandla okuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela uhulumeni esebenza ngayo.

  • I-Legislative Anchers kuBuphathi: ulawulo lwezimali (amandla esikhwama semali), lungalawula ama-vetoe kamongameli, luqinisekise omongameli, futhi lususe uMongameli noma ezinye izikhulu. Luphethe futhi ukuzwa futhi lungaqhubela ubufakazi.
  • I-Active Anchers ku-Legist: UMongameli angakhipha izikweletu (nakuba ingaphansi kokuzilawula), ashaye izikhawu ezikhethekile zeSishaya-mthetho, futhi akhiphe iziyalo zesikhulu ezisebenza kakhulu phakathi kwegunya lesikhulu. Ukuvota kwe-pace kwe-cter ye-coff kunikeza ithonya lobuphathi phezu komthetho weSigele.
  • [ Itshekisi likaJudicial Kuzo zombili: Izinkantolo zamaFederal, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, ingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani ne-profectal (ukubukeza ngecala). UMongameli umisa abahluleli, kodwa uKhomishane umisa inani lezinkantolo futhi angabeka abahluleli abahlukene.
  • Imithetho nama-Acks oMnyango:[[FLT] uMongameli umisa amajaji, futhi iSigele siyawaqinisekisa. ISishaya-mthetho singaguqula ukubusa kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni (nemingcele ethile yomthetho-mthetho) futhi singaveza ukunqandwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ukuze kugumbuqelwe izincazelo zokwahlulela.

Izibonelo zezwe ezingokoqobo zigcwele. Ummeli uFranklin Roosevelt “icebo lokukhomba” labhuntshiswa ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe. Muva nje, ukudubula kukaMongameli Nixon umshushisi okhethekile weWatergate kwaholela esinqumweni seNkantolo ePhakeme ehlangene eUnited States v. Nixon[ [1997])] okufanele avumelane namagatsha. Muva nje, iziyalezo zokufuduka ezinkantolo zezwe ziye zavalwa noma zavinjelwa yizinkantolo zombuso, zibonakalisa ukudlala okuqhubekayo kwamagatsha amathathu.

Indima Yohulumeni Bombuso

i-priprince ye-socialism ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifundazwe. ISichibiyelo seshumi sigcine izifundazwe (noma kubantu) noma imaphi amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwe anegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezinjengemfundo, ezokuthutha, ukugcinwa komthetho, umthetho wempahla, umthetho womkhaya, kanye nempilo yomphakathi.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho LoMbuso

Umbuso ngamunye unegatsha lomthetho elenza imithetho kazwelonke. Ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska (enesishaya-mthetho esisodwa), zonke izifundazwe zinezindlu zomthetho ze-bidameral `indlu kazwelonke noma ingqungquthela ne-senate. Amagama ayahluka, kodwa abameleli basebenzisa imibandela yeminyaka emibili nemithetho yeminyaka emine. Izishaya-mthetho futhi zinamandla okunquma nokulungisa i-raintectal ku-U.S. Confectivements nezimiso zokukhetha zendawo. Izinqumo eziningi zesazi sezakhamuzi ezizinqubo zokhetho, zivumela ukuvotelelwa umthetho ngokuqondile. uMthetho wesizwe we-Legastivotion [FFFOctlatures[F:1]]

Igatsha Eliphethe Uhulumeni

Umbusi uyinhloko yegatsha eliphethe futhi uphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni. NjengoMongameli, ababusi banegunya (ngokuvamile bahlanganisa amandla engxenye ye-veto emali), amaphoyisa kahulumeni, amise izikhulu zikahulumeni, futhi abengamele uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni. Izifunda eziningi zinomphathi-sifunda, ummeli omkhulu, nonobhala-kahulumeni abaningi. Ababusi abaphethe bahlukene ngokwezwe ngalinye; ngokwesibonelo, abanye ababusi banamandla okumisa anamandla kuyilapho abanye behlanganyela labo abaphethe izishaya umthetho noma amabhodi.

  • Governor:[ imisa izinqubo eziza kuqala, idlulisa ikheli lombuso, futhi ingathethelela noma ihlikihle izigwebo zobugebengu bamazwe.
  • Lieutenant Mbusi: Kaningi ikhonza njengomongameli we-senate kahulumeni futhi ithatha i-garder uma umbusi engayalwanga, ekhipha, noma efa.
  • IKhabhinethi yeSizwe Acommistry: Iminyango yemfundo, ezokuhamba, impilo, kanye nezimiso zendawo ezungezile ezisebenzisa umthetho wesizwe nezimiso.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela LoMbuso

Umbuso ngamunye unesimiso sawo siqu senkantolo, ngokuvamile esihlelwe ngokwezinhlalo: izinkantolo zamacala, izinkantolo eziphakathi, nenkantolo ephakeme yezwe. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho e-United States (okungaphezu kuka-90%) kuhlanganise ukuqulwa kwezigebengu, izimpikiswano zombango (izimpikiswano, ukulimala komuntu siqu), umthetho womkhaya, kanye ne-probate. Inkantolo ephakeme yezwe iyigunya eliphethe emthethweni nomthetho wezwe, nakuba izinqumo zayo zingadluliswa eNkantolo yezomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.

  • Izinkantolo ezithiwa ama-coral Court: futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, ezijikelezayo, noma zezigodi (isikhathi siyahluka), lezi izinkantolo zokuqala. Ziqhuba ukuqulwa kwecala, zizwa ubufakazi, futhi zinqume amaqiniso.
  • [ Izinkantolo ze-Appenellate:[ izinkantolo ezingenelayo zihlola izinqumo zomthetho zephutha. Akuzona zonke izifundazwe ezinazo; ezinye zinenkantolo ephakeme kuphela yokudlulisa izikhalo.
  • Inkantolo yeSimo esiPhakeme: Ngokuvamile inkantolo yamakhohlane okugcina ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho kahulumeni. Abahluleli bangakhethwa (ezizweni eziningi) noma bamiswe (ngokuvamile ngumbusi).

Ukuhluka kwezimo zenkantolo yombuso nezindlela zokukhetha zokwahlulela (ukhetho lwasepartisan, ukhetho olungenasiphartishani, olufanele ukumiswa) kwenza isifunda ngasinye sihluke. Ngokwesibonelo, iTexas inesimiso senkantolo esiphakeme kakhulu (8) esisecala lomphakathi nelobugebengu.

Uhulumeni Wendawo: Umngcele Oyinhloko Wenkonzo Yomphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo − amazwe, omasipala, amalokishi, izifunda, nezigodi ezikhethekile zenza izinkonzo ezibalulekile zikahulumeni eziseduze nezakhamuzi. Banikeza izinkonzo ezinjengokuvikela nomlilo, izikole zomphakathi, ukukhucululwa kwamanzi, ukunikeza amanzi, amapaki, nezimiso zokusebenzisa izwe. Ohulumeni bendawo bathola igunya labo kumthetho wezwe nezimiso. Imfundiso [[FLT:] [FLT]] Umthetho [[FLT:] [0] [FLT] [1], yamukelwa yimibuso eminingi, ivimbela ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo banawo kuphela lawomandla agunya agunyazwelwe yizwe. Nokho, ezinye izigaba ziyanikeza ukubusa kwasekhaya], ivumela amadolobha nokubalwayo ukuba asebenze futhi asebenze izilinganiso zomthetho ezimidala njengangokomthetho.

Ohulumeni Besifunda

Izindawo zokuqondisa ziyizindawo ezingaphansi kwesifundazwe. Imisebenzi yazo iyahlukahluka kakhulu: eNew England, izibalo zinemithwalo yemfanelo emincane; engxenyeni enkulu yeNingizimu naseNtshonalanga, izibalo zinikeza izimiso zesikole, ukugcinwa komthetho (umnyango wesikhulu sombuso), ukulungiswa kwemigwaqo, nezinkonzo zezenhlala-khaya. Ibhodi yesifunda noma ikhomishane yesifunda ngokuvamile isebenza njengenhlangano yezemithetho nezikhulu. Izindawo eziningi zinesikhulu sesifunda esikhethiwe noma umphathi owengamele imisebenzi yezwe yosuku lonke.

  • Ikhomishane eyindinganiso/Ikhonco: Imithetho esemthethweni, ithatha uhlelo lokuhlela imali, futhi ihlele amazinga entela yempahla.
  • isikhulu sezwe: Isikhulu esikhethiwe esinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, amajele, nokulondeka kwenkantolo ezifundazweni eziningi.
  • Umthetho we-Clerk: Ugcina amarekhodi omphakathi, ukhetho, futhi ukhipha amalayisensi omshado.

Ohulumeni Bakahulumeni

Izindawo zikahulumeni ( (izimo zikameya eziqinile noma ezibuthakathaka zemeya), [[FLT]] ihlanganisa imiphakathi enezinkonzo eziningi. Izakhiwo zikamasipala ezivamile zihlanganisa [[FLT:] i-mayar-council (izimo eziqinile ze-meya noma zemeya yesifunda sesifunda sesifunda esibuthakathaka), [[[coccil]]] i-council-mal [[[FLT]]'iphathi-'ekhokhani [[3] [ii-'i-'i-concon'scripy] [ihlanganisa ukuvikela, ukuvikela umphakathi, imisebenzi, amapaki, nezimiso zokuqondisa izikhumu. Amadolobha amaningi aphatha izikhumuko, nezokuthutha abantu.

  • I-Mayor: Ikaningi isikhulu esiphethe, esinamandla eveto ezinqubweni zomkhandlu negunya eminyangweni yedolobha.
  • UMkhandlu weDolobha: Wenza imithetho, uhlela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kamasipala, uvumela izivumelwano, futhi umelela isifunda noma izakhiwo ezinkulu.
  • Umphathi weCity Marker: omiswe umkhandlu ezimisweni zomphathi, umphathi uphatha ukuqondisa kosuku lonke futhi uqasha amanhloko omnyango.

Izifunda Ezikhethekile Nezikhungo Zesikole

Izigodi ezikhethekile ziyizindawo ezizimele zikahulumeni ezinikeza inkonzo ethile, njengamanzi, indle, isivikelo somlilo, noma ukulawulwa komiyane. Zinezikhundla ezibusayo negunya lokukhokha intela. Izifunda zesikole ziwuhlobo oluvamile, nezinezikole ezikhethiwe eziqondisa imfundo, izinhlelo, nentela ye-levy phakathi kweziqondiso zikahulumeni. Izifunda ezikhethekile zingadala i-efficiencie, kodwa futhi zizokulandisa ngezinselele.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Isivumelwano Sesigqi

Uhulumeni oklanywe ngemishini, izilinganiso, nezingqimba eziningi usaxhomeke ekuhlanganyeleni ngenkuthalo kwezakhamuzi zakhe. UMthetho-sisekelo uqala ngokuthi “Thina bantu,” nanoma yiluphi ukhetho, ukuzwa obala, nokunxusa kuwukusetshenziswa kwalelo gunya. Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni ohlelwe ngayo kwenza abantu bakwazi ukwenza [ ngokunenjongo [ ngokuvota endaweni, esifundazweni, nangokhetho; ngokuthintana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuze ziveze imibono; ngokukhonza ehholo ledolobha; nangokuya ehholo ledolobha; nangokungenela ihhovisi.

Ukucwaninga okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi lapho izakhamuzi zihlanganyela, uhulumeni usabela kakhulu futhi imiphumela yesimiso iveza kangcono izidingo zomphakathi. Amathuluzi anjenge-USA.gov akwenza kube lula ukuthola izikhulu ezikhethiwe, umthetho olandelwayo, ukungenela izinkonzo zomphakathi, futhi wazi amalungelo akho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhuthaza ipaki elisha, ubekela inselele i-vendance, noma ukucindezela ukulungiswa kwemithetho yezephulamthetho, isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika sinikeza amaphuzu amaningi okungena.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlelwa kukahulumeni wase-U.S. ("federal, umbuso,"yikho ubuciko bokuhlelwa kwezakhiwo, okwakhiwa ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, nokuhlola nokulinganisela. Igatsha ngalinye nesilinganiso kunezibopho ezihlukene kodwa ezincipheneyo, ukwakha isimiso esiqinile nesivumelanayo. Ukusuka kumahholo eSigodlele ukuya egcekeni lesifunda, kusukela kuMongameli kuya ebhodini lesikole sendawo, zonke izingxenye zinendima ekuguquleni izimiso zentando yeningi ukuba zisebenze. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokudumisa lesi simiso ingeyokuqonda, ukuhlanganyela kuso, nokuthatha icala laso. Isazi sezakhamuzi esifundile singesona sinamandla aphelele okuhlola ibhodi yesikole sendawo.