Ukubukeza Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liyigatsha elikhulu kakhulu futhi elibonakala kakhulu emagatsheni amathathu kahulumeni kahulumeni wase-U.S. Liholwa nguMongameli, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho kahulumeni, ukuqondisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, ukuphatha isimiso sangaphandle, nokuphatha isivikelo sezwe. UMthetho-sisekelo wamisa umphathi oyedwa omkhulu ukuze anikeze ubunye, ukunquma, nokulandisa emikhankasweni kahulumeni. Namuhla igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezine, kuhlanganise namalungu enkonzo, ochwepheshe benkonzo yomphakathi, kanye nababebebebeziphathi bezombangazwe, lilenza umqashi omkhulu kunabo bonke ezweni.

Igatsha eliphethe lesimanje lavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekuqalisweni okuncane kwe-George Washington. IKhabhinethi yokuqala yayineminyango emine kuphela: iZwe, iNdawo yemali, iMpi, noMphathi-mikhosi we-Attorney. Namuhla kuneminyango engu-15 ephethe nezinhlangano, ama-omperal, namabhodi afeza yonke into kusukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile. Ukuqonda izakhiwo nemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segatsha Eliphethe

ISiphakamiso II samandla aphezulu eSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kuMongameli we-22 we-United States. Abaqondisi, abaxwayi bawo womabusi kanye nobuthakathaka bezihloko ze-Confederation, badala umphathi onamandla kodwa ohlolwe. UMongameli ukhethwa nge-Electoral College, usebenza igama elithatha iminyaka emine, futhi ulinganiselwe kumagama amabili akhishwa uMongameli weSiphendulo sama-22. Umthetho wokuqala awuzange ukhulume ngeKhampyuthe, amaqembu ezombangazwe, noma isifunda esikhulu sokuphatha esikhona namuhla. Kunalokho, wanika uMongameli imvume yamandla ku [FLT:] ukukhathalela ukuthi imithetho ikhishwe ngokwethembeka — umgeqeqesho oye wasetshenziswa ekuthethelele izenzo eziningi zobuphiso.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza futhi uMongameli amandla okumisa amanxusa, amajaji, nezinye izikhulu ze-United States ngeseluleko kanye nemvume yeSigele; ukunikeza iziphakamiso nokuxolelwa; ukumisa iziKhongolo ngezikhathi ezingavamile; nokufuna umbono obhaliwe wezikhulu zeminyango ephethe. Abasunguli benza igatsha eliphethe laba igatsha elinamandla kakhulu, bephikisa ngokuthi liwuphawu oluphambili encazelweni kahulumeni omuhle [[ (Uluhlu lweziqulo oluphambili lwezempathilo oluphambili).

Ukuze ubheke ngokujule kakhulu umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kanye nencazelo yawo, bheka ukuhlolwa kwe-National Constitution Center yeSiphakamiso II.

UMongameli: UMbusi Oyinhloko Noyinhloko Kahulumeni

Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende, uMongameli wase-U.S. uhlanganisa kokubili ukuhola kwemikhosi nokuphatha. Imithwalo yemfanelo engokomthetho kaMongameli ihlanganisa:

  • Ukusayina noma ukukhipha umthetho ophoqelelwe umiswa uMkhandlu
  • Ukukhipha iziyalezo zabaqondisi, i - actranda, nezimemezelo
  • Ukumisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, nezikhulu eziphethe ezisezingeni eliphezulu
  • Ngikhonza njengoMkhuzi wamabutho ahlomile
  • Ukwenza isimiso sakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano (ezinemvume yeSigele) nokuqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe
  • Ukuthethelela nokuhlobanisa amacala kahulumeni

UMongameli unikeza futhi iKhatheli laminyaka yonke le-Union of the Union, ufaka isiphakamiso semali enqunyweni ye-authority, futhi umisa abaholi bezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Umongameli uye wakhula ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni emakhulwini eminyaka, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe njengeMpi Yombango Enkulu, i-Great Depression, kanye nenkathi yangemva kwe-9/11. Omongameli banamuhla bathembela ezisebenzini ezinkulu zeWhite House naseHhovisi Elawulayo kaMongameli (EOP), eyasungulwa ngo- 1939 ukuze basize ekulawuleni isigaba esabalwayo.

Amandla Kamongameli Emininingwane

Imibuso kaMongameli, kokubili engokomthetho - sisekelo nengokomthetho, ingahlukaniswa ibe yizici eziningana eziyinhloko:

Ukunqunywa Nokususwa Kwamandla

UMongameli umisa izikhulu eziyinhloko ze-United States, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amanxusa, namajaji ombuso. Lokhu kumiswa kudinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele, itshekelo elingavimbela noma libambezele uhlelo lukaMongameli. izikhulu eziyinhloko , uMkhandlu ungafaka amandla okumisa kuMongameli kuphela, ezinkantolo, noma ezikhulwini zesifunda. Amandla okususa, nakuba kungashiwonga ngokuqondile, aye aqinisekiswe iNkanto eMnyango Ephakeme njengengxenye ebalulekile yegunya lomphathi ophethe — uMongameli angasusa izikhulu zegatsha elikhulu ngaphandle kwesizathu, nakuba izinhlangano ezizimele zinesivikelo esithile.

Amandla E - Veto

UMongameli anganqaba noma isiphi isikweletu esidluliswa yiKhongolose, asithumele ngokuphikisa. UKhongolo lungakhipha i-veto ngo-32% ngenani elikhulu kuwo womabili amakamu, isenzakalo esingavamile. UMongameli futhi une- pocket vento[[FLL:1]: uma i-Congress i-anters i-antens phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi zokunikeza isitifiketi, uMongameli angamane nje asisayisayine, angayibulali ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kwe-veto. I-veto iyithuluzi elinamandla lokwakha umthetho, futhi amongameli ngokuvamile basebenzisa usongo lwe-veto ukuze benze isivumelwano.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokukhankaswa

Iziqondiso eziphetheyo ziqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni futhi zinamandla omthetho, kodwa azikwazi ukuphikisa imithetho ekhona noma uMthetho-sisekelo. Abameli bayisebenzisa ukuphatha igatsha eliphetheyo, ukusebenzisa izinqubo, nokusabela eziphuthumayo. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu zingaphathwa kuMthetho-sisekelo, basuka kumandla aphethe kaMongameli. Izibonelo ezihloniphekile zihlanganisa i-Emancipration Proclationtion, Order 9066 (Izimo zamuva), kanye nemiyalelo yamuva kakhulu ngokuphathelene nokufuduka, isimo sezulu, kanye nezokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Igunya Lezindaba Zezempi Nezakwamanye Amazwe

NjengoMyaleli-i-Chief, uMongameli uyala amabutho empi ase-U.S. futhi angathumela amabutho phesheya, kodwa kuphela uMkhandlu onamandla okumemezela impi. ISigqi soMkhandlu weMpi ka 1973 udinga uMongameli ukuba azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okufaka amabutho ahlomile nokulinganisela ezinsukwini ezingu-60 ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwesivumelwano. Kuzo zonke izindaba zangaphandle, uMongameli umelela isizwe, uxoxa izivumelwano, futhi angene ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu (ezingadingi ukuvunyelwa kweSishaya - mthetho). INkantolo Ephakeme ibambene eUnited States. Curters-right forgion [193]] (196] ukuthi uMongameli ukuphela kwesivumelwano sikahulumeni wombuso wakwamanye amazwe.)

Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela

UMongameli oyisekela likaMongameli ophakeme kunabo bonke egatsheni eliphethe futhi ongowokuqala ohlwini lobumongameli lokulandelana. Ngokungafani noMongameli, uMongameli ongumongameli unezindima ezimbili ezihlukene zomthetho-sisekelo: ukuphatha nomthetho. NjengoMongameli weSigele, uMongameli uqondisa iziteshi zeSigebe, kodwa kuphela uvota uma kuqhathaniswa nothayitha. Njengelungu legatsha eliphethe, uMongameli ululeka uMongameli, uthatha izithumo zezokuxhumana, futhi ngokuvamile uhola izinyathelo eziphambili. Isekela lesimanje umongameli uqala ukubaluleka, ikakhulukazi kusukela ku-Walter Mondidale, owasungula isibonelo sobuhlobo obuseduze nomongameli.

Ihhovisi likaMongameli eliwusekela liseWhite House, futhi uMongameli ongumsekeli unendawo yokuhlala engokomthetho eNaval Observatory. Isichibiyeli sama - 25 sacacisa izinqubo zokulandelana futhi savumela uMongameli ukuba athathe isikhundla sikaMongameli (njengoba kwenzeka lapho uGerald Ford eba uMongameli ongumsekeli ngaphansi kukaRichard Nixon).

Izinhlangano Eziphethe Ikhabethe Nezisebenzi Eziphethe

IKhabhinethi iyindikimba ehlanganisa izinhloko zeminyango engu-15 ephethe. Amalungu ekhatheyini amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa yiSigele. Baphethe unobhala wesiqu, ngaphandle kuka-Attorney General (Umthetho) nomphathi wePost General (nakuba i-Postal Service i-inhlangano ezimele). Indima yeKhabhinethi iwukululeka uMongameli ezindabeni ezisezindaweni zabo. Imihlangano yeKhabhinethi iqhutshelwa eqondiswe eqondisweni likaMongameli. Nakuba izikhulu ze-Compris zine-Implose, ekugcineni zikhonza enjabulweni kaMongameli futhi zingasuswa noma nini.

Iminyango engu - 15 ephethe ithi:

  • Umnyango Wezolimo
  • UMnyango Wezentengiselwano
  • Umnyango Wezokuvikela
  • UMnyango Wemfundo
  • Umnyango Wamandla
  • UMnyango Wempilo Nezinkonzo Zabantu
  • UMnyango Wezokulondeka Kwasekhaya
  • UMnyango Wezindlu Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni
  • Umnyango Wengaphakathi
  • UMnyango Wobulungisa
  • UMnyango Wezisebenzi
  • Umnyango Wezwe
  • Umnyango Wezokuhamba
  • UMnyango Wezimali
  • Umnyango Wezindaba Zezigelekeqe

Umnyango ngamunye unomsebenzi okhethekile futhi uhlukaniswa ube yizinhlangano, amabhulawu, amahhovisi, nezinkonzo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango woMahlulelo uhlanganisa i-FBI, i-Enthorcement Administration, ne-Bureau of Prisons. Umnyango wezempilo neNkonzo yoLuntu wengamela i-FDA, i-CDC, ne-NIH.

Ihhovisi Eliphethe Lomongameli (EOP)

I-EOP yamiswa nguFranklin D. Roosevelt ukuze inikeze uMongameli ukusekela nokuhlelana kwezisebenzi. Ihlanganisa amahhovisi amaningana ayinhloko:

  • Ihhovisi lendlu elimhlophe (WHO): Ihlanganisa iSikhulu seStaff, uNobhala wePress, i-National Security Advisor, kanye nezinye izinsiza eziphambili.
  • Office of Management and Balation (OMB): usiza uMongameli ekulungiseni uhlelo lwemali nokwengamela umsebenzi wenhlangano kahulumeni.
  • Umphakathi we-National Security Council (NSC):[ uhlanganisa inqubo yangaphandle neyokuzivikela.
  • [ Ikhonucileti ye-Economic Advisers (CEA): inikeza ukuhlolwa kwezomnotho neseluleko.
  • Office ye-United States Trade Messagement (USTR): ihola izingxoxo zezohwebo.

I - EOP isikhule yaba amalungu ezisebenzi ezingaphezu kuka - 2 000 futhi iyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhola umongameli, elivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise isimiso ngaphandle kokungena eminyangweni emikhulu.

Izinkonzo Nezimemezelo Ezizimele

Akuyona yonke inhlangano kahulumeni elingana kahle phakathi komnyango. UKhongolose usungule amanxusa amaningi azimele asebenza ngaphandle kweminyango ephethe ukuze awavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Lezi zinkampani ngokuvamile zinezimiso, iziqu, noma imisebenzi yokuphatha. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • I - Agency Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile (EPA)
  • Isimiso SeReserve Federal (I - Fed)
  • Izindawo Nesimiso Se - Exchange (SEC)
  • IKhomishane Yokuxhumana Kahulumeni (FCC)
  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
  • I - National Aeronautics and Administrations (NASA)
  • Inhlangano Yezokuphepha (SSA)

Izinhlangano ezizimele ziqondiswa amabhodi noma abaphathi ababodwa abavame ukusebenzisa izinqumo ezimisiwe futhi abangeke basuswe ngaphandle kwesizathu. Lesi sakhiwo sihloselwe ukuvumela ochwepheshe abangenza izinqumo ngaphandle kwezombangazwe ezihlukanisayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso semali nemithetho yokuvinjelwa. Kodwa bahlala beyingxenye yegatsha eliphethe, bengaphansi kobumongameli nokuxhaswa kwenhlangano.

Isifundazwe Sase - Federal Bureaucracy: Umsebenzi Womphakathi Wemisebenzi

Izisebenzi eziningi zikahulumeni ziyizisebenzi ezisebenzayo eziqashwa ngokusekelwe ekutholeni inzuzo ngenqubo yokuncintisana eyamiswa yiPendleton Act ka-1883. Zinikeza ukuqhubeka phakathi kwezindawo zokuqondisa nolwazi lweziqu. IHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwezisebenzi (OPM) liqondisa ukuqashwa, imithetho, nezinzuzo. Inhlangano yezisebenzi ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi igatsha likahulumeni [ lesine likahulumeni [[ ngenxa yobukhulu nobukhulu bayo.

Amasende Nokulinganisela Egunyeni Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenza esimisweni esiklanywe ngokucophelela sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

UKhongolo lunamathuluzi anamandla okuqondisa igatsha eliphethe. Lungaphatha ukuzwa, ukukhipha izimali, ukuphoqelela ubufakazi, nokuhlola izenzo zobuphathi. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa kwebanga eliphezulu futhi sifake izivumelwano. Indlu iyodwa iqala inqubo yokugunyaza. UKhongolo lulawula uhlelo lwemali — amandla esikhwama semali — esisinika amandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kwezinhlelo zezikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Congress Congress ingahlela noma iqede izinhlangano zezikhulu zezempathiyente futhi iqede izinhlangano zezempathiyelelo.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zingamemezela izenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nemithetho. Amacala ezwe anjenge Intsha ephansi ewuMgqisho we-Stown Sheep & Tube Co. Sayer (1952) amandla alinganiselwe kamongameli, kuyilapho United States v. Nixon [197])) yaphoqa uMongameli ukuba avumelane ne-toppena. Izinkantolo futhi zibukeza ukufaneleka komthetho womthetho wemithetho yemithetho yezikhulu nezimiso. I-jadicariary ikhono lokulahla izenzo zezikhulu libalulekile.

Ukuqondisa Kwangaphakathi Kuyahlola

I-ofisi ye-Opains of Legal Counser ichaza umthetho wegatsha eliphethe ihhovisi eliphethe i-Accounting, i-Authority ye-Accounting Office, i-authority congress, i-after reculting , i-after accomplications nemibiko yezezemishini.

Ukulwela Nokususa

UMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, nazo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi zase-United States zingacelelwa ukujeziswa, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezinkulu kanye namaphutha. Indlu iphoqelelwa yiningi; iSigele sithatha icala futhi singasusa ngevoti eliphindwe kabili. Omongameli ababili — Andrew Johnson noBill Clinton — bafundiswa yiNdlu kodwa abasuswanga. URichard Nixon wayeka ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwemithetho. Usongo lokungamela inkantolo lungaphetha ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwezombangazwe okunamandla.

Amandla Empi Nezinkinga Zakwamanye Amazwe

Nakuba uMongameli enguMphathi-Queqeshi, kuphela uMkhandlu ongamemezela impi futhi uxhase impi. ISigqi soMbuso sidinga ukubika komongameli nemisebenzi yemingcele ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. INkantolo Ephakeme iyaqaphela futhi ukuthi imibuso yangaphandle yezindaba zikaMongameli ayilinganiselwe — ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli akanakukwazi ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlangana.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Kahle

Ilungelo eliphethe linelungelo likaMongameli lokugodla ukwaziswa eKhongolo noma ezinkantolo ukuze avikele ukugcinwa kwesinqumo. Akuphelele futhi akulinganiselwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Inkantolo eUnited States v. Nixon yakholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lesikhulu limelwe ukunikeza izidingo zecala lobugebengu. Ilungelo lokulawula liyindawo encintiswaneni yomthetho, ngokuvamile ebizwa phakathi nokuphenya.

Ukuphumelela Komongameli Nokungalawuleki

ISichibiyelo sama-25, esagunyazwa ngo-1967, sakhanyiswa ngokulandelana kukamongameli. UMongameli uphumelela uma uMongameli efa, edebesela, noma esuswa. Uma uMongameli ongumsekeli ephelelwa yilutho, uMongameli umisa umthatheli okumelwe aqinisekiswe yizo zombili izindlu zeSishaya-Mkhandlu. Ukulungisa futhi kunikeza izindlela zokudluliswa kwegunya okwesikhashana uma uMongameli ekhubazekile, njengaphakathi nenqubo yezokwelapha. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuqhubekela phambili komyalo egatsheni eliphethe.

Uhlu lokulandelana ngalé koMongameli oyisekela lumiswe uMongameli we-Frandment Act ka-1947: Umkhulumeli wendlu, uMongameli olawula iSigele, futhi izikhulu zeKhabhinethi ngokulandelana kwendalo yomnyango. Lomugqa awukaze uvivinywe ngaphandle koMongameli ongumsekeli.

Igatsha Eliphethe Ngekhulu Lama - 21

Namuhla igatsha eliphethe libhekene nezinselele ezintsha: ukusongelwa kwesimiso sokuvikela i - Internet, ukuhlasela kwembulunga yonke, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokukhula kwamandla okuphatha esifundazweni sokuphatha.

Ukuqonda igatsha eliphethe kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofunda uhulumeni waseMelika, izakhamuzi, noma umthetho. Ubunkimbinkimbi begatsha bubonisa izinga nezinhlobonhlobo zesizwe elisisebenzelayo. Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola incazelo engokomthetho ye House ephethe yegatsha eliphetheyo[ noma hlola USA.gov ukucaciswa kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni [.

Isiphetho

Igatsha eliphethe lingaphezu kakhulu kukaMongameli neKhabhinethi. Liyiqoqo eligcwele leminyango, izinhlangano, amakhomishane, nezisebenzi ezimisa zonke imithetho, ukunikeza izinkonzo, nokuvikela isizwe. Kusukela eHhovisi le-Oval ukuya ehhovisi lensimu elincane kakhulu, igatsha eliphethe lithatha izinqubo zikahulumeni. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi lombuso omkhulu uhlala unomthwalo wemfanelo kwamanye amagatsha nakubantu baseMelika.