Ukuchaza Igunya Lezombangazwe

Igunya lezombangazwe limelela ilungelo elingokomthetho lokusebenzisa amandla phakathi kwesimiso sezombangazwe, lisihlukanisa nempoqo noma amandla. Kuyisisekelo lapho ukubusa kuhlala khona, kusiza abaholi ukuba benze izinqumo ezibopha umphakathi. Igunya alikona nje ukuba namandla; liphathelene nokuba nelungelo eliqashelweyo lokusebenzisa. Lokhu ngokomthetho yilokho okuhlukanisa umbusi kumbusi kunomashiqela. Ukuqonda igunya lezombangazwe kudinga ukuhlola izilinganiso zalo eziyisisekelo: izinhlobo zegunya eliqashelwayo emiphakathini, imithombo elivela kuyo, kanye nezindlela ezilenzayo elenza livele kubantu ngabanye noma ezikhungweni. Lezizici zobumbane zinquma ukuthi ubani obusayo futhi athola kanjani isikhundla sakhe futhi alondoloze kanjani.

Izinhlobo Zegunya Lezombangazwe

Usosayensi wezombangazwe uMax Weber wahlukanisa igunya ngezindlela ezintathu ezimsulwa, ngalinye lisekelwe esisekelweni esihlukile sokufaneleka. Lezizigaba zisalokhu zibaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni izimiso zezombangazwe zanamuhla:

  • Igunya lombuso we-Legational-Ragament: Loluhlobo lusekelwe ekukholelweni ekubekeni imithetho emisiwe nelungelo lalabo abaphakanyiselwe egunyeni ngaphansi kwemithetho enjalo ukuba banikeze imithetho. Luyisimo esivelele emazweni anamuhla, amabhulabu, nezinhlangano. Amandla abekwe ehhovisi, hhayi umuntu ngamunye, futhi abekwe phakathi kwesimiso semithetho nezinqubo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amongameli, izikhonzi eziyinhloko, nezinceku zomphakathi ezinegunya lazo lichazwa ngomthetho wemithetho.
  • Igunya lobuzwe: Loluhlobo lusekelwe enkolelweni emisiwe yobungcwele bamasiko ayizinkumbulo kanye nelungelo lobungangamsha balabo abasebenzisa igunya ngaphansi kwazo. Amandla azuzwa ngefa noma adluliswe ngemikhuba engokwesiko. Amankosi namasikhulu angokohlanga ayizibonelo ezivelele, lapho igunya lisuka ohlwini lozalo nasendulo. Ukulalela kukwenzelwa umuntu othatha indima yesiko.
  • Igunya lobukhomanisi: Loluhlobo lusuka ekuzinikeleni ebungcweleni obukhethekile, ubuqhawe, noma ubuntu obuyisibonelo bomuntu ngamunye. Lusekelwe ezimfanelweni ezingavamile zomholi, okhuthaza ukwethembeka nokulalela ngokusebenzisa uzibuthe namehlo. Abaholi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo, abaprofethi, nabantu abaholi bavamile basebenzisa igunya elinamandla. Loluhlobo lusuka nje ngenxa yokuthi luxhomeke ezimfanelwenikweni zomholi futhi kumelwe luthuthwele ukuze luphile ngaphezu kokuphila kwabo.

Lezizinhlobo ezingcono ngokuvamile ziyafana nokusebenza. Umongameli wanamuhla (ongowesizwe) angase futhi asebenzise igunya elingokwesiko ngokunxusa ifa lesizwe noma igunya elishukumisayo ngendaba yomuntu siqu eshukumisayo.

Imithombo Yegunya Lezombangazwe

Igunya lezombangazwe aliveli nje ekungabini nalutho, lakhiwa futhi lasekelwa ngemithombo eminingana eyisihluthulelo elenza libe ngokomthetho emehlweni ababuswayo. Imithombo ebaluleke kakhulu ihlanganisa izimiso zomthetho sisekelo, izinqubo ezihlelwayo, izinqubo ezihleliwe, nomqondo ojulile wobukhosi obuthandwayo.

Imisebenzi Yezomthetho Nezomthetho

Ezizweni eziningi zanamuhla, umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko wegunya lezombangazwe. Incwadi ebhaliwe emisa imithetho yemidlalo yezombangazwe, ichaza amandla nemingcele yezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi inikeza amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Igunya elithathwe kumthetho-sisekelo lisemthethweni emvelweni, njengoba lisekelwe emithethweni ehlangene evunyelwa umphakathi wezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo unikeza amandla athile kuKhongolo-mfutho, uMongameli, nojudiary, ukudala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokufanayo, umthetho oyisisekelo wesizwe esifana neJalimane uhlela isimiso sombuso nemithwalo yemfanelo yezomthetho. Lapho abaholi besebenza kulezi zikhundla zombuso wombuso.

Ukukhetha Nokusebenzisa I - metaday Ethandwayo

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, ukhetho luyindlela eyinhloko yokunikeza igunya lezombangazwe. Baguqula intando yabantu ukuba ibe yigunya eliqondile lokubusa. Okhetho olukhululekile nolungagwesi luvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abameleli bazo, zibanike igunya lokwenza izinqumo kubo. Umphumela wokhetho unikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho nesingokokuziphatha kulowo owinayo noma umbutho ukuba usebenzise amandla. Inqubo ihlanganisa izikhawu ezivamile zokuvuselela, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isibopho sokhetho esingokomthetho sihlanganisa ukuthatha i-scheacess, izimende eziyimfihlo, izikhokhi ezizimele, izimemezelo ezizimele zokhetho, nezinqubo zokuxazulula izimpikiswano. Igunya lesikhulu esikhethiwe sihlangene ngokuqondile nesigaba esicatshangelwayo sokulunga nabuqotho.

Igunya Lezinhlangano Negunya Lombuso Wombuso

Ngaphandle kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe, igunya lezombangazwe lisezikhungweni zikahulumeni. Isishaya-mthetho, umphathi, isikhulu, ijaji, nezikhulu ngasinye sinezimo ezihlukene zegunya elithathwe ezindimeni zazo zomthetho-sisekelo. Imithetho ithola igunya emsebenzini waso wobukhoma nasemandleni okubeka umthetho. Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa igunya ngokusebenzisa imithetho nokuphatha izindaba zikahulumeni. I-jaji linegunya ngendima yalo ekuchazeni imithetho nangokwezingxabano. Izikhulu zezikhulu zezikhulu zesizwe, ngokuvamile eziqanjwe yizisebenzi zomphakathi, zinegunya elisekelwe ebuchwephesheni, olwazini olungokwe-proceduralgational, nokuqhubeka kwemisebenzi. Amandla azo asetshenziswa ngemithetho, iziqondiso, nezinqumo zokuphatha, ukwenza indima yazo yokulawula.

Ukuvunyelwa Kobukhosi Obubuswayo Nobuthandwayo

Kulelozinga elijulile lefilosofi, igunya lezombangazwe embusweni wentando yeningi ekugcineni lisekelwe evumelweni yababuswayo. Lesi simiso, esivezwa ongqondongqondo njengoJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau, sigomela ngokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lisuka esivumelwaneni sabantu sokubuswa. Umbuso othandwayo usho ukuthi abantu bawumthombo oyinhloko wamandla ezombangazwe, futhi uhulumeni unegunya njengelungu elithembekile noma inxusa labantu kuphela. Lomqondo usekelwe emfundisweni yentando yentando yeningi futhi uboniswa ezincwadini ezinjenge-U.S. Imvume yeNkangalayelwe ngesinqumo, ukuvukela, noma ukungalaleli, igunya likahulumeni ungaqeda.

Indlela Abaholi Abakhethwa Ngayo: Ukukhetha Imishini Enqamula Izimiso

Indlela abaholi abathola ngayo isikhundla sabo isici esichaza noma isiphi isimiso sezombangazwe. Lezi zinqubo azinqumi nje kuphela ukuthi ubani onegunya kodwa futhi uhlobo lomthwalo wemfanelo nobuhlobo phakathi kwababusi nababuswayo. Izinhlobo zisukela okhethweni oludumile kuya kuhlungwa kwefa lokuthathelwa isikhundla kanye nokuthathelwa isikhundla.

Ukukhetha Kwentando Yeningi

Kunoma iluphi ukhetho lwedemokrasi luyindlela evame kakhulu yokukhetha ukuhola ezifundazweni zamanje. Kukhetho oluqondile noma olungaqondile. Okhethweni, izakhamuzi zivotela ngokuqondile ocela ukuthatha isikhundla esithile, njengomongameli noma umbusi. Kunoma iziphi, abameleli abakhethiwe, abameleli abakhetha umholi ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimisweni eziningi zephalamende, izakhamuzi zivotela amalungu ephalamende, bese zikhetha umfundisi omkhulu. I-Evotion ingaba isikhulu noma isilinganiso, ithonya indlela amavoti aguqulela ngayo ezihlalweni nasebusweni. Umehluko, ubuqotho, nokuncintisana kokhetho kuyizicimo zempilo yentando yeningi. I-dependent, umncintiswano yezombangazwe, nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yenkululeko yezomphakathi ibalulekile ekuvoteni kwegunyaza igunya eliqotho.

Ukumiswa Nokukhethwa Kwemizimba Yase - Elite

Izikhundla eziningi eziyinhloko zigcwaliswa ngokumiswa kunokukhethwa ngokuqondile. Abahluleli, abaphathi bekhathemende, amanxusa, kanye namakhanda ezinhlangano ezizimele ngokuvamile zimiswa izikhulu ezikhethiwe noma amakomiti akhethekile. Lendlela iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu banezimfanelo ezithile, ubuchwepheshe, noma ukuhleleka kwezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amajaji aphakeme enkantolo emazweni amaningi amiswa umongameli futhi aqinisekiswe yisishayamthetho. Kwezinye izimiso, inhloko yesizwe (njengenkosi engokomthetho noma umongameli) imisa inhloko kahulumeni esekelwe emphumeleni kakhetho lwephalamende. Izinqubo zomthetho zivame ukuhlanganisa ukuvota, ukuzwa, nokuvunyelwa kwemithetho ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulandisa.

Impumelelo Ehleliwe

Ebubusini, igunya lobuholi lidluliselwa ngokulandelana kwefa, kulandelwa imithetho emisiwe yohlu lozalo nohlalo. Umqhele udlulela esizukulwaneni esisodwa uye kwesinye, ngokuvamile kumntwana omdala noma indlalifa emisiwe. Lesimiso sisekelwe egunyeni elingokwesiko futhi sinikeza ukuqina ngokulandelana okulindelekile. Amamonarchist anamuhla, njenge United Kingdom, Japan, ne Sweden, alinganisela imibuso yezombangazwe ye-monarchy, ayiguqula ibe izinhloko ezingokomfanekiso zezwe ngesikhathi ikhethwa izikhulu ezibusa. Amakhosi, lapho anegunya eliqinile lezombangazwe, ayanda kakhulu kodwa asekhona emazweni ambalwa. Umthetho wefa ezwe uxhomeke ekulandeleni inqubo ekudala, ukuqhubekeka okungokomlando, kanye nomqondo wesizwe.

Ukungenela Kwempi Ne - coup d’État

Kwezinye izimo, igunya lezombangazwe lithathwa ngempoqo, ngokwezempi noma ngezikhali. Ukugumbuqelwa kombuso kuhilela ukugumbuqelwa ngokungazelele, okungekho emthethweni kukahulumeni, ngokuvamile ngebutho lamabutho ezempi noma awokulondeka. Ukuqubuka kwamandla okunjalo kuncishiswa ngokomthetho futhi ngokuvamile kubhekene nokulahlwa kwezizwe ngezizwe nokumelana nezindawo. Nokho, abaholi abavukeli bangazama ukumisa uhlobo olusha lwegunya ngezithembiso zokuzinzisa, imikhankaso yokulwa kokonakala, noma izinqubo zoshintsho eziholela enkonzweni zokhetho. Impumelelo yamandla anjalo ixhomeke ekhonweni labo lokuzuza izinga elithile lokwamukelwa okuthandwayo nesisekelo sezeluleko. Izibonelo ezingoko zihlanganisa ukulwa kwempi eLatin America nase-Afrika.

Indima Yezinhlangano Zezombangazwe Ekululazeni Igunya

Izinhlangano zezombangazwe yizakhiwo nezinhlangano igunya elisetshenziswa kuzo, liphikiswane, futhi linakekelwa. Zinikeza uhlelo abaholi abathatha ngalo isinyathelo nezakhamuzi. Izinhlangano eziyinhloko zihlanganisa izishaya - mthetho, iziphathi, izahlulelo zokwahlulela, nezinhlangano zomthetho, ngayinye enezindima ezihlukile.

Imithetho: Igunya Lokwenza Imithetho

Imithetho, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi amaphalamende, iyizinhlangano eziyinhloko zokwakha imithetho nezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene. Baphethe amandla okuphikisana, ukumisa, nokumisa umthetho, kanye nokuvumela uhlelo lwezimali nokuqondisa isikhulu. Ama-gassillature athola igunya emsebenzini wawo wokumela, njengoba amalungu ekhethwa kakhulu. Izimiso zeBidaral, ezinezindlwana ezimbili, ngokuvamile zinikeza izinhlolo ezengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. Congress yakha iNdreastry of the Generacy negent, ngalinye elinemibuso ehlukene nemithetho esemthethweni. Igunya lendlu yomthetho lixhomeke ekuzimeleni kwalo, ikhono lalo lokuhlola isikhulu, nokusabela kwalo.

Amagatsha Aphethe: Asebenzisa Igunya

Igatsha eliphethe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokumisa imithetho, ukuphatha inkambiso yangaphandle, nokuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni yosuku nosuku. Liqondiswa umongameli, undunankulu, noma umbusi, umphathi unegunya elibalulekile ekuqondiseni ukuphatha nokukhishwa kwezimiso. Ezimisweni zobumongameli, umphathi uhlukanisiwe nendlu yomthetho futhi ngokuvamile unemibuso. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uthathwa futhi unomthwalo wokubusa enqunywe yimithetho engokomthetho, izakhiwo zomthetho, ukuphathwa kwamanye amagatsha. I-paunigrafe, noma inkonzo yomphakathi, usekela umphathi wenkampani ngokunikeza amakhono nokuphathwa kwezindawo zombuso.

Abaqondisi: Ukuhumusha Igunya

Ijaji lichaza imithetho, lixazulula izingxabano, futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo nezindinganiso zomthetho. Igunya lokwahlulela lisekelwe ekungakhethini, ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho, namandla okuhlola okwahlulela ezimisweni eziningi. Izinkantolo ze- Independecture zisebenza njengenhlolo emandleni omphathi nomthetho, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu nokugcina umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya inamandla okuhlola ukulahla imithetho ephula umthetho. Umthetho wegunya lokwahlulela uxhomeke ekuzinzeni okucatshangelwayo, ekuboneleni okusobala, nasekulondolozeni ukuqondisa okungokomthetho.

Imibuso Yaseburhulumenteni: Igunya Lokuphatha

Izikhulu ze-Bureaucracracy ziyimishini yokuqondisa isifundazwe, eyakhiwa yizisebenzi zomsebenzi ezisebenzisa izinqubo zomphakathi, eziphatha izinkonzo zomphakathi, nezimiso eziphoqelelwe. Igunya lazo lisuka kuchwepheshe, olwazini lwe-procedro, nokuqhubekeka. Izimiso ze-Bureacrates zisebenzisa ukuqapha ekusebenziseni imithetho futhi zenze izinqumo ezithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke. Igunya lezinhlangano zomphakathi ezisebenza ngokusemthethweni libalulekile ekubuseni ngempumelelo, kodwa lingaba umthombo futhi libangele ukucindezeleka lapho izikhulu ezingabekiwe zisebenzisa amandla abalulekile. Izimiso ezifana nokuthola imvume, ukuba bhande, ukuba bhace, nokulandisa kuyisibopho esibalulekile ekulondolozeni ilungelo legunya le-bureaucaucracracy.

Izinselele Egunyeni Lezombangazwe

Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni ukuzinza nokufaneleka kwanoma isiphi isimiso sezombangazwe. Izinselele ezivamile zihlanganisa ukungavumelani komphakathi, ukonakala, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nokucindezela kwangaphandle.

Ukuphikisana Nomphakathi Nokuphikisa

Izakhamuzi zingaveza ukungavumelani ngezimiso, abaholi, noma izinhlangano ngokubhikisha, ukungalaleli komphakathi, nezinye izindlela zokulwa. Ukubhikisha ngokuthula kuyindlela engokomthetho yokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi, kodwa zingabekela inselele igunya ngokuhoxa. Izinhlangano ezinkulu zesilinganiso, njengokuvukela kwe-Arabia Spring noma ukuphikisa kwedemokrasi yaseHong Kong, kungaliphikisa ngokuqondile igunya elikhona lezombangazwe. Ukusabela kweziphathimandla ekulahleni ukubukisa igunya lazo: Ukucindezelwa kungalulaza igunya, kuyilapho ingxoxo nenguquko kungaliqinisa.

Ukonakala Kwezombangazwe Nokusebenzisa Kabi Amandla

Inkohlakalo iqeda ukuthembela egunyeni lezombangazwe ngokubonisa ukuthi abaholi babeka phambili inzuzo yomuntu siqu phezu kwenkonzo yomphakathi. Ukufumbathisa, ukufumbathisa, ukuphatha iziphakamiso, nokusekela kululaza ukubusa komthetho nokulunga kwezinhlangano. Uma izakhamuzi ziqaphela ukuthi igunya lisetshenziswa ngokuzithandela noma ngokwenzuzo yangasese, ukufaneleka kwaso sonke isimiso kungangatshazwa. Imizamo yokuzimela, ukubusa okuzimele, nokulawula okusobala kudingekile ekulondolozeni igunya. Ukonakala okukhulu, njengalabo ababengabaholi eBrazil noma e-South Korea, kuye kwaholela ekuvunyweni okukhulu nokulahlekelwa ithemba.

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Nezimpande Ezincane Ezizishintshayo

Izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, kusukela ekusebenzeni kwendawo ezungezile kuya ekusunguleni amalungelo ezisebenzi, zingabekela igunya inselele ngokukhuthaza umbono womphakathi nokufuna ushintsho. Zivame ukuvela lapho izinhlangano ezikhona zihluleka ukusingatha izikhalo noma lapho amaqembu angaphansi efuna ukumelelwa. Izinhlangano zobulungisa bezinhlanga, ukulingana kwabesilisa, namalungelo abomdabu ziye zaguqula imibuso yezombangazwe kanye nabaholi abaphoqelelwe ukuba baphendule. Igunya lezinhlangano zamasiko livivinjelwa lapho izinhlangano zithola ithonya futhi zifuna izindlela ezintsha zokuthatha isibopho sokuthatha icala.

Ukucindezela Komhlaba Wonke Nabenzi Bangaphandle

Igunya lezombangazwe aliphikisani nje kuphela nezindawo kodwa futhi libunjwa yimikhosi yomhlaba wonke. Ohulumeni bangaphandle, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zingathonya igunya likahulumeni ngokujezisa, ukucindezela kwezokuxhumana, ukungenela kwezomnotho, noma ukungenela kwezempi. Ngokwesibonelo, i - International Monetary Fund ingabeka izimo zemali ezibolekisa uhulumeni olawulayo. Izimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke zingabekela inselele imikhuba yasekhaya. Ithonya le-Europe Union phezu kwemithetho yamalungu, ngisho nasezindaweni ezifana nemali kanye nemithetho, libonisa indlela igunya lezizwe eziboleka ngayo imibandela yombuso wezwe nombuso wezwe.

Ukuwohloka Nokuvuselelwa Kwegunya Lezombangazwe

Igunya lezombangazwe linamandla; lingase likhukhuleke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi livuselelwe ngokuzinza kwezindawo zomphakathi nokuthembana. Uma iziphathimandla zintengantenga, ohulumeni bangase babhekane nezinkinga zobungangamsha, ukungaguquguquki, noma ngisho nokuwa. Ukuvuselelwa kuhlanganisa izinguquko ezinjengokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, izinguquko ezikhethiwe, izinyathelo zokulwa nokonakala, noma ukuxoxa okungahlangani nomphakathi. Ukuvuselelwa kwempumelelo kudinga ukwethenjwa ngenxa yokuveza obala, ukulandisa, ukusabela ezidingweni zomphakathi. Ukuzimela kwesimiso sezombangazwe kuxhomeke ekhonweni laso lokuzivumelanisa nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho kugcina izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho.

Isiphetho

Igunya lezombangazwe lingumqondo oyinkimbinkimbi nobalulekile onquma ukuthi ubani obusayo nokuthi uthola kanjani ilungelo lokwenza kanjalo. Lisekelwe ezisekelweni ezingokomthetho, ezingokwesiko, nasemkhakheni wesimangaliso, lisuka kumthetho-sisekelo, okhethweni, izinhlangano, nemvume yabalawulwayo. Izindlela zokukhetha abaholi kusukela kukhetho lwentando yeningi kuya kusuka kulandelelwano oluthathelwa phansi kuya kusuka kusuka kuhlobo lwefa, futhi kwezinye izimo, izinhlangano zezombangazwe zikha izisekelo. Izakhiwo zezombangazwe zikha izisekelo ezikhona phakathi kwegunya elisetshenziswayo, futhi zincintisana. Kodwa igunya lihlala njalo, libhekene nezinselele ezibangelwa ukuphikisana, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, izimpiko, izingcindezi ezisezweni zezombangazwe,[FFFON [2] kanye nezingciphetho zezombangazwe, njengoba zinikeza abafundi beqembu labafundi bezombangazwe, futhi zinikeza ukuncintinyelwa kwezombangazwe.[Fod [3][3] kubafundist, kubafundi bezombangazwe, kubafundi babanye:[4][4] kubafundi, kubafundi bezombangazwe, ku