Kulokhu kuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke, imiqondo yamandla negunya ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni ukusebenzelana kwethu, izinqumo, nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Kusukela egumbini lokuhlala kuya egumbini lokuphumula, lamandla athonyeka, abekweyo, abekwe imithombo yemali nendlela enikezwa ngayo. Ukuqonda la magama kungasisiza ukuba silawule izinhlobonhlobo zendawo yethu, kokubili indawo yethu ezungezile, kokubili umuntu ngamunye nochwepheshe. Nakuba kunjalo, amandla negunya kuvame ukungaqondwa, ukudunyiswa, noma ukwesaba. Lesi sihloko siphula lokho okushoyo, ukuthi asebenza kanjani ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, nokuthi kungani lemiqondo ibalulekile ekuholeni okuphumelelayo, ebuhlotsheni obuhle, nasekushintsheni umphakathi.

Ukuchaza Amandla Negunya

Amandla negunya kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokufanayo, kodwa anencazelo ehlukile. amandla abhekisela ekhonweni lokuthonya noma ukulawula ukuziphatha kwabantu nemiphumela — kungumandla okwenza izinto, ngisho nokumelana nazo. , ngakolunye uhlangothi, ilungelo eliqashelweyo lokusebenzisa amandla. Igunya lingamandla angokomthetho abanye abawamukelayo njengafanelekile nafanelekile. Lomehluko ubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela abasebenza ngayo emongweni ehlukene.

Izazi zefilosofi nososayensi bezenhlalo sekuyisikhathi eside bephikisana ngala magama. UMax Weber, umuntu osungulwe wezenhlalo, wachaza amandla ngokuthi “amathuba okuba umuntu odlala phakathi kobudlelwane bomphakathi abe sesimweni sokufeza intando yakhe siqu naphezu kokumelana.” Ngokungafani, igunya (abizwa ngokuthi“i-denation”) likhona lapho imiyalo ithotyelwa ngokuzithandela ngoba ongaphansi ukholelwa ukuthi umbusi unelungelo elingokomthetho lokuyala. Izazi zanamuhla njengoSteven Lukas zivezele izilinganiso ezintathu zamandla: ukwenza isinqumo, ukubeka amacebo, amandla, kanye namandla omqondo (ikhono lokubumba lokho abantu abakufunayo). Igunya, kanti kanti, lihlukaniswa kakhulu ngezindlela ezintathu ezinhle: ezesiko, ezingokolizwayo, nokugcinwa ngokomthetho — uhlelo olusasebenza kakhulu namuhla.

Isimo Samandla

Amandla awayona into eyodwa; athatha izinhlobo eziningi kuye ngemithombo yemali ekhona kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Izazi zezengqondo zomphakathi uJohn French noBertram Raven baphawula isisekelo samandla amahlanu aziwayo ahlala eyingxenye yezifundo zokuziphatha kwenhlangano:

Amandla Okudlala

Loluhlobo lwamandla luncike ekuphoqeleni noma ezinsongolweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthobela. Emsebenzini, umphathi ongadubula, athobe, noma ajezise isisebenzi asebenzise amandla aso okubambisana. Nakuba kuphumelela esikhathini esifushane, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwempoqo kubangela ukucasuka, kunciphisa ukwethembana, futhi ngokuvamile kuholela ekumelaneni nokuzimela. Amandla ombuso abonakala ngokusobala kakhulu emibusweni yempoqo, ephoyisa, ezindaweni zamaphoyisa, noma ebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu obunonya.

Amandla Okuvuza

Lokhu kusekelwe ekhonweni lokunikeza imivuzo noma izinzuzo kwabanye. Amabhonasi, ukukhushulelwa phezulu, ukudunyiswa, ukuqashelwa, nezabelo ezifiselekayo konke kuwela emandleni omvuzo. Kuvame ukuba mnandi kakhulu kunamandla ombaxa - mbili ngoba adala izisusa ezikhuthazayo. Nokho, amandla omvuzo angabuya ubhuduze uma imivuzo ilindelekile noma isakazwa ngokungelungile, kuholele ekuboneni kobandlululo.

Amandla Angokomthetho

La mandla avela esimweni esingokomthetho noma indima enhlanganweni noma emphakathini. Umahluleli, isikhulu samaphoyisa, i-CEO, noma umzali ngamunye unegunya elingokomthetho ngenxa yendima yakhe. Abantu abalalelanga ngoba besaba isijeziso (nakuba kungenzeka sikhona) kodwa ngenxa yokuthi bamukela ilungelo lomphathi wendima ukuba aqondise. Amandla angokomthetho ayibhuloho phakathi kwamandla angaqinile negunya — amandla aye agunyazwa emphakathini.

Amandla Ezazi

Loluhlobo lwamandla lutholakala ngokuba nolwazi olukhethekile, amakhono, noma okuhlangenwe nakho abanye abakuthandayo. Unjiniyela onolwazi, udokotela, noma uchwepheshe wezobuchwepheshe angathonya izinqumo ngoba ubuchwepheshe babo buthenjwa. Ngokungafani namandla angokomthetho, amandla obuchwepheshe atholakala ngokuboniswa kwekhono elibonisiweyo futhi angalahleka uma ulwazi luphelelwa isikhathi noma luphulwa. Ezomnotho ezisekelwe olwazini, amandla avame ukuphikisana negunya elingokomthetho.

Amandla Anikezwayo

La mandla avela ezicini zomuntu siqu, isibindi, kanye nenhlonipho noma ukuncoma abanye abantu. Abaholi abadumile, abantu abadumile, kanye nomeluleki abathandekayo basebenzisa amandla abalulekile. Abantu bayawalandela ngoba bafuna ukuba njengawo noma ngoba bezwa ubudlelwane bomuntu siqu. Amandla angenakwethenjelwa kakhulu kodwa angaba ahlala njalo, njengoba esekelwe ekuthembekeni kwangempela kunokuba athathelwe intengo.

Abaholi abaphumelelayo ngokuvamile bahlanganisa amandla angokomthetho nangochwepheshe namandla anamandla okudala ithonya elihlonishwayo nelithenjwayo. Ukuqonda uhlobo lwamandla oluphethe — nalelo ongenalo — kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokulisebenzisa ngendlela enokwethenjelwa.

Ukuqonda Igunya

Igunya liyimvume yezenhlalo yokusebenzisa igunya. Yakhelwe ngokomthetho — inkolelo yokuthi umuntu, isikhungo, noma ukubusa kuyalunga. Izinhlobo ezintathu zegunya likaMax Weber zisewuhlelo olusetshenziswa kakhulu:

Igunya Elingokwesiko

Loluhlobo lusekelwe emasikweni amisiwe, emasikweni, nasemikhubeni emide. Liyigunya lenkosi ezuza isihlalo sobukhosi, induna yesizwe, noma umuntu wenkolo osikhundla sayo singcweliswe ngomlando. Abantu balalela ngoba “ilokhu kunje.” Igunya lendabuko livamile emiphakathini yangaphambi kwenkathi yangaphambi kwenkathi kodwa liyaqhubeka namuhla ezinhlanganweni zefa, amabhizinisi ahlangene emikhaya, kanye namahlelo athile enkolo. Ubuthakathaka bayo buwukuthi ingamelana noshintsho oludingekile futhi ingaba lukhuni uma ibhekene namaqiniso amasha.

Igunya Elinamandla

Leligunya lisuka ekukhangeni komuntu siqu, izimfanelo ezingavamile, nekhono lokukhuthaza ukuzinikela. Abaholi abakhohlisi abanjenge-Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, noma uSteve Jobs — baheha abalandeli ngoba baveza umbono oshukumisayo nezindinganiso abantu abazithandayo. Igunya lobukhaphela ngokuvamile lishintshashintsha; lingagumbuqela iziyalezo ezimisiwe futhi liqhube izikhundla. Nokho, linentengantenga ngenxa yokuthi liboshelwe kumuntu ngamunye. Uma umholi efa noma elahlekelwa yi-aura, igunya linganyuliswa ngaphandle kokuba “liye lanziwa” ukuba lingene esimisweni esiqinile esingokomthetho.

Igunya Elingokomthetho

Loluhlobo lwegunya lusuka esimisweni semithetho, imithetho, nezinqubo ezisetshenziswa ngendlela engekho ngumuntu. Liyigunya likamongameli okhethwe umthetho, umahluleli osebenzisa umthetho, noma umbusi olandela isimiso senhlangano. Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi nezinhlangano ezinkulu zanamuhla, igunya lokuhlela ngokomthetho linguhlobo oluyinhloko. Liqinisekisa ukubikezela, ukulandisa, nentuthuko esekelwe ekufaneleni. Nokho, lingaba elingenabuntu, elinobungane, elinobudlelwano, futhi elithatha isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nesimiso senhlangano yenhlangano yesizwe yanamuhla.

Lezizinhlobo ezintathu zingaxubana. Ngokwesibonelo, umphathi-meya angase abe negunya lokukhetha ngokomthetho, kodwa futhi asebenzise igunya lobugqizisha uma eyisikhulu esinamandla, futhi negunya elingokwesiko uma umkhaya wabo unomlando omude kwezombangazwe zendawo. Ukuqaphela ukuthi hlobo luni lwegunya elisetshenziswayo kusisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani abantu belalela nokuthi igunya lingabekelwa inselele ngokomthetho.

Umehluko Phakathi Kwamandla Negunya

Amandla negunya kuvame ukuhlangana, kuthonye indlela abantu ngabanye namaqembu asebenza ngayo emphakathini. Igunya linikeza uhlelo lapho amandla enziwa khona, kuyilapho amandla engaqinisa noma abekela izakhiwo zegunya ezikhona inselele. Enhlanganweni eqinile, igunya (njengesihloko sikamphathi) linikeza amandla okunikezela imithombo yengcebo. Kodwa isisebenzi esingenagunya elingokomthetho (njengomhlaziyi wokwaziswa) singasebenzisa ithonya langempela eliqhubekisela phambili — ngezinye izikhathi liphakamisa izintando zikamphathi. Lokhu kwakha ukucindezeleka okucashile: umuntu onegunya elingokomthetho angase antule ikhono (amandla angenamthetho) noma ukwethenjwa (angenamandla) okuholela, kuyilapho umsizi ongaphansi kwegunya ngempela ngaphandle komthetho.

Cabangela isehlakalo ‘ sikadrako onobuwula' — izisebenzi ezinokuhlangenwe nakho, nakuba zingenagunya elingokomthetho, ezinamandla amakhulu ngokwethukela ngenxa yolwazi lwazo nobudlelwane. Izinhlangano eziphumelelayo ziyakuqaphela lokhu futhi zizinika igunya lokuzigcina zinegunya elihambisana nomthwalo wemfanelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho igunya elingokomthetho lisetshenziselwa ukuthulisa ubuchwepheshe obusemthethweni, inhlangano ihlushwa izinqumo ezingalungile nesiphiwo esinciphile.

Kwezombangazwe, imidlalo yezokudlala ishaqisa kakhulu. Uhulumeni ungaba negunya lokumisa ngokomthetho (elikhethwe ngokhetho olulungile) kodwa ulahlekelwe amandla uma izakhamuzi zingasakubheki njengokufanelekile — ngenxa yokonakala, ukungafezeki, noma ukwehluleka ukuvikela amalungelo. Izinhlangano zezenhlalo njenge-Civil Rights Movement noma i-Arabian Spring zibonisa indlela amandla okusebenzisa amandla anamandla anamandla angenza ngayo inselele futhi ekugcineni aguqule igunya lesimiso. Amandla angenagunya anegunya anegunya asho ukucindezela; igunya elingenamandla liwumkhosi oyize.

Amandla Negunya Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Lapho sixoxa nsuku zonke, sihlangana namandla negunya ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene — ngokuvamile singazi ukuthi lisho izinto eziyinhloko lapho lilolonga khona okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu:

Emsebenzini

Abaphathi nabaphathi basebenzisa igunya elingokomthetho, kodwa izisebenzi zingasebenzisa amandla ngobuchwepheshe bazo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, noma ngezindima ezingokomthetho ezifana nokumelelwa kwenyunyana. Ukushintshela kubaphathi abayisicaba namaqembu asheshayo kubonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi igunya elingokomthetho lingavimbela ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi. Ukuqonda amandla amakhulu emihlanganweni, ukubukeza imisebenzi, nezabelo zemisebenzi kusiza abantu ukuba baqhube izinhlangano zezombangazwe futhi bazilwele phambili. Ngokwesibonelo, isisebenzi esisencane esakha amandla ngokuthembeka nokusekela kungathinta ngisho nalapho singekho.

Ezemfundo

Abafundi abanawo ngokuphelele amandla okuthonya ekilasini — kodwa ukuphumelela kwabo ngokuvamile kuxhomeke emandleni aphakeme (ahlonishwayo nathandwayo) nasemandleni ochwepheshe (olwazi olujulile lwalendaba). Abafundi abanawo amandla okuthonya ngokuphelele amasiko ekilasi ngokuhlanganyela, ngokuvuma kontanga, noma ngisho nangokuxoxa ngeqembu emayunivesithi.

Emikhayeni Ezikhandlayo

Abazali bavame ukuba negunya elingokwesiko nelemithetho phezu kwezingane zabo, kodwa amandla ashintshayo njengoba izingane zikhula. Intsha isebenzisa kakhulu ukuxoxisana, ukuhoxa ngokomzwelo, noma ukwakhana namanye amalungu omkhaya ukuze ithole ithonya. Imikhaya enempilo ivame ukushintsha isuka ezimisweni zobuphostoli iye kwezilinganayo, lapho igunya lisekelwe enhloniphoni nasekwenzweni kokucabanga, hhayi ebudaleni bodwa. Ukuqonda amandla negunya kungasiza abazali ukuba bagweme amandla asekelanayo abangela ukuvukela futhi esikhundleni sokugxila ekwakheni igunya elingokomthetho ngosizo oluqinile nangozwela.

I - Internet Nasemithonjeni Yezindaba Zomphakathi

I-Internet inamandla edendeliselwa ngezindlela ezingakaze zibonwe. Kodwa futhi lokhu kudala izilinganiso ezintsha: i-algoriths inikeza abasebenzisi amandla amakhulu ezindawo ezilawulayo, futhi ukukhohlakala kwezentengiselwano kuyakwazi ukubekela inselele igunya i-social media i-computer. Amapulatifomu asiza abasebenzisi ukuba bavuleke amandla okuhlasela inkampani, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, noma ukonakala kwezombangazwe okubangelwa yizinto ezisemthonjeni womsebenzisi. Kodwa lokhu kudala izilinganiso ezintsha zamandla: i-algorityismss inikeza abanistrupy abaphathi bezinhlelo zokuhlela, futhi ukukhomba izikhali okunga ukusakaza ukulimaza. Ukuqonda igunya kuwe-ie - projective, ophethe amandla okulawula i-condswoose.

Izinselele Egunyeni

Igunya alihlali endaweni eyodwa; lihlale lihlolwa abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano nezinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe.

Imizabalazo Yomphakathi

Amaqembu asekela ushintsho angaphazamisa izakhiwo zegunya elingokwesiko. Umzabalazo # MeToo wabekela inselele igunya lobubhishobhi basemsebenzini; umzabalazo weBlack Live Intotter wabekela inselele igunya lamaphoyisa alawula isimiso somsebenzi. Lezinhlangano ziphumelela ngokwakha eminye imithombo yamandla — ukubungangagunya ngokwenhlangano, ukufaneleka kokuziphatha, nethonya lemithombo yezindaba — nangokudalula igebe phakathi kwegunya elithiwe (isib., ukuphoqesha umthetho kukhonza zonke izakhamuzi) nokuziphatha okungokoqobo.

Intuthuko Yobuchwepheshe

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwanika abantu amandla okuphikisana negunya elikhona ngempela. I-quoding idlula abagcini besango bezezimali; i-website ihlola ibhizinisi lokudlalela inselele yegunya lezentengiselwano; i-Wikipedia inselele yegunya le-encyclopedic. Nakuba le mpikiswano yokubekwa kwedemocraticism ilungile ngezindlela eziningi, iqeda ukuthemba emagunyeni angokwesiko (njengesayensi namaphepha maphepha zincwadi) lapho ukudumela okungalawuleki. Umphumela uyindida: siyakwazi ukufinyelela ulwazi kodwa okungacacile ukuthi ubani esingakholelwa kuye.

Izinguquko Zezizukulwane

Izizukulwane ezisha zivame ukubekela inselele izimiso nezikhulu. AmaMillennium ne-Gen Z mancane amathuba okwamukela igunya elisekelwe kuphela esikhundleni somsebenzi noma esikhundleni; afuna ukuba kube sobala, injongo, nobuqiniso. Lokhu kuye kwaphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba ziphinde zicabange ngezibonelo zobuholi — zisuka ekuqondiseni nasekulawuleni iziqondiso zize ziqondise ekuqondiseni. Ukucindezeleka phakathi kwegunya elingokwesiko (umz., “ngoba ngasho kanjalo” kanye nesifiso sokwenza izinqumo zokuzibusa ngokwehlukana kuyimpikiswano enkulu emsebenzini yanamuhla, ezikoleni ngisho nakohulumeni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla Nezivikelo

Noma kuphi lapho kukhona khona amandla, kunamandla okuxhaphaza. Amandla ombango angaba ukuqinela; amandla avuzayo angaba ukufumbathisa; amandla angokomthetho angashintshela ekubeni yimpoqo; amandla ochwepheshe angasetshenziselwa ukuxhaphaza ukuthembela; amandla anamandla angawela ekulawuleni okufana nehlelo. Umlando ugcwele izibonelo — kusukela ekusebenziseni ibhizinisi ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe kuya ebudloveni basekhaya — lapho abantu noma izinhlangano zisebenzisa khona isikhundla sabo ekulimazeni abanye.

Izivikelo zokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa zihlanganisa [ amasheke namalinganiselo (ukwahlukanisa amandla phakathi kwenhlangano), umehluko[ (ukwenza izinqumo ezibonakalayo nezingabukelwayo), izinhlelo zokubala [[[FLT]]] izinhlelo zokulinganisela [[] [izinto ezivikelayo], imicimbi, imicimbi yokhetho, [[FLT]] nezimiso zokuhlukanisa izinto [[FLT] ezibonisa ukuziphatha okuhle]. Ebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu, ukubeka imingcele kanye nokugcina izinhlelo ezizimele zomphakathi zinciphisa ukulingana nokungalingani. Njengoba izinhlangano ezisekela igunya elizimele izikhulu, izinhlangano ezizimele umphakathi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinhlangano zezezezezezentengo. — Izinhlangano zezentethe ye-gealgic.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Amandla Negunya

Ukuqonda incazelo yamandla negunya kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuhlobo obuhle nokukhulumisana okuphumelelayo.

  • Isinqumo esingcono kakhulu sokuxabana: Ukuqonda imithombo yamandla kuyasiza ekutholeni imbangela eyisisekelo yezingxabano — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungqubuzana kwegunya elingokomthetho, ukulwela ukuqashelwa ngochwepheshe, noma ukusebenzisa kabi amandla okulawula. Amakhambi angabheka ukungalingani kunokuxazulula izimpawu nje.
  • [[FLT: 0] Abaholi abawaqaphelayo amandla abo bangashukumisa amaqembu abo ngaphandle kokuphoqelela. Bayazi ukuthi kufanele baqhubeke nini ngokuqiniseka futhi nini bavumele abanye bahole ngokusekelwe ebucikweni babo noma ethonyeni labo.
  • Igunya: Abantu abaqonda amandla abo siqu — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi avela olwazini, ebuhlotsheni, noma indima engokomthetho — bangalawula ukuphila kwabo nezinqumo. Bangasekela ngokuphumelelayo, bakhulume ngamandla, futhi bamelane nokuxhashazwa.
  • [ Ukuqaphelisisa:[ Ukuqonda amandla kuyasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuxhashazwa kwawo. Abaholi abanokuqonda bathambekele kakhulu ekudaleni indawo lapho kuhlanganyelwa khona amandla, izinqumo ziveza bha, futhi igunya lisebenza kunokuba lifunwe.
  • Ukushintsha okungaguquguquki: Imizabalazo yobulungisa ixhomeke ekuqondeni ukuthi igunya lakhiwe kanjani nokuthi lingaguqulwa kanjani. Izisebenzi ezihlaziya izakhiwo zamandla zingahlasela lapho ziyoba nethonya elikhulu khona.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe, bheka Britannica's ukungena kwamandla , Encyclopedia yeFilosofi ekhuluma ngamandla[, kanye [[FLT] ne-Sociology Guide yegunya .

Isiphetho

Amandla negunya kubaluleke kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho kwethu kwansuku zonke. Kusukela ezinqumweni esizenza emsebenzini kuya ebuhlotsheni esibukhulisa ekhaya, lamandla alolonga ukuphila kwethu ngezindlela esivame ukungazinaki. Ngokuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamandla negunya, singaqondisa ukusebenzelana kwethu ngokuphumelelayo futhi sibe nengxenye ekwakheni imithombo yamandla elinganayo neyobulungisa. Umgomo awukona ukuqeda amandla — okungenakukwazi — kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi asetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha, ngokulandisa nangenhlonipho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhola iqembu, uqhuba indlu, noma uhlanganyela emphakathini, ubonakalisa imithombo yakho siqu yamandla negunya onika abanye ithuba lokushintsha indlela oqondana ngayo nezwe elikuzungezile.