Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sobulungisa Obulinganayo

Isimiso sokulingana ngaphansi komthetho asisona nje isisusa kuphela, futhi siyimfundiso ebophayo engokomthetho ebekwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-United States. Kusukela emazwini okuqala ukuya ekulungiseni okunzima kwekhulu le-19 nelama-20 leminyaka, uMthetho-sisekelo uye wachazwa, wabekelwa inselele, futhi wacwengisiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zonke, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma isimo sezomnotho, zimi engxenyeni efanayo engokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sikhomba ukuhlelwa komthetho wezimiso zokulinganisa, sihlola imingcele yemithetho echazayo, futhi sihlola izinselele eziphikelelayo eziqhubeka zibumba ukulwa kobulungisa obulinganayo.

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1787 abazange baqinisekise ukulingana kwabo bonke. Ibhukwana lokuqala elagunyaza ubugqila, amalungelo okuvota alinganiselwe kubantu abamhlophe abazakhelwe impahla, futhi lalingenawo amagama alinganayo okuvikela. Nokho imbewu yokulingana yatshalwa emazwini abizwa ngokuthi "Ubulungisa obusunguliweyo" nokuthi "ukubekwa iMasahlulelo eNkululeko yeNkululeko" emakhulwini amabili alandelayo, uchungechunge lwezinguquko nezincazelo zokwahlulela zaguqula uMthetho-Constitution waba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuvikela amalungelo azo zonke izakhamuzi. Ukuqonda le nkolelo - mbono ibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuvikela noma ukuqhubela phambili imbangela yobulungisa efanayo namuhla.

Umsebenzi Wakuqala Nemingcele Yawo

Inkulumo Yesihloko Nothi “Thina Abantu"

Isimemezelo se-Pregagery esithi "Thina bantu" simisa futhi simise uMthetho-sisekelo sasiwubushiqela ngesikhathi saso. Sagomela ukuthi igunya likahulumeni lisuka esabelweni somphakathi, hhayi enkosini noma esigabeni esiphezulu. Lolulimi lwabeka isisekelo sefilosofi sokulingana, ngisho noma ukusebenza kwaso kwakukufushane kakhulu. Amazwi athi "Thina bantu" sasichazwa ngokucushwa, sisusa abantu abagqilaziwe, amaMelika Omdabu, nabesifazane. Nokho isiqalo sanikeza indinganiso yokuziphatha elinganisa intuthuko yesizwe kamuva.

Umthetho - sisekelo Wakuqala Nokuhlehla Ngenxa Yobugqila

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawunamalungiselelo amaningana ayephikisana ngokuqondile nokulingana. I-Fiths Ukuhlehlelana (Ingxenye I, 2) wabala abantu abagqilaziwe njengezingxenye ezintathu zomuntu okhululekile ngezinjongo zokumelelwa nentela. Isigqila esiboshiwe u-Claus (I-Article IV, Ingxenye 2) sasifuna ukuba izigqila ezibalekeleyo zibuye kubanikazi bazo. Lokhu kwakubonisa ukuhlukana okujulile ebugqilini futhi kwaqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uzodinga ukuqedwa ngokulandelayo ukuze kuqaphele ukulingana.

Kwakuze kube inkathi yokuvuselelwa kwezakhiwo futhi phela ngemva kweMpi Yombango − lapho uMthetho-sisekelo waqala khona ukubiza amalungelo alinganayo. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane, neseshumi elinesine nesihlanu, ingqikithi esaziwa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sokulungisa, ubugqila, ukuqeda isivikelo esifanayo, futhi ubandlululo lobuhlanga oluvinjelwe ekuvoteni. Lokhu kulungiswa kuseyikho okuyisisekelo sokulingana komthetho sisekelo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Isivikelo Senkululeko Sokuqala

IBill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo - 1791, ekuqaleni yayibhekisele kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Yayigxile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Nakuba ingasho ngokuqondile ngokulingana, izimiso eziningana ezimisiwe ezamiswa kamuva zaba yizisekelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelweni okulinganayo.

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala [ — sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yenhlangano, nelungelo lokunxusa. Lamalungelo abalulekile ukuze amaqembu ahlulwe ukungalingani futhi ahlelelwe ushintsho.
  • [[NT.0] Isichibiyeli sesine [ — Amagada ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeli. Ukugcinwa kwemithetho yokufuna ngokulinganayo kuye kwaba yimpikiswano ephindaphindwayo emiphakathini yemibala, yenza lokhu kube yithuluzi lokulungisa inselele yamaphoyisa afuna ukuthumba.
  • Isichibiyeli se-F5th — Inikeza inqubo efanele, isivikelo esifanayo (ngenqubo yaso efanelekile, kamuva yadluliselwa ezizweni), futhi yavikelwa ekuziphindiseleni ngokwayo. Isibuyekezo seNguqulo sesihlanu kwakuyimsuka wokuqala wendlela yokucabanga elinganayo ngaphambi kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine.
  • Isichibiyeli se-Inqulu-mthetho — iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile nelisheshayo, ukungakhethi, neseluleko somthetho. Ukungalingani kokumelelwa komthetho sekulokhu kuyisithiyo esivimbela ubulungisa ezakhamuzini ezithola imali ephansi.
  • Isichibiyeli sobubanzi — Isijeziso sonya nesobuzwe, esiye sasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele ukuhluka kwezinhlanga nezomnotho ekwahluleleni.

Ngemfundiso ye yokuhlanganisa[, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane yasebenzisa izivikelo zeGibhili lamaLungelo ezindaweni ngeSikhawulo seSikhawulo seMibukiso se 14 se-Claus. Lenqubo yaqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wamazwe (hhayi uhulumeni kuphela) ophethe (* kumelwe uhloniphe amalungelo abantu ngabanye, isinyathelo esibalulekile ekulinganiseni kwezwe lonke.

Izinqumo Zokuvuselela: Ukuzalwa Okusha Kwenkululeko

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithathu (1865)

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ngokomthetho ubugqila nokugqilazwa ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Kwakuyilungiselelo lokuqala lomthetho-sisekelo ukusingatha ngokuqondile ukusungulwa kobugqila, kodwa ithonya lalo ladlulela ngalé kokukhishwa kwesivumelwano. Ushintsho lwanika futhi uKhongolo-mthetho amandla okuphoqelela amalungiselelo alo ngomthetho, ukubeka isisekelo semithetho yamalungelo abantu enjenge-Civil Rights Act of 1866 kanye ne-Civil Rights Act ka-196494. Nokho, "ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu" kwakha indinyana esetshenziswa kabi yize yaseNingizimu ngesigwebo sokukhulula nokubulala abantu abaningi, ifa elikhona namuhla.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane (1868)

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane siyilungiselelo elibaluleke kakhulu lomthetho - sisekelo lokulingana ngaphansi komthetho.

  • .Citazery Claus — imemezela ukuthi bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadalwe e-United States bayizakhamuzi zase-United States nasezweni lapho behlala khona. Lokhu kwagumbuqela iNkantolo Ephakeme Dered Scott v. Sandford isinqumo, esase sinqabele ukuba abe yizakhamuzi zaseMelika.
  • [ Isivikelo se-Equal Claus — Iprothis isho ukuthi ukwenqaba noma ubani ophakathi kwegunya lakhe "isivikelo esifanayo semithetho"" lesi sigqebhezana siye saba isisekelo sezenzakalo eziningi ezibekela imithetho nemikhuba yokukhetha ubandlululo inselele, kusukela ekuhlukaniseni kuya ekulinganiseni komshado.
  • I-Due project Claus - Ihlanganisa inqubo yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu efunekayo ezizweni, ivikela kokubili amalungelo angokwesiko nawangaphansi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa lesi sigqebhezana ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo anjengemfihlo, umshado, kanye nokuzibusa komzimba.
  • Privileges noma ama-inmmunitunie Claus — ekuqaleni yayihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo esizwe, lesi sigijimi sasinqanyulwa kakhulu amaCase eNdlu [[FLT] [1873]) futhi siye safeza indima elinganiselwe kusukela, nakuba ezinye izazi zisekela ukuvuselelwa kwayo.

I-Umedial Protection Claus ichazwe ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola. Imithetho ehlukanisayo esekelwe ohlazweni, ewuhlanga, noma enkolweni yamukela ukuhlolwa kwezesayensi. Indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu (-"FLT:1]) ibhekwa njengengenamthetho ngaphandle kokuba isebenzise isithakazelo sikahulumeni futhi ilungiswe kancane. Ukuhlelwa okusekelwe ekusekelweni kwesizwe, kwesizwe, kwezesizwe, noma enkolweni kuyamukeleni ukucubukiswa kwezeluleko [, kuyilapho ezinye izigaba zibhekene ngokuhlola [[FLT:]] okungahluliwe kokuhlola [[FLT:]]. Lokhu kuveza ukubukeka kwezinkantolo ukuthi zilinganisela kanjani ukungalingani.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu (1870)

IsiHluzi seshumi elinesihlanu seSichibiyelo savimbela ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni ukuba banqande isakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota "ngesizathu sohlanga, umbala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila" kwakuyinyathelo elikhulu ekulinganiseni kwezombangazwe, kodwa ngokushesha lalulazwa imithetho kaJim Crow, kuhlanganise nokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, izintela zokuvota, kanye nokwesabisa okunobudlova. Isithembiso sokulungisa asizange sifezeke ngokugcwele kuze kube yilapho i-Voting Rights Act ka-6565, eyavimbela ukuvota kwemithetho yokuvota. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-2013 ku-Delity County v. Haker[FLT] [[FLT: 1]] sahlasela izivumelwano eziyinhloko ze-Volight Rights Act, ihoxakele ukuhlanganisa ukuvola ngokukhetha.

Ukwandisa Ingxenye Yokulingana: 19, 24, NeziNkambiso Zama - 26

ISichibiyelo Se - 19 (1920)

Ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuzitika ngenhlangano yabesifazane yokuzitika ngocansi. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye sanikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota. Umbhalo wokulungisa ufingqa: "Ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States lokuvota ngeke liphiwe noma livalwe i-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yocansi. Ukuncintiswa kwalo kwaphawula ukunqoba okukhulu kwesilinganiso sobulili bobufana, kodwa aliqinisekisanga amalungelo alinganayo kwezinye izindawo. ISiphendulo samaLungelo samaLungelo (ERA), sokuqala ehlongozwa ngo-1923, kusamelwe sagunyazwe ngokugcwele, sishiye ukulingana kwenani ngaphandle kombhalo womthetho ngaphandle kwencazelo engokomthetho yezeluleko lwezehlolo lweshumi elinesine leshumi elinesishiyagamune. Ukuchimendezelela okungenayo futhi akuzange kuqinisekise ngokushesha ukulingana kwabesifazane abalinganayo kwebala lezindawo zobuzwe lase-Melika nabesifazane baseMelika; abesifazane nabesifazane baseMelika nemithetho engeziwe kuze kube kamuva.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Samashumi Amabili (1964)

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane saqeda intela yokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Izintela zokuvota zazisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emazweni aseNingizimu ekulahleni abavoti baseMelika, ngokuvamile ababengakwazi ukukhokha intela. Inguquko kwakuyimpendulo eqondile eMzabalazweni Wamalungelo Omphakathi futhi yalandelwa yisinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ka1966 [ku-[FL:0] Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions[, eyahlasela ukukhokha intela kokuvota kwentela enkantolo njengokwephula isinqumo se-Foctive Provice Claus.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha Samashumi Amabili (1971)

Iqiniswe ngenxa yempi yaseVietnam, lapho abathengisi beminyaka engu-18 babuthelwa khona ukuba balwe kodwa behluleka ukuvota, iSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sehlisa inkathi yokuvota saba yi-18. Sanweba ukulingana kwezombangazwe nezigidi zezakhamuzi ezincane. I-mendement yadluliswa ngesivinini esiphawulekayo [1] Conrest yahlongoza ngoMay 1971, futhi kwaqinisekiswa ngoJulayi 1971. Impumelelo yayo yabonisa ikhono lesizwe lokusabela ngokushesha ezindabeni zobulungisa nokulingana.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Elachaza Isivikelo Esilinganayo

UPlesty or Ferguson (1896) — Ukwehluleka Kokwehlukana Kodwa Kulingana

Ku Plesty v. Ferguson, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ngaphansi kwemfundiso ethi "ukuhlukaniswa kodwa kulingana. Icala lalihilela umthetho weLouisiana ofuna izimoto zikaloliwe ezihlukene kubagibeli abamnyama nabamhlophe. UMahluleli uHenry Billings Brown wabhala ukuthi iSimemezelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sasihloselwe ukuphoqesha ukulingana kwezinhlanga ezimbili phambi komthetho, kodwa emvelweni yezinto sasingenakuhloselwe ukuqeda ukwahlukana okusekelwe ebala, noma ukuphoqesha ukulingana kwezenhlalo kwezenhlalo yabantu." Lokhu kugunyaza amashumi eminyaka emithetho edala ukungalingani kwezemfundo, izindlu, izindawo zokuthutha, izindawo zomphakathi. Kwakungekhona ukukho ukukhomba kwezelelwa [FL:B]

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) — Emeting School Secounction

v. ibhodi yemfundo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavuma ngazwi linye ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula iSivikelo sika-Celal Claus. IJaji enguSikhulu u-Earl Warren wabhala ukuthi "ukuhlukanisa izakhiwo zemfundo akunabungane. Isinqumo senziwa [[[FLT:]] Preselv. Ferguson[FLT: 3] [[FLT]] [3] futhi waba itshebe isisekelo se-Ovini le-Ocration Movement. Umbono wezesayensi engokwezenhlalakahle uveza ukulimala kwemizwa kwezesayensi engathi i-Blawunt enkujukwini.[FLT][5] [5] Akuzange kunqanyukelele] izikole zeminyaka eminingi yeze umthetho wemithetho yezemthetho.[5]

Uthando Virginia (1967) — Ilungelo Lokushada Noma Ubani Omkhethayo

UMildred noRichard Loving, owesifazane oNsundu nomhlophe, baboshwa eVirginia ngenxa yokwephula umthetho kazwelonke omelene nomthetho wombuso. INkantolo Ephakeme yawisa yonke imithetho kahulumeni evimbela ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga, ibusa ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo nokuthi ukuhlelwa kohlanga lwemithetho yomshado kwaphula kokubili i-Monicial Programme Clause ne-Act Programme Clausle. Umest Earl Warren wabhala, "Phakathi koMthetho-mthetho wethu, inkululeko yokushada, noma ukungashadi, umuntu wolunye uhlanga uhlala nhlobo futhi akanakuphikiswa yizwe iZwe."[FLT:]. [[FLT] V[FLD:1]

Ukulingana Kwezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Nokulingana Kwabantu

.Roe v., iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokuzimela, elisekelwe emathubeni eSimisweni seSiphendulo se 14 se-Id Trast Claus, livikela isinqumo sowesifazane sokukhipha isisu. Nakuba icala livame ukuxoxwa ngemibandela yezindaba zomuntu siqu nezokuzibusa komzimba, futhi lihilela ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [F:4] [2] [iinhlangano yezempilo yezezomnotho], futhi ukukhishwa kwezisu kuye kwaba yinkinga eyinhloko ekulweleni ukulwa kokuhlanganyela kwabesifazane ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphelele emphakathini. [i-RCM]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) — Ukulingana komshado ngemibhangqwana efanayo ehlanganyela ubulili

Esinqumweni esivelele sesihlanu-4, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo eliqinisekiswe imibhangqwana engobulili obufanayo kokubili i-Ceast Procesme ne-Movince Clause ye-145th Refection. IJaji u-Anthony Kennedy yabhala ukuthi "ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo eliyisisekelo elisemthethweni womuntu. [[FLLT:] [200] [200], elashaya imithetho ye-Crome. futhi ngaphambili lihilela amalungelo eLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, njengaye [FLLT:] LLT] [2].V [FLT] [3] [indlela] ukusekela isilinganiso semithetho yezenyukelele kwezenyuko yezenyuko] [FLT] [FT] [5] [5] futhi imelela umthetho omelele ukulingana nomthetho omkhulu ngaphansi kwesilinganiso sezezezezezezentengomthetho, nakuba isilinganiso sezezezezezezezentensi kwezeze

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Zobulungisa Obulinganayo

Naphezu kwemithetho engokomthetho nemithetho ephawulekayo, ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho kusewumsebenzi ongakapheli.

Ubandlululo Oluwubuzwe Ekulungeni Kwesigebengu

Ukwahlukana kwezinhlanga ngamazinga okuboshwa, ubude, nokuboshwa kubhalwe kahle. Ukukhipha kweSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu sesijeziso njengobugebengu kuye kwanezela ekuboshweni kwemilaliso, imisho edingwayo, nokukhishwa kwezinhlanga phakathi kwezici ezidala inqubo yokulunga. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yalawula eminye imibandela, ngokwesibonelo, ukubulala izinhlu zomjaho ezisekelwe ekukhetheni kwejaji (] i-Batson v. Kentucky, 1986]) ushintsho lwezeluleko ngokuvamile ludinga ukuhlelwa kwemithetho nomphakathi.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho Nokuthola Ubulungisa

Ilungelo kummeli liqinisekiswe ngokusebenza ngokweqile ekuqulweni kwecala ngaphansi Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), kodwa izinga lokuzivikela komphakathi liyahlukahluka kakhulu. Abamangalelwa abaqashelwayo ngokuvamile babhekana nokusebenza ngokweqile kwabavikeli bomphakathi kanye nemithombo elinganiselwe kakhulu. Usizo olungokomthetho lulinganiselwe kakhulu, kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi ezitholayo ngeke zikwazi ukuphoqelela amalungelo azo omthetho ngokomthetho ezindlini, emsebenzini, noma enkantolo yomkhaya. Ngakho ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuthinta ikhono lokufinyelela izithembiso zoMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokucindezelwa Kwemishini

IVoting Rights Act ka-1965 yayingomunye wemithetho yamalungelo abantu ephumelela kakhulu emlandweni, kodwa isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Selby County v. UHaker 2016] walulamba inqubo eyisisekelo yokugcinwa kwemithetho elawulayo (203) ngokuchanekileyo imfuneko yokuthi amazwe athile anokukhetha okungokomlando athole ukuhlelwa kusengaphambili ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. Eminyakeni eyalandelayo, amazwe amaningi adlulisa imithetho ye-ID, akhipha imivoti evota, futhi anciphisa ukuvota, ngokuvamile ngezindlela zokuthinta ngokungaphaza okungaphaza okungaphazanyiswayo. Inkulumo ephathelene nokuvota iyaqhubeka, ngokuphikisa kokuthiwa kokuthiwa kwemithetho enjalo ifanele igwegwegwegwe intela futhi agcine abanye ukuthi ayizindlela zokukhokha intela zanamuhla.

Gender ne LGBTQ+ Ukulingana

Nakuba iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba sigcine amanani abesifazane ehlangene ne- Obergefell ethole ukulingana komshado, ukucwaswa kwabesilisa nabesifazane kusaqhubeka ngeholo, umsebenzi, amalungelo okuzala, nokumelelwa. ISichibiyelo Sesivumelwano samaLungelo Angokomthetho asizange senezelwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, futhi amaDobs [[[FLT:]] isinqumo sidale umsebenzi owenziwe ngokukhipha isisu. Ilungelo le-Transgender, ikakhulukazi lentsha, lihlaselwa yimithetho evimbela ukunakekelwa kwezingane futhi livinjelwa ukuba lingene emidlalweni. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sidinga ukuqashelwa njalo nokuqashelwa okunenzuzo.

Imfundo, Ukuhlanganyela Kweqembu, Nekusasa Lokulingana

Ukufundisa Ngamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Ezikoleni

Imfundo ephelele engokomphakathi nasemlandweni womthetho-sisekelo ibalulekile ukuze kusebenze idemokrasi. Abafundi abaningi abathweswa iziqu ngaphandle kokuqonda okuyisisekelo kweBill of Rights, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane, noma indlela yokuhlanganyela enqubweni engokomthetho. Izikole zingakusingatha lokhu ngokuhlanganisa izifundo emacaleni avelele, ngokusebenzisa imithombo eyinhloko enjengombhalo womthetho-sisekelo nemibono yenkantolo, kanye nezingxoxo eziveza ukulingana kwanamuhla. Izinhlelo ezifana ne "Thi People" uhlelo nokuncintisana kokukhomba kuye kwaboniswa ukwandisa ulwazi lwezembutho kanye nezivumelwano zezesivumelwano.

Ukukhuthaza Izakhamuzi Ezikhuthele Ngaphandle Kwekilasi

Ukuqonda amalungelo omuntu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela. Izakhamuzi kumelwe futhi zikulungele ukusebenzisa lawomalungelo ngokuvota, ukuqamba amanga, futhi, uma kudingekile, ukuqashelwa. Intsha ingakhuthazwa ukuba ihlanganyele eqenjini lokuvota, ihlanganyele engqungqutheleni yesikole neyamadolobha, futhi ijoyine izinhlangano ezisebenzela amalungelo abantu. Izezomphakathi namathuluzi emishini yezobuchwepheshe akwenze kwaba lula ukuhlela nokukhulisa amazwi, kodwa futhi idinga nokucabanga okugxeka ukuze ihlukanise ulwazi olunokwethenjelwa emfundisweni ekhonweni. Ngokuhlanganisa ukufundisa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kanye namakhono omphakathi, awusizo, angazihlomisela isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuba sivikele futhi sandise ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho.

Isiphetho

Ukulingana ngaphansi komthetho akusona isithembiso sokuziqeda ngokwaso. Kudinga ukuchazwa okuqhubekayo, ukugcinwa, nokulawulwa kwemithetho. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhlelo − kusukela embonweni wesiqalo kuya eSichibiyelweni seNkantolo Ephakeme esihlanganisa i-juriprudence, kodwa abantu abaphefumula ukuphila kulawomazwi. Isizukulwane ngasinye sibhekene nezinselele ezintsha zokulingana, kusukela ekungalungi kwezimiso nakwezomnotho ukusongela amalungelo okuvota nokuzimela komuntu siqu. Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu sokulingana kwezakhamuzi esiqonda uMthetho-sisekelo, esifuna ukulandisa kubaholi bazo, futhi sihlala sibophelwe esimisweni sokuthi bonke abantu banelungelo lokuvikela imithetho elingana.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola ukuhlolwa koMthetho-sisekelo i-Antact' kwesivikelo esilinganayo u-Claus, isinqumo esigcwele ku Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[[FLT]] , iSivumelo seSibonelo seZibonelo seSivumelwano-Qumcwe [. Ukuqonda lemicebo iyisinyathelo sokuqinisekisa ukuthi inhloso yokulingana yemithetho esemthethweni iba yinto engokoqobo kuzakhamuzi zonke.